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{{Short description|none}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2012}}
{{main|Nomad}}
{{main|Nomad}}
{{movenotice|List of nomadic peoples}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2012}}

This is a '''list of nomadic people''' arranged by economic specialization and region.
This is a '''list of nomadic people''' arranged by economic specialization and region.


Nomadic people are communities of who move from one place to another, rather than settling permanently in one location. Many cultures have traditionally been nomadic, but nomadic behavior is increasingly rare in industrialized countries.
Nomadic people are communities who move from one place to another, rather than settling permanently in one location. Many cultures have traditionally been nomadic, but nomadic behavior is increasingly rare in [[industrialized countries]].

Nomadic cultures are listed in three categories of economic specialization: hunter-gatherers, pastoral nomads, and "peripatetic nomads".


== Hunter-gatherers ==
== Hunter-gatherers ==
{{main|Hunter-gatherer}}
{{main|Hunter-gatherer}}
{{see also|Uncontacted peoples}}
{{see also|Uncontacted peoples}}
Nomadic hunting and gathering, following seasonally available wild plants and game, is the oldest human method of subsistence.
Nomadic hunting and gathering, following seasonally available wild plants and [[Game (hunting)|game]], is the oldest human method of subsistence.
{{col-begin}}{{col-2}}


=== Africa ===
=== Africa ===

* [[Bushmen]]
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Cimba people]]
* [[Hadza people]]
* [[Hadza people]]
* [[Homo erectus]]
* [[Mbuti]]
* [[Pygmy|Pygmies]]
* [[Pygmy|Pygmies]]
**[[Twa people]]
**[[Mbuti]]
* [[San people]]
{{div col end}}


=== Americas ===
=== Americas ===

{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Abenaki]]
* [[Aché people|Aché]]
* [[Alaskan Athabaskans]]
* [[Aleut people|Aleut]]
* [[Alutiiq]]
* [[Apache people|Apache]]
* [[Beothuk]]
* [[Blackfoot]]
* [[Cheyenne people|Cheyenne]]
* [[Chichimeca]]
* [[Chiquillanes]]
* [[Chitimacha]]
* [[Chumash people|Chumash]]
* [[Chono people|Chono]]
* [[Clovis culture]]
* [[Cody complex]]
* [[Comanches]]
* [[Comanches]]
* [[Crow people|Crow]]
* [[Dalton tradition]]
* [[Dene]]
* [[Dorset culture]]
* [[Eyak people|Eyak]]
* [[Folsom culture]]
* [[Greenlandic Inuit]]
* [[Guarani people|Guarani]]
* [[Haida people|Haida]]
* [[Hell Gap complex]]
* [[Indigenous peoples of California]]
* [[Ingalik]]
* [[Innu people|Innu]]
* [[Inuit]]
* [[Inuit]]
* [[Iñupiat]]
* [[Karankawa people|Karankawa]]
* [[Kawésqar]]
* [[Kiowa]]
* [[Koyukon]]
* [[Lakota people|Lakota]]
* [[Makah]]
* [[Maritime Archaic]]
* [[Menominee]]
* [[Navajo]] (until the sixteenth century with the introduction of sheep, and the adoption of agriculture from the [[Puebloan peoples|Puebloans]])
* [[Nez Perce people|Nez Perce]]
* [[Norton tradition]]
* [[Nukak|Nukak-Makú]]
* [[Nukak|Nukak-Makú]]
* [[Ojibwe]]
* [[Oshara tradition]]
* [[Oxbow complex]]
* [[Paiute people|Paiute]]
* [[Paleo-Arctic tradition]]
* [[Pirahã people|Pirahã]]
* [[Pirahã people|Pirahã]]
* [[Plains Indians]]
* [[Plains Indians]]
* [[Plano culture]]
* [[Puelche people|Puelche]]
* [[Red Ocher people]]
* [[Red Paint People]]
* [[Sioux people|Sioux]] (from around the 17th century onwards, they were previously a farming people who lived in the [[Ohio River]] [[Ohio River Valley|Valley]])
* [[Tehuelche people|Tehuelche]]
* [[Thule people]]
* [[Tlingit people|Tlingit]]
* [[Ute people|Utes]]
* [[Yaghan people|Yaghan]]
* [[Yana people|Yahi]]
* [[Yana people|Yahi]]
* [[Yanomami people|Yanomami]]
* [[Yupik peoples|Yupik]]
* [[Yupik peoples|Yupik]]
{{div col end}}


=== Asia ===
{{col-break}}


{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
=== Asia ===
* [[Adivasi]]
* [[Aeta people|Aeta]]
* [[Ainu people|Ainu]]
* [[Altai people|Altai]]
* [[Andamanese people|Andamanese]]
** [[Great Andamanese people|Great Andamanese]]
** [[Jarawa people (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]]
** [[Lodha people|Lodha]]
** [[Onge people|Onge]]
** [[Sabar people|Sabar]]
** [[Sentinelese people|Sentinelese]]
** [[Shompen people|Shompen]]
* [[Ati people|Ati]]
* [[Mongol people|Mongolian]]
* [[Batek people|Batek]]
* [[Batek people|Batek]]
* [[Homo floresiensis]]
* [[Chukchi people|Chukchi]]
* [[Denisova hominine]]
* [[Sentinelese people|Sentinelese]]
* [[Dolgans]]
* [[Kazakhs]] (before USSR)
* [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] (before USSR)
* [[Ket people|Ket]]
* [[Meenas]]
* [[Nganasan people|Nganasan]]
* [[Nicobarese people|Nicobarese]]
* [[Papuans]]
* [[Penan people|Penan]]
* [[Raute people|Raute]]
* [[Sakai people (Indonesia)|Sakai]]
* [[Selkup people|Selkup]]
* [[Semang]]
* [[Siberian Yupik people|Siberian Yupik]]
* [[Yakuts]]
* ''[[Homo erectus]]'' (Paleolithic era){{div col end}}


=== Australia ===
=== Oceania ===
* Most [[Indigenous Australians]] prior to Western contact
* Most [[Indigenous Australians]] prior to Western contact
* [[Spinifex People]]


{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
=== Europe ===
* [[Cro-Magnon]]
** [[Spinifex People]]
* [[Neanderthals]]
** [[Tasmanian Aborigines]]
** [[Tiwi people|Tiwi]]
{{div col end}}


* Most [[Indigenous people of New Guinea|Papuans]] prior to Western contact
=== India ===


=== Europe ===
{{See|Nomads in India}}


{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Adivasi]]
** [[Lodha people|Lodha]]
* [[Cro-Magnon]]
** [[Sabar people|Sabar]]
** [[Aurignacian]]
** [[Gravettian]]
* [[Andamanese people|Andamanese]]
** [[Magdalenian]]
** [[Great Andamanese people|Great Andamanese]]
** [[Hamburg culture|Hamburg]]
** [[Jarawa people (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]]
** [[Onge people|Onge]]
** [[Solutrean]]
* [[Neanderthals]] (during the Paleolithic)
** [[Sentinelese people|Sentinelese]]
* [[Sami people|Sami]] (formerly, up until the fifteenth century)
{{col-end}}
{{div col end}}


== Pastoralists ==
== Pastoralists ==
{{main|Pastoralism|Transhumance|nomadic pastoralism}}
{{main|Pastoralism|Transhumance}}
Pastoralists raise herds, driving them or moving with them, in patterns that normally avoid depleting pastures beyond their ability to recover. The pastoralists are sedentary to a certain area, as they move between the permanent spring, summer, autumn and winter (or dry and wet season) pastures for their [[livestock]].
Pastoralists raise herds, driving them or moving with them, in patterns that normally avoid depleting pastures beyond their ability to recover. The pastoralists are sedentary, remaining within a local area, but moving between permanent spring, summer, autumn and winter (or dry and wet season) pastures for their [[livestock]].

<!-- PLEASE NOTE: Broad groups, especially if they are now mainly settled such as "Turks", need to be qualified as to which sub-groups were nomadic and in which periods-->
<!-- PLEASE NOTE: Broad groups, especially if they are now mainly settled such as "Turks", need to be qualified as to which sub-groups were nomadic and in which periods-->
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=== Africa ===
=== Africa ===
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Ababdeh]]
* [[Ababdeh]]
* [[Afar people|Afars]]
* [[Afar people|Afars]]
* [[Bedouin]]
* [[Beja people|Beja]]
* [[Beja people|Beja]]
* [[Berber people|Berbers]]
* [[Berber people|Berbers]]
* [[Borana Oromo people|Borana Oromo]]
* [[Borana Oromo people|Borana Oromo]]
* [[Dinka]]
* [[Fula people|Fulanis]]
* [[Fula people|Fulanis]]
* [[Gabra people|Gabra]]
* [[Gabra people|Gabra]]
* [[Hmong people|Hmong]]
* [[Karamojong people|Karamojong]]
* [[Karamojong people|Karamojong]]
* [[Maasai people|Maasai]] (originally, now settled or semi-nomadic)
* [[Maasai people|Maasai]] (originally, now settled or semi-nomadic)
Line 86: Line 176:
* [[Samburu people|Samburu]]
* [[Samburu people|Samburu]]
* [[Somali people|Somalis]]
* [[Somali people|Somalis]]
* [[Taureg people|Tuareg]]s
* [[Tuareg people|Tuaregs]]
* [[Toubou]]
* [[Toubou]]
* [[Trekboers]]
* [[Trekboers]]
* [[Turkana people|Turkana]]
* [[Turkana people|Turkana]]
{{div col end}}


=== Americas ===
=== Asia ===
* [[Nukak]]


{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
=== Asia ===
* Some [[Komi people|Komi]]
* [[Ahir]]
* [[Altai people]]
* [[Baloch people|Baloch]]
* [[Balti people|Balti]]
* [[Banjara]]
* [[Chukchi people|Chukchi]]
* [[Chukchi people|Chukchi]]
* [[Dhangar]]
* [[Dukha]]
* [[Enets]]
* [[Evenks]]
* [[Evens]]
* [[Gaddis]]
* [[Gaderia]]
* [[Gavli]]
* [[Gujjar]] only in [[Gilgit Baltistan]], [[Kashmir]], and parts of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
* [[Gurjar]]
* [[Hmong people|Hmong]]
* [[Huns]]
* [[Jats of Sindh|Jat]]
* [[Khanty people]]
* [[Kochis]]
* [[Koryaks]]
* [[Kurumbar]]
* [[Maldhari]] pastoralist groups of [[Kutch]]
* [[Mansi people]]
* [[Moken]]
* [[Moken]]
* [[Mongols]]
* [[Mongols]]
** [[Dzungars]] / [[Oirad]]
* [[Nenets]]
** [[Kalmyks]]
* [[Tarkhans]]
** [[Huns]] (in antiquity)
* [[Nenets people|Nenets]]es
* [[Tibetans]] (primarily the [[Changthang|Changpa]] at present)
* [[Tibetans]] (primarily the [[Changthang|Changpa]] at present)
* [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] (ancient, medieval age)
* [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] (ancient, medieval age)
** [[Eurasian Avars|Avars]]
** [[Bulgars]] (briefly, between the conquest of the hypothetical Kingdom of Balhara and the formation of Great Bulgaria)
** [[Crimean Tatars]] (certain groups)
** [[Cumans]] (up until the formation of the country Wallachia/Basarabia)
** [[Kipchaks]]
** [[Khazars]]
** [[Pechenegs]]
** [[Seljuks]]
** [[Wu Hu]]
* [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] (present)
* [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] (present)
** [[Kazakhs]]
** [[Xiongnu]]
** [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]]
** [[Yukaghirs]]
** [[Nogais]]
** [[Qashqai]]
** [[Turkmens]]
** [[Yörük]]

{{col-break}}

=== Europe ===
* [[Germanic peoples]] (ancient, early medieval age)
* [[Magyars]] (ancient, early medieval age)
* [[Sarakatsani]]
* [[Serbs|Serbian people]] (to late medieval period)
* [[Slavic peoples]] (ancient, early medieval age)
* Some [[reindeer]]-herding [[Sami people|Sami]] communities

=== India ===

* [[Banjara]]
* [[Dhangar]]
* [[Kurumbar]]
* [[Gaderia]]
* [[Gaddi]]
* [[Gavli]]
* [[Gurjar|Gujar]]

* [[Maldhari]] pastoralist groups of [[Kutch]] such as:

** [[Ahirs|Ahir]]
** [[Ahirs|Ahir]]
** [[Bafan]]
** [[Bafan]]
** [[Bayad tribe|Bayad]]
** [[Bayad tribe|Bayad]]
** [[Bharwad]]
** [[Bharwad]]
** [[Bulgars]] (briefly, between the conquest of the hypothetical Kingdom of Balhara and the formation of Great Bulgaria)
** [[Charan]]
** [[Charan]]
** [[Halaypotra]]
** [[Crimean Tatars]] (certain groups)
** [[Cumans]] (up until the formation of the country Wallachia/Basarabia)
** [[Hingora]]
** [[Jats of Kutch|Jath]]
** [[Halaypotra]]
** [[Hingora]]
** [[Karakalpaks]]
** [[Kathi caste|Kathi]]
** [[Kathi caste|Kathi]]
** [[Ker clan|Ker]]
** [[Kazakhs]]
** [[Ker clan|Ker]]
** [[Khakas people|Khakas]]
** [[Khant caste|Khant]]
** [[Khant caste|Khant]]
** [[Me caste|Me]]
** [[Khazars]]
** [[Meta Qureshi]]
** [[Kipchaks]]
** [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]]
** [[Me caste|Me]]
** [[Meta Qureshi]]
** [[Mutwa]]
** [[Mutwa]]
** [[Node tribe|Node]]
** [[Node tribe|Node]]
** [[Pancholi]]
** [[Nogais]]
** [[Pancholi]]
** [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]]
** [[Paratharia]]
** [[Paratharia]]
** [[Pechenegs]]
** [[Qashqai people|Qashqai]]
** [[Rabari]]
** [[Rabari]]
** [[Raysipotra]]
** [[Raysipotra]]
** [[Royma]]
** [[Royma]]
** [[Samma tribe|Samma]]
** [[Samma tribe|Samma]]
** [[Sandhai Muslims]]
** [[Sandhai Muslims]]
** [[Sanghar caste|Sanghar]]
** [[Sanghar caste|Sanghar]]
** [[Seljuks]] (during the [[Middle Ages]] anyway)
** [[Soomro|Soomra]]
** [[Shahsevan]]
** [[Soomro|Soomra]]
** [[Sorathia]]
** [[Sorathia]]
** [[Theba (Baloch tribe)|Theba]]
** [[Theba (Baloch tribe)|Theba]]
** [[Wagher]]
** [[Turkmens]]
** [[Tuvans]]
** [[Wagher]]
** [[Warya]]
** [[Warya]]
** [[Yörük]]
** some northern [[Yakuts]]
** [[Shors]]
** [[Soyots]]
** [[Telengits]]
** [[Teleuts]]
** [[Tofalar]]
** [[Tozhu Tuvans]]
** [[Tsaatan]]
* [[Wakhi people|Wakhi]]
* In Afghanistan
** [[Kuchis]] (Kochai)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://matadornetwork.com/read/global-nomadic-communities/|title = 7 nomadic communities that still exist today}}</ref>
** [[Hephthalites]]
** [[Hunas]]
{{div col end}}


=== Pakistan ===
=== Europe ===


{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Baloch]]
*Mongolic
* [[Balti people|Balti]]
**[[Kalmyks]]
* [[Gujjar]] only in [[Gilgit Baltistan]] and parts of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
*Turkic
* [[Jats of Sindh|Jath]]
* [[Kuchi people|Kuchi]]
**[[Nogai people]]
**[[Stavropol Turkmens]]

**[[Bashkirs]]
=== Middle East ===
** [[Bedouin]]
**[[Kazakhs]]
*[[Vaqueiros de alzada]]
** [[Alans]]
{{div col end}}
** [[Dahae]]
** [[Bakhtiari people|Bakhtiari]] of [[Iran]]
** [[Hephthalites]]
** [[Hunas]]
** [[baloch_people|Baloch]]
** [[Kuchis]] (Kochai)
** [[Parni]]
** [[Parthia]]ns
** [[Sarmatians]]
** [[Scythians]]
* [[Mitanni]]
<!-- [[Moors]] were included here but this needs some qualification as to which period, which group since the Spanish moors were settled city-builders-->
<!-- [[Moors]] were included here but this needs some qualification as to which period, which group since the Spanish moors were settled city-builders-->


===Popular misconceptions===
{{col-end}}
The [[Manchus]] are mistaken by some as nomadic people<ref>Pamela Crossley, ''The Manchus'', p. 3</ref> when in fact they were not nomads,<ref>Patricia Buckley Ebrey et al., [https://books.google.com/books?id=QfkWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA271 ''East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History''], 3rd edition, p. 271</ref><ref>Frederic Wakeman, Jr., [https://books.google.com/books?id=8nXLwSG2O8AC&pg=PA24 ''The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in the Seventeenth Century''], p. 24, note 1</ref> but instead were a sedentary agricultural people who lived in fixed villages, farmed crops, practiced hunting and mounted archery.


The [[Sushen]] used flint headed wooden arrows, farmed, hunted, and fished, and lived in caves and trees.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2719229?seq=8 Huang 1990] p. 246.</ref> The cognates Sushen or Jichen (稷真) again appear in the ''[[Shan Hai Jing]]'' and ''[[Book of Wei]]'' during the dynastic era referring to [[Tungusic peoples|Tungusic]] [[Mohe people|Mohe]] tribes of the far northeast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%80%B8%E5%91%A8%E6%9B%B8#.E7.8E.8B.E6.9C.83|title=逸周書|publisher=|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref> The Mohe enjoyed eating pork, practiced pig farming extensively, and were mainly sedentary,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KHwPAAAAYAAJ&q=The+Mohe+tribes+can+be+characterized+as+having+mostly+a+sedentary+way+of+life.+Pig+breeding+was+the+main+branch+of+their+stockraising+(the+same+can+be+said+about+the+Sushen).+The+richest+PROLEGOMENA+TO+MANCHU+STUDIES+13. Gorelova 2002], pp. 13-4.</ref> and also used both pig and dog skins for coats. They were predominantly farmers and grew soybean, wheat, millet, and rice, in addition to engaging in hunting.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KHwPAAAAYAAJ&q=raising+(the+same+can+be+said+about+the+Sushen).+The+richest+of+them+possessed+large+flocks+of+pigs,+which+mounted+to+hundreds+of+heads.+They+liked+eating+pork,+and+pig-skins+were+used+by+them+for+sewing+winter+coats+(again+like+the+Sushen).+The+Mohes+also+bred+dogs,+from+whose+skins+they+sewed+fur+coats.....The+Mohe+were+mainly+engaged+in+developed+agriculture,+as+they+used+a+plough,+pushing+it+in+front,+and+pairs+of+horses+as+drought+power.+They+sowed+wheat,+millet,+rice+plants,+and+soybean,+and+used+rice+for+preparing+special+liqueur.&dq=raising+(the+same+can+be+said+about+the+Sushen).+The+richest+of+them+possessed+large+flocks+of+pigs,+which+mounted+to+hundreds+of+heads.+They+liked+eating+pork,+and+pig-skins+were+used+by+them+for+sewing+winter+coats+(again+like+the+Sushen).+The+Mohes+also+bred+dogs,+from+whose+skins+they+sewed+fur+coats.....The+Mohe+were+mainly+engaged+in+developed+agriculture,+as+they+used+a+plough,+pushing+it+in+front,+and+pairs+of+horses+as+drought+power.+They+sowed+wheat,+millet,+rice+plants,+and+soybean,+and+used+rice+for+preparing+special+liqueur.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IxbkU8C5K-jIsASOgYLACA&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAA Gorelova 2002], p. 14.</ref>
== Peripatetic ==
Peripatetic nomads offer the skills of a craft or trade to the settled populations among whom they travel. They are the most common remaining nomadic peoples in industrialized nations. Most or all of the following ethnonyms probably do not correspond to one community; many are locally or regionally used (sometimes as occupational names), others are used only by group members, and still others are used pejoratively only by outsiders. Most peripatetic nomads are said to have traditions that they originate from [[South Asia]], while in [[India]] itself there are said to be home over two hundred such groups. Many peripatetic groups in [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Turkey]] still speak dialects of [[Indo-Aryan]], such as the [[Ghorbati]]. <ref>Nomads in India : proceedings of the National Seminar / edited by P.K. Misra, K.C. Malhotra</ref> <ref>Rao, Aparna (1986). "Peripatetic Minorities in Afghanistan—Image and Identity." In Die ethnischen Gruppen Afghanistan, edited by E. Orywal. Wiesbaden: L. Reichert</ref> There is also academic scholarship that connects European Romany groups with India.


The [[Jurchens]] were sedentary,<ref>[http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ea210/manchu2.html Vajda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601205357/http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ea210/manchu2.html |date=2010-06-01 }}.</ref> settled farmers with advanced agriculture. They farmed grain and millet as their cereal crops, grew flax, and raised oxen, pigs, sheep, and horses.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC&pg=PA416 Sinor 1996], p. 416.</ref> Their farming way of life was very different from the pastoral nomadism of the Mongols and the Khitan on the steppes.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC&pg=PA217 Twitchett, Franke, Fairbank 1994], p. 217.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kG45gi7E3hsC&pg=PA112 de Rachewiltz 1993], p. 112.</ref> "At the most", the Jurchen could only be described as "semi-nomadic" while the majority of them were sedentary.


The Manchu way of life (economy) was described as agricultural, farming crops and [[Animal husbandry|raising animals]] on farms.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=glU0vte5gSkC&pg=PA828 Wurm 1996], p. 828.</ref> Manchus practiced [[slash-and-burn|Slash-and-burn agriculture]] in the areas north of [[Shenyang]].<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3985584?seq=2 Reardon-Anderson 2000], p. 504.</ref> The [[Haixi Jurchens]] were "semi-agricultural, the Jianzhou Jurchens and Maolian (毛怜) Jurchens were sedentary, while hunting and fishing was the way of life of the "Wild Jurchens".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tyhT9SZRLS8C&pg=PA266 Mote, Twitchett & Fairbank 1988], p. 266.</ref> Han Chinese society resembled that of the sedentary Jianzhou and Maolian, who were farmers.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC&pg=PA258 Twitchett & Mote 1998], p. 258.</ref> Hunting, archery on horseback, horsemanship, livestock raising, and sedentary agriculture were all practiced by the Jianzhou Jurchens as part of their culture.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2646525?seq=6 Rawski 1996], p. 834.</ref> In spite of the fact that the Manchus practiced archery on horse back and equestrianism, the Manchu's immediate progenitors practiced sedentary agriculture.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=5iN5J9G76h0C&pg=PA43 Rawski 1998], p. 43.</ref> Although the Manchus also partook in hunting, they were sedentary.<ref>[[Thomas T. Allsen]] 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WFls6zdc40QC&pg=PA215 p. 215.]</ref> Their primary mode of production was farming while they lived in villages, forts, and towns surrounded by walls. Farming was practiced by their Jurchen Jin predecessors.<ref>{{cite book|title=Transactions, American Philosophical Society (vol. 36, Part 1, 1946)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g08LAAAAIAAJ&q=Marriages+between+Manchu+girls+and+Chinese+deserters+were+officially+promoted+during+the+early+years+of+the+dynasty.&pg=PA10|publisher=American Philosophical Society|isbn=978-1-4223-7719-2|pages=10–}}</ref><ref name="WittfogelFêng1949">{{cite book|author1=Karl August Wittfogel|author2=Chia-shêng Fêng|title=History of Chinese Society: Liao, 907-1125|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c35CAAAAYAAJ&q=Marriages+between+Manchu+girls+and+Chinese+deserters+were+officially+promoted+during+the+early+years+of+the+dynasty.|year=1949|publisher=American Philosophical Society|page=10}}</ref>
{{col-begin}}{{col-2}}

{{quote box
| width = 40%
| align = left
| quote = “建州毛怜则渤海大氏遗孽，乐住种，善缉纺，饮食服用，皆如华人，自长白山迤南，可拊而治也。" ''"The (people of) Chien-chou and Mao-lin [YLSL always reads Mao-lien] are the descendants of the family Ta of Po-hai. They love to be sedentary and sow, and they are skilled in spinning and weaving. As for food, clothing and utensils, they are the same as (those used by) the Chinese. (Those living) south of the Ch'ang-pai mountain are apt to be soothed and governed."''
| salign = left
| source = — 据魏焕《皇明九边考》卷二《辽东镇边夷考》<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artx.cn/artx/lishi/20422.html |title=明代汉族与女真族的马市贸易 |author=萧国亮 |date=2007-01-24 |website=艺术中国(ARTX.cn) |page=1 |publisher= |accessdate=25 July 2014 |archive-date=2014-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729230931/http://www.artx.cn/artx/lishi/20422.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Translation from ''Sino-J̌ürčed relations during the Yung-Lo period, 1403-1424'' by Henry Serruys<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=9YETAAAAIAAJ&q=chien+chou+mao+lien+sedentary Serruys 1955], p. 22.</ref>
}}

For political reasons, the Jurchen leader Nurhaci chose variously to emphasize either differences or similarities in lifestyles with other peoples like the Mongols.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC&pg=PA127 Perdue 2009], p. 127.</ref> [[Nurhaci]] said to the Mongols that "The languages of the Chinese and Koreans are different, but their clothing and way of life is the same. It is the same with us Manchus (Jušen) and Mongols. Our languages are different, but our clothing and way of life is the same." Later Nurhaci indicated that the bond with the Mongols was not based in any real shared culture. It was for pragmatic reasons of "mutual opportunism", since Nurhaci said to the Mongols: "You Mongols raise livestock, eat meat and wear pelts. My people till the fields and live on grain. We two are not one country and we have different languages."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=hi2THl2FUZ4C&pg=PA31 Peterson 2002], p. 31.</ref>

{{clear}}
== Peripatetic ==
Peripatetic nomads offer the skills of a craft or trade to the settled populations among whom they travel. They are the most common remaining nomadic peoples in industrialized nations. Most, or all, of the following ethnonyms probably do not correspond to one community; many are locally or regionally used (sometimes as occupational names), others are used only by group members, and still others are used pejoratively only by outsiders. Most peripatetic nomads have traditions that they originate from South Asia. In India there are said to be home of over two hundred such groups.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} Many peripatetic groups in [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] and Turkey still speak dialects of [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]], such as the [[Ghorbati]].<ref>Nomads in India : proceedings of the National Seminar / edited by P.K. Misra, K.C. Malhotra</ref><ref>Rao, Aparna (1986). "Peripatetic Minorities in Afghanistan—Image and Identity." In ''Die ethnischen Gruppen Afghanistan'', edited by E. Orywal. Wiesbaden: L. Reichert</ref> There is also academic scholarship that connects European Romany groups with India.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024|reason=Cite the mentioned academic scholarship that supports this, then remove "there is also academic scholarship" statement}}


=== India ===
=== India ===

* In [[India]]:
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* In India:<ref>"Peripatetic peoples and Lifestyles" by Aparna Rao in ''Disappearing peoples? : indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia'' / edited by Barbara A. Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston pages 53 to 72 {{ISBN|1598741209}}</ref>
** [[Abdal (caste)|Abdal]]
** [[Abdal (caste)|Abdal]]
** [[Aheria]]
** [[Aheria]]
** [[Bakho]]
** [[Bakho]]
** [[Bangali]]
** [[Bansphor]]
** [[Bansphor]]
** [[Bazigar]]
** [[Bazigar]]
** [[Bede people|Bede]]
** [[Bede people|Bede]]
** [[Boria (caste)|Boria]]
** [[Boria (caste)|Boria]]
** [[Deha]]
** [[Changar]]
** [[Deha]]
** [[Dharhi]]
** [[Dharhi]]
** [[Dharkar]]
** [[Dharkar]]
** [[Domba]]
** [[Domba]]
** [[Gandhila]]
** [[Gandhila]]
** [[Habura (caste)|Habura]]
** [[Habura (caste)|Habura]]
** [[Heri (caste)|Heri]]
** [[Heri (caste)|Heri]]
** [[Hurkiya]]
** [[Hurkiya]]
** [[Kalabaz]]
** [[Kalabaz]]
** [[Kan (tribe)|Kan]]
** [[Kan (tribe)|Kan]]
** [[Kanjar]]
** [[Kanjar]]
** [[Karwal ]]
** [[Karwal]]
** [[Kela (tribe)|Kela]]
** [[Kela (tribe)|Kela]]
** [[Mirasi]]
** [[Mirasi]]
** [[Mirshikar]]
** [[Mirshikar]]
** [[Nat caste|Nat]]
** [[Nat caste|Nat]]
** [[Pamaria]]
** Pamaria
** [[Patharkat]]
** [[Patharkat]]
** [[Perna caste|Perna]]
** [[Perna caste|Perna]]
** [[Qalandar (caste)|Qalandar]]
** [[Qalandar (caste)|Qalandar]]
** [[Sansi people|Sansi]]
** [[Sansi people|Sansi]]
** [[Sapera (Muslim)|Sapera Muslims]]
** [[Sapera (Muslim)|Sapera Muslims]]
** [[Sapera caste|Sapera]]
** [[Sapera caste|Sapera]]
** [[Sapuria]]
** [[Sapuria]]
{{div col end}}


=== Pakistan ===
=== Pakistan ===
*In [[Pakistan]]:


{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* In Pakistan:<ref>''Customary strangers : new perspectives on peripatetic peoples in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia'' / edited by Joseph C. Berland and Aparna Rao. Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 2004. {{ISBN|0897897714}}</ref>
** [[Churigar]]
** [[Churigar]]
** [[Dom people|Dom]]
** [[Domba|Dom]]
** [[Kanjar]]
** [[Lori people|Lori]]
** [[Lori people|Lori]]
** [[Mirasi]]
** [[Qalandar (caste)|Qalandar]]
{{div col end}}


=== Sri Lanka ===


* [[Sri Lankan Telugus]]
=== Turkey ===


* In [[Turkey]]:
=== Turkey ===

**Abdal
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
**[[Arabci]]
* In Turkey:<ref>"Marginal Groups and Itinerants" by Ingvar Savanberg pages 602 to 612 in ''Ethnic groups in the Republic of Turkey'' / compiled and edited by Peter Alford Andrews, with the assistance of Rüdiger Benninghaus (Wiesbaden : Dr. Ludwig Reichert, 1989) {{ISBN|3-88226-418-7}}</ref>
**[[Bosha (Roma)|Bosha]]
**[[Çingene]]
** [[Abdal of Turkey]]
** Arabci
**[[Gäwändi]]
**[[Ghorbati]]
** [[Bosha (Roma)|Bosha]]
** [[Roma in Turkey|Çingene]]
**Qeraçi
** [[Abdal of Turkey|Gäwändi]]
**Susmani
** [[Ghorbati]]
**Tahtacı
** Qeraçi
**Tsigan
** Susmani
** Tahtacı
{{div col end}}


=== Afghanistan ===
=== Afghanistan ===

*In [[Afghanistan]]:
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* In [[Afghanistan]]:<ref>Rao, Aparna (1986). "Peripatetic Minorities in Afghanistan—Image and Identity." In Die ethnischen Gruppen Afghanistan, edited by E. Orywal. Wiesbaden: L. Reichert</ref>
** Kuchi (Kochai)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://matadornetwork.com/read/global-nomadic-communities/|title = 7 nomadic communities that still exist today}}</ref>
** Badyanesin
** Badyanesin
**Balatumani
** Balatumani
**[[Chalu]]
** Chalu
**[[Changar]]
** Changar
**[[Chighalbf]]
** Chighalbf
**[[Ghalbelbaf]]
** Ghalbelbaf
**[[Ghorbat (Qurbat)]]
** Ghorbat (Qurbat)
**[[Herati]]
** Herati
** Jalili
**[[Jalili people|Jalali]]
**[[Jat]] (Jaṭṭ)
** [[Jot (ethnic group)|Jat]]
** [[Juggi (tribe)|Juggi]]
**Jogi
**[[Jola people|Jola]]
** Jola
**[[Kouli]]
** Kouli
**Kuṭaṭa]
** Kuṭaṭa
**Lawani
** Lawani
**Luli Mogat
** Luli Mogat
**Maskurahi
** Maskurahi
**Musalli
** Musalli
**Nausar
** Nausar
**Pikraj
** Pikraj
**Qawal
** Qawal
**Sabzaki
** Sabzaki
**Sadu
** Sadu
**Shadibaz (Shadiwan)
** Shadibaz (Shadiwan)
** [[Sheikh Mohammadi tribe]]
**Noristani
** Noristani
**Siyahpayak
** Siyahpayak
**Vangawala (Bangṛiwal/Churifrosh)
** Vangawala (Bangṛiwal/Churifrosh)

{{col-break}}
{{div col end}}


=== Middle East ===
=== Middle East ===
*In [[Iran]]:
**[[Bakhtiari people|Bakhtiari]]
**[[Orak people|Orak]]
**[[Asheq]]
**[[Challi]]
**[[Changi]]
**[[Chareshmal]] (Krishmal)
**[[Dumi]]
**[[Feuj]]
**[[Ghajar]]
**[[Ghorbati]] (Ghorbat, Gurbat, Qurbati)
**[[Gurani]]
**[[Haddad]] (Ahangar, Hasanpur)
**[[Howihar]]
**[[Juki]]
**[[Karachi (people)|Karachi]]
**[[Kenchli]]
**[[Kowli]] (Kuli)
**[[Luri]]
**[[Luti people|Luti]]
**[[Mehtar people|Mehtar]]
**[[Ojuli]]
**[[Qarbalband]]
**[[Sazandeh]]
**[[Suzmani]]
**[[Tats|Tat]]
**[[Toshmal]]
*In [[Iraq]]:
**[[Zott]]


{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* In [[Iran]]:
** Orak
** Asheq
** Challi
** Changi
** Chareshmal (Krishmal)
** [[Dumi]]
** Feuj
** [[Ghajar]]
** [[Ghorbati]] (Ghorbat, Gurbat, Qurbati)
** Gurani
** [[Haddad]] (Ahangar, Hasanpur)
** Howihar
** Juki
** Karachi
** Kenchli
** Kowli (Kuli)
** [[Luri people|Luri]]
** Luti
** Mehtar
** Ojuli
** Qarbalband
** Sazandeh
** Suzmani
** [[Tat people (Iran)|Tat]]
** Toshmal
* In [[Iraq]]:
** [[Dom people|Dom]]
** [[Kowli]] (Kuli)
** [[Zott]]
* In [[Syria]]:
** [[Dom people|Dom]]
** [[Nawar people (Syria)|Nawar]]
{{div col end}}


=== Europe ===
=== Europe ===

* [[Romani people]] (Gypsies)
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
** [[Roma (Romani subgroup)|Roma]]
* [[Romani people]]
** [[Sinti]]
** [[Sinti]]
** [[Romani populations#France|Manush]]
** [[Romani populations#France|Manush]]
** [[Romanichal]]
** [[Romanichal]]
** [[Norwegian and Swedish Travellers|Romanisæl]]
** [[Norwegian and Swedish Travellers|Romanisæl]]
** Iberian Kale ([[Romani people in Spain|Gitanos]])
** Iberian Kale ([[Gitanos]])
** [[Finnish Kale]]
** [[Finnish Kale]]
** [[Kale (Welsh Romanies)|Welsh Kale]]
** [[Kale (Welsh Romanies)|Welsh Kale]]
* [[Scottish Travellers]]
* [[Scottish Travellers]]
** [[New Age travellers]]
* [[New Age travellers]]
* [[Irish Traveller]]s or Pavees
* [[Irish Travellers]] or Pavees
* [[Indigenous Norwegian Travellers]]
* [[Indigenous Norwegian Travellers]] or Reisende
* [[Yeniche people|Yeniche]]
* [[Yenish people|Yenish]] (German Travellers)
* [[Quinqui]]
* [[Mercheros]]
* [[Camminanti]]

{{div col end}}


=== North America ===
=== North America ===
* [[Glossary of 'carny' slang|Carnys]] (carnival people)
* [[Irish Traveler]]s
* [[Military brat (U.S. subculture)|Military brats]]<ref>Ender, Morton. ''Military Brats and Other Global Nomads''. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002. ISBN 978-0-275-97266-0</ref>
* [[Romani people]]<ref>Sutherland, Ann. ''Gypsies: The Hidden Americans''. Waveland Press, 1986. ISBN 0-88133-235-6</ref>


{{div col|colwidth=18em}}

* [[Irish Travellers]]
{{col-end}}
* [[Romani people]]<ref>Sutherland, Ann. ''Gypsies: The Hidden Americans''. Waveland Press, 1986. {{ISBN|0-88133-235-6}}</ref>
* [[Carnies]]
* [[Gutter punks]]
* [[Cultural resource management |Shovel Bums]]
{{div col end}}


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|30em}}




[[Category:Nomads]]
[[Category:Nomads]]
[[Category:Modern nomads]]

Latest revision as of 19:38, 28 October 2024

Main article: Nomad

This is a list of nomadic people arranged by economic specialization and region.

Nomadic people are communities who move from one place to another, rather than settling permanently in one location. Many cultures have traditionally been nomadic, but nomadic behavior is increasingly rare in industrialized countries.

Hunter-gatherers

[edit]
Main article: Hunter-gatherer
See also: Uncontacted peoples

Nomadic hunting and gathering, following seasonally available wild plants and game, is the oldest human method of subsistence.

Africa

[edit]

Americas

[edit]

Asia

[edit]

Oceania

[edit]
  • Most Papuans prior to Western contact

Europe

[edit]

Pastoralists

[edit]
Main articles: Pastoralism and Transhumance

Pastoralists raise herds, driving them or moving with them, in patterns that normally avoid depleting pastures beyond their ability to recover. The pastoralists are sedentary, remaining within a local area, but moving between permanent spring, summer, autumn and winter (or dry and wet season) pastures for their livestock.

Africa

[edit]

Asia

[edit]

Europe

[edit]
[edit]

The Manchus are mistaken by some as nomadic people[2] when in fact they were not nomads,[3][4] but instead were a sedentary agricultural people who lived in fixed villages, farmed crops, practiced hunting and mounted archery.

The Sushen used flint headed wooden arrows, farmed, hunted, and fished, and lived in caves and trees.[5] The cognates Sushen or Jichen (稷真) again appear in the Shan Hai Jing and Book of Wei during the dynastic era referring to Tungusic Mohe tribes of the far northeast.[6] The Mohe enjoyed eating pork, practiced pig farming extensively, and were mainly sedentary,[7] and also used both pig and dog skins for coats. They were predominantly farmers and grew soybean, wheat, millet, and rice, in addition to engaging in hunting.[8]

The Jurchens were sedentary,[9] settled farmers with advanced agriculture. They farmed grain and millet as their cereal crops, grew flax, and raised oxen, pigs, sheep, and horses.[10] Their farming way of life was very different from the pastoral nomadism of the Mongols and the Khitan on the steppes.[11][12] "At the most", the Jurchen could only be described as "semi-nomadic" while the majority of them were sedentary.

The Manchu way of life (economy) was described as agricultural, farming crops and raising animals on farms.[13] Manchus practiced Slash-and-burn agriculture in the areas north of Shenyang.[14] The Haixi Jurchens were "semi-agricultural, the Jianzhou Jurchens and Maolian (毛怜) Jurchens were sedentary, while hunting and fishing was the way of life of the "Wild Jurchens".[15] Han Chinese society resembled that of the sedentary Jianzhou and Maolian, who were farmers.[16] Hunting, archery on horseback, horsemanship, livestock raising, and sedentary agriculture were all practiced by the Jianzhou Jurchens as part of their culture.[17] In spite of the fact that the Manchus practiced archery on horse back and equestrianism, the Manchu's immediate progenitors practiced sedentary agriculture.[18] Although the Manchus also partook in hunting, they were sedentary.[19] Their primary mode of production was farming while they lived in villages, forts, and towns surrounded by walls. Farming was practiced by their Jurchen Jin predecessors.[20][21]

“建州毛怜则渤海大氏遗孽，乐住种，善缉纺，饮食服用，皆如华人，自长白山迤南，可拊而治也。" "The (people of) Chien-chou and Mao-lin [YLSL always reads Mao-lien] are the descendants of the family Ta of Po-hai. They love to be sedentary and sow, and they are skilled in spinning and weaving. As for food, clothing and utensils, they are the same as (those used by) the Chinese. (Those living) south of the Ch'ang-pai mountain are apt to be soothed and governed."

— 据魏焕《皇明九边考》卷二《辽东镇边夷考》[22] Translation from Sino-J̌ürčed relations during the Yung-Lo period, 1403-1424 by Henry Serruys[23]

For political reasons, the Jurchen leader Nurhaci chose variously to emphasize either differences or similarities in lifestyles with other peoples like the Mongols.[24] Nurhaci said to the Mongols that "The languages of the Chinese and Koreans are different, but their clothing and way of life is the same. It is the same with us Manchus (Jušen) and Mongols. Our languages are different, but our clothing and way of life is the same." Later Nurhaci indicated that the bond with the Mongols was not based in any real shared culture. It was for pragmatic reasons of "mutual opportunism", since Nurhaci said to the Mongols: "You Mongols raise livestock, eat meat and wear pelts. My people till the fields and live on grain. We two are not one country and we have different languages."[25]

Peripatetic

[edit]

Peripatetic nomads offer the skills of a craft or trade to the settled populations among whom they travel. They are the most common remaining nomadic peoples in industrialized nations. Most, or all, of the following ethnonyms probably do not correspond to one community; many are locally or regionally used (sometimes as occupational names), others are used only by group members, and still others are used pejoratively only by outsiders. Most peripatetic nomads have traditions that they originate from South Asia. In India there are said to be home of over two hundred such groups.[citation needed] Many peripatetic groups in Iran, Afghanistan and Turkey still speak dialects of Indo-Aryan, such as the Ghorbati.[26][27] There is also academic scholarship that connects European Romany groups with India.[citation needed]

India

[edit]

Pakistan

[edit]

Sri Lanka

[edit]

Turkey

[edit]

Afghanistan

[edit]
  • In Afghanistan:[31]
    • Kuchi (Kochai)[32]
    • Badyanesin
    • Balatumani
    • Chalu
    • Changar
    • Chighalbf
    • Ghalbelbaf
    • Ghorbat (Qurbat)
    • Herati
    • Jalili
    • Jat
    • Juggi
    • Jola
    • Kouli
    • Kuṭaṭa
    • Lawani
    • Luli Mogat
    • Maskurahi
    • Musalli
    • Nausar
    • Pikraj
    • Qawal
    • Sabzaki
    • Sadu
    • Shadibaz (Shadiwan)
    • Sheikh Mohammadi tribe
    • Noristani
    • Siyahpayak
    • Vangawala (Bangṛiwal/Churifrosh)

Middle East

[edit]

Europe

[edit]

North America

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "7 nomadic communities that still exist today".
  2. ^ Pamela Crossley, The Manchus, p. 3
  3. ^ Patricia Buckley Ebrey et al., East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, 3rd edition, p. 271
  4. ^ Frederic Wakeman, Jr., The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in the Seventeenth Century, p. 24, note 1
  5. ^ Huang 1990 p. 246.
  6. ^ "逸周書". Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  7. ^ Gorelova 2002, pp. 13-4.
  8. ^ Gorelova 2002, p. 14.
  9. ^ Vajda Archived 2010-06-01 at the Wayback Machine.
  10. ^ Sinor 1996, p. 416.
  11. ^ Twitchett, Franke, Fairbank 1994, p. 217.
  12. ^ de Rachewiltz 1993, p. 112.
  13. ^ Wurm 1996, p. 828.
  14. ^ Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 504.
  15. ^ Mote, Twitchett & Fairbank 1988, p. 266.
  16. ^ Twitchett & Mote 1998, p. 258.
  17. ^ Rawski 1996, p. 834.
  18. ^ Rawski 1998, p. 43.
  19. ^ Thomas T. Allsen 2011, p. 215.
  20. ^ Transactions, American Philosophical Society (vol. 36, Part 1, 1946). American Philosophical Society. pp. 10–. ISBN 978-1-4223-7719-2.
  21. ^ Karl August Wittfogel; Chia-shêng Fêng (1949). History of Chinese Society: Liao, 907-1125. American Philosophical Society. p. 10.
  22. ^ 萧国亮 (2007-01-24). "明代汉族与女真族的马市贸易". 艺术中国(ARTX.cn). p. 1. Archived from the original on 2014-07-29. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
  23. ^ Serruys 1955, p. 22.
  24. ^ Perdue 2009, p. 127.
  25. ^ Peterson 2002, p. 31.
  26. ^ Nomads in India : proceedings of the National Seminar / edited by P.K. Misra, K.C. Malhotra
  27. ^ Rao, Aparna (1986). "Peripatetic Minorities in Afghanistan—Image and Identity." In Die ethnischen Gruppen Afghanistan, edited by E. Orywal. Wiesbaden: L. Reichert
  28. ^ "Peripatetic peoples and Lifestyles" by Aparna Rao in Disappearing peoples? : indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia / edited by Barbara A. Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston pages 53 to 72 ISBN 1598741209
  29. ^ Customary strangers : new perspectives on peripatetic peoples in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia / edited by Joseph C. Berland and Aparna Rao. Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 2004. ISBN 0897897714
  30. ^ "Marginal Groups and Itinerants" by Ingvar Savanberg pages 602 to 612 in Ethnic groups in the Republic of Turkey / compiled and edited by Peter Alford Andrews, with the assistance of Rüdiger Benninghaus (Wiesbaden : Dr. Ludwig Reichert, 1989) ISBN 3-88226-418-7
  31. ^ Rao, Aparna (1986). "Peripatetic Minorities in Afghanistan—Image and Identity." In Die ethnischen Gruppen Afghanistan, edited by E. Orywal. Wiesbaden: L. Reichert
  32. ^ "7 nomadic communities that still exist today".
  33. ^ Sutherland, Ann. Gypsies: The Hidden Americans. Waveland Press, 1986. ISBN 0-88133-235-6
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