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{{Short description|Norwegian government agency}}
{{Infobox organization
{{Infobox organization
| name = Norwegian Polar Institute
| name = Norwegian Polar Institute
| native_name = Norsk Polarinstitutt
| native_name = Norsk Polarinstitutt
| native_name_lang = no
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| image = Polarmiljosenteret.jpg
| image = Framsenteret 2.jpg
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| tax_id = <!-- or | vat_id = (for European organizations) -->
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| registration_id = <!-- for non-profit org -->
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The '''Norwegian Polar Institute''' ('''NPI'''; {{lang-no|Norsk Polarinstitutt}}) is [[Norway]]'s central governmental institution for scientific research, mapping and environmental monitoring in the [[Arctic]] and the [[Antarctic]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.npolar.no/en/about-us/|title=About Us|last=|first=|date=|website=Norwegian Polar Institute|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> The NPI is a directorate under Norway's [[Ministry of Climate and Environment (Norway)|Ministry of Climate and Environment]].<ref name=":0" /> The institute advises Norwegian authorities on matters concerning polar environmental management and is the official environmental management body for Norwegian activities in [[Antarctica]].<ref name=":0" />
The '''Norwegian Polar Institute''' ('''NPI'''; {{langx|no|Norsk Polarinstitutt}}) is [[Norway]]'s central governmental institution for scientific research, mapping and [[environmental monitoring]] in the [[Arctic]] and the [[Antarctic]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.npolar.no/en/about-us/|title=About Us|website=Norwegian Polar Institute}}</ref> The NPI is a directorate under Norway's [[Ministry of Climate and Environment (Norway)|Ministry of Climate and Environment]].<ref name=":0" /> The institute advises Norwegian authorities on matters concerning polar environmental management and is the official environmental management body for Norwegian activities in [[Antarctica]].<ref name=":0" />


== Activities ==
== Activities ==
The institute's activities are focused on environmental research and management in the [[polar regions]].<ref name=":0" /> The NPI's researchers investigate biodiversity, climate and environmental toxins in the [[Arctic]] and [[Antarctic]], and in this context the institute equips and organizes large-scale expeditions to both polar regions.<ref name=":0" /> The institute contributes to national and international climate work, and is an active contact point for the international scientific community.<ref name=":0" /> The institute collects and analyses data on the environment and cultural heritage sites on the islands of [[Svalbard]] and [[Jan Mayen]] through the project Environmental Monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npolar.no/en/projects/details/?pid=41d6f499-c3a8-5ce9-91af-e731ed034c60|title=Environmental Monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ)|last=|first=|date=|website=Norwegian Polar Institute|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> [[Topographic mapping]] is also an important task: the NPI is the national [[surveying]] and mapping authority for Norway's polar areas, including non-commercial geological surveys.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npolar.no/en/maps/|title=Maps|last=|first=|date=|website=Norwegian Polar Institute|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
The institute's activities are focused on environmental research and management in the [[polar regions]].<ref name=":0" /> The NPI's researchers investigate biodiversity, climate and environmental toxins in the [[Arctic]] and [[Antarctic]], and in this context the institute equips and organizes large-scale expeditions to both polar regions.<ref name=":0" /> The institute contributes to national and international climate work, and is an active contact point for the international scientific community.<ref name=":0" /> The institute collects and analyses data on the environment and cultural heritage sites on the islands of [[Svalbard]] and [[Jan Mayen]] through the project Environmental Monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npolar.no/en/projects/details/?pid=41d6f499-c3a8-5ce9-91af-e731ed034c60|title=Environmental Monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ)|website=Norwegian Polar Institute}}</ref> [[Topographic mapping]] is also an important task: the NPI is the national [[surveying]] and mapping authority for Norway's polar areas, including non-commercial geological surveys.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npolar.no/en/maps/|title=Maps|website=Norwegian Polar Institute}}</ref>


In [[Antarctica]], the institute is responsible for the management of all Norwegian activities.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.npolar.no/en/regulations-activities-antarctica/|title=About Us / Regulations for Activities in Antarctica|last=|first=|date=|website=Norwegian Polar Institute|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> This means that all Norwegian subjects planning activities in Antarctica must first contact the NPI.<ref name=":2" />
In [[Antarctica]], the institute is responsible for the management of all Norwegian activities.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.npolar.no/en/regulations-activities-antarctica/|title=About Us / Regulations for Activities in Antarctica|website=Norwegian Polar Institute}}</ref> This means that all Norwegian subjects planning activities in Antarctica must first contact the NPI.<ref name=":2" />


The NPI maintains a database of reported sightings of whales, walruses, seals, and polar bears in the Svalbard area to which the public is encouraged to contribute.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://npolar.no/en/services/mms/|title=Marine Mammals Sightings (MMS)|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> The reported sightings are used in research and monitoring.<ref name=":1" />
The NPI maintains a database of reported sightings of whales, walruses, seals, and polar bears in the Svalbard area to which the public is encouraged to contribute.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://npolar.no/en/services/mms/|title=Marine Mammals Sightings (MMS)}}</ref> The reported sightings are used in research and monitoring.<ref name=":1" />


The NPI is the official agency responsible for place names in the Norwegian polar regions.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.npolar.no/en/maps/polar-place-names/|title=Polar Place Names|last=|first=|date=|website=Norwegian Polar Institute|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> These areas include Svalbard and Jan Mayen and their adjacent waters, [[Queen Maud Land]], [[Bouvet Island]], and [[Peter I Island]]. Place names are officially adopted by the responsible committee at the NPI, which maintains a database of place names that is publicly searchable.<ref name=":6" />
The NPI is the official agency responsible for place names in the Norwegian polar regions.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.npolar.no/en/maps/polar-place-names/|title=Polar Place Names|website=Norwegian Polar Institute}}</ref> These areas include Svalbard and Jan Mayen and their adjacent waters, [[Queen Maud Land]], [[Bouvet Island]], and [[Peter I Island]]. Place names are officially adopted by the responsible committee at the NPI, which maintains a database of place names that is publicly searchable.<ref name=":6" />


== History ==
== History ==
The NPI was established in 1948 under the [[Ministry of Trade and Industry (Norway)|Norwegian Ministry of Industry]], but must be seen as an extension of Norway's Svalbard and Arctic Ocean Survey Exploration (NSIU), which was founded on 1 March 1928.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npolar.no/en/history/|title=The History of the Norwegian Polar Institute|last=Jølle|first=Harald Dag|date=|website=Norwegian Polar Institute|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Previously, Norway's Svalbard research had been organized as the Norwegian state-supported Spitsbergen Expeditions, with roots dating back to 1906.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Norway - a consistent polar nation?|last=Barr|first=Susan|publisher=Taum|year=2003|isbn=82-300-0026-3|location=|pages=}}</ref> With the establishment of the NSIU, Norwegian research activity in eastern [[Greenland]] increased.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Norsk polarhistorie, vol. 2, Vitenskapene|last=Einar Arne Drivenes & Harald Dag Jølle|first=|publisher=Tanum|year=2004|isbn=82-05-32656-8|location=|pages=}}</ref>
The NPI was established in 1948 under the [[Ministry of Trade and Industry (Norway)|Norwegian Ministry of Industry]], but must be seen as an extension of Norwegian Svalbard and Arctic Ocean Survey, ''Norges Svalbard og Ishavsundersøkelser (NSIU)'', which was founded on 1 March 1928.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npolar.no/en/history/|title=The History of the Norwegian Polar Institute|last=Jølle|first=Harald Dag|website=Norwegian Polar Institute}}</ref> Previously, Norway's Svalbard research had been organized as the Norwegian state-supported Spitsbergen Expeditions, with roots dating back to 1906.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Norway - a consistent polar nation?|last=Barr|first=Susan|publisher=Taum|year=2003|isbn=82-300-0026-3}}</ref> With the establishment of the NSIU, Norwegian research activity in eastern [[Greenland]] increased.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Norsk polarhistorie, vol. 2, Vitenskapene|last=Einar Arne Drivenes & Harald Dag Jølle|publisher=Tanum|year=2004|isbn=82-05-32656-8}}</ref>


[[File:Harald Ulrik Sverdrup.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Harald Sverdrup (oceanographer)|Harald Sverdrup]], the first director of the NPI]]
[[File:Harald Ulrik Sverdrup.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Harald Sverdrup (oceanographer)|Harald Sverdrup]], the first director of the NPI]]
With [[Harald Sverdrup (oceanographer)|Harald Sverdrup]] as the first director, the NPI's mandate included Antarctica and was considerably broader than that of its forerunner, the NSIU.<ref name=":4" /> From 1949 to 1952, the NPI led the multinational [[Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition|Maudheim Expedition]] to Antarctica and had a base in Queen Maud Land from 1956 to 1960 (Norway Station), during the [[International Geophysical Year]], also known as the third [[International Polar Year]].<ref name=":5" /> The NPI established the permanent research station [[Troll (research station)|Troll]] in Antarctica in 1989–90; Troll has been operated as a year-round research station since 2005.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.npolar.no/en/about-us/history.html|title=The history of the Norwegian Polar Institute|last=Jølle|first=Harald Dag|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> The NPI carried out annual summer expeditions to Svalbard and, starting in 1968, has had a year-round research station in [[Ny-Ålesund]].<ref name=":4" /> In 1979, the NPI became was a directorate under the Ministry of the Environment (currently the [[Ministry of Climate and Environment (Norway)|Ministry of Climate and Environment]]).<ref name=":4" />
With [[Harald Sverdrup (oceanographer)|Harald Sverdrup]] as the first director, the NPI's mandate included Antarctica and was considerably broader than that of its forerunner, the NSIU.<ref name=":4" /> From 1949 to 1952, the NPI led the multinational [[Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition|Maudheim Expedition]] to Antarctica and had a base in Queen Maud Land from 1956 to 1960 (Norway Station), during the [[International Geophysical Year]], also known as the third [[International Polar Year]].<ref name=":5" /> The NPI established the permanent research station [[Troll (research station)|Troll]] in Antarctica in 1989–90; Troll has been operated as a year-round research station since 2005.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.npolar.no/en/about-us/history.html|title=The history of the Norwegian Polar Institute|last=Jølle|first=Harald Dag}}</ref> The NPI carried out annual summer expeditions to Svalbard and, starting in 1968, has had a year-round research station in [[Ny-Ålesund]].<ref name=":4" /> In 1979, the NPI became was a directorate under the Ministry of the Environment (currently the [[Ministry of Climate and Environment (Norway)|Ministry of Climate and Environment]]).<ref name=":4" />


In 1993, the decision was made in the [[Storting|Norwegian Parliament]] to move the headquarters of the NPI from [[Oslo]], Norway's capital, to [[Tromsø (city)|Tromsø]], a coastal city north of the [[Arctic Circle]].<ref name=":4" /> The process was completed in 1998.<ref name=":4" /> This relocation led to changes in the institute's profile and areas of interest as departments were reorganized, new personnel recruited, new positions established and research priorities shifted.<ref name=":5" />
In 1993, the decision was made in the [[Storting|Norwegian Parliament]] to move the headquarters of the NPI from [[Oslo]], Norway's capital, to [[Tromsø (city)|Tromsø]], a coastal city north of the [[Arctic Circle]].<ref name=":4" /> The process was completed in 1998.<ref name=":4" /> This relocation led to changes in the institute's profile and areas of interest as departments were reorganized, new personnel recruited, new positions established and research priorities shifted.<ref name=":5" />
Line 115: Line 116:
== Research platforms ==
== Research platforms ==
[[File:Sverdrupstasjonen 1.JPG|thumb|right|Sverdrup Station in Svalbard]]
[[File:Sverdrupstasjonen 1.JPG|thumb|right|Sverdrup Station in Svalbard]]
The NPI runs the Sverdrup Station and the [[Zeppelin (research station)|Zeppelin Observatory]] in Svalbard, the Troll and [[Tor (research station)|Tor]] research stations in Antarctica, and Norvegia Station on Bouvet Island.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npolar.no/en/logistics/|title=Logistics and Support|last=|first=|date=|website=Norwegian Polar Institute|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npolar.no/en/infrastructure/|title=About Us / Infrastructure|last=|first=|date=|website=Norwegian Polar Institute|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
The NPI runs the Sverdrup Station and the [[Zeppelin (research station)|Zeppelin Observatory]] in Svalbard, the Troll and [[Tor (research station)|Tor]] research stations in Antarctica, and Norvegia Station on Bouvet Island.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npolar.no/en/logistics/|title=Logistics and Support|website=Norwegian Polar Institute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npolar.no/en/infrastructure/|title=About Us / Infrastructure|website=Norwegian Polar Institute}}</ref>


The NPI jointly owns the research vessel [[RV Kronprins Haakon|RV ''Kronprins Haakon'']] with the [[University of Tromsø]] and the [[Norwegian Institute of Marine Research]].
The NPI owns the research vessel [[RV Kronprins Haakon|RV ''Kronprins Haakon'']], with the [[University of Tromsø]] and the [[Norwegian Institute of Marine Research]] being the other users of the vessel.


== Archives ==
== Archives ==
The NPI has built up a sizeable polar history collection in the form of photographs, books, journals and other archival materials.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npolar.no/en/archives-and-collections/|title=Archives and Collections|last=|first=|date=|website=Norwegian Polar Institute|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
The NPI has built up a sizeable polar history collection in the form of photographs, books, journals and other archival materials.<ref name="Archives and Collections">{{Cite web|url=https://www.npolar.no/en/archives-and-collections/|title=Archives and Collections|website=Norwegian Polar Institute}}</ref>


The Library contains unique collections of polar history literature, including more than 15,000 books as well as diaries, ship registers and logbooks, newspaper cuttings and special collections, for example, a special collection pertaining to [[Umberto Nobile]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npolar.no/en/archives-and-collections/|title=Archives and Collections|last=|first=|date=|website=Norwegian Polar Institute|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
The Library contains unique collections of polar history literature, including more than 15,000 books as well as diaries, ship registers and logbooks, newspaper cuttings and special collections, for example, a special collection pertaining to [[Umberto Nobile]].<ref name="Archives and Collections"/>


The Photo Library contains pictures from polar expeditions, mapping in Svalbard, Greenland and Antarctica, research (including geology, glaciology, biology and oceanography) and commercial activities such as mining in Svalbard, seal hunting in the [[White Sea]], whaling in the [[Southern Ocean]] and trapping in Greenland and Svalbard.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.npolar.no/en/photo-library/|title=Photo Library|last=|first=|date=|website=Norwegian Polar Institute|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> The collection consists of about 90,000 photographs, including some 60,000 historical photographs.<ref name=":7" /> The rest are modern images documenting research activity in Svalbard and Antarctica and adjacent marine areas.<ref name=":7" /> A large part of the collection is accessible to the public via the NPI's online image archive.<ref name=":7" />
The Photo Library contains pictures from polar expeditions, mapping in Svalbard, Greenland and Antarctica, research (including geology, glaciology, biology and oceanography) and commercial activities such as mining in Svalbard, seal hunting in the [[White Sea]], whaling in the [[Southern Ocean]] and trapping in Greenland and Svalbard.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.npolar.no/en/photo-library/|title=Photo Library|website=Norwegian Polar Institute}}</ref> The collection consists of about 90,000 photographs, including some 60,000 historical photographs.<ref name=":7" /> The rest are modern images documenting research activity in Svalbard and Antarctica and adjacent marine areas.<ref name=":7" /> A large part of the collection is accessible to the public via the NPI's online image archive.<ref name=":7" />


==Directors==
==Directors==
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| 8
| 8
|
|
| [[Ole Arve Misund]]
| Ole Arve Misund
| 2017
| 2017
| 2023
|-
| 8
|
| Camilla Brekke
| 2023
| ''Incumbent''
| ''Incumbent''
|}
|}
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*[https://data.npolar.no/sighting/ Svalbard Marine Mammal Sightings Database]
*[https://data.npolar.no/sighting/ Svalbard Marine Mammal Sightings Database]
{{Svalbard topics}}
{{Svalbard topics}}

{{authority control}}


[[Category:Education and research in Tromsø]]
[[Category:Education and research in Tromsø]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Norway]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Norway]]
[[Category:Government agencies of Norway|Polar Institute]]
[[Category:Government agencies of Norway|Polar Institute]]
[[Category:Geoscience institutes]]
[[Category:Earth science research institutes]]
[[Category:Arctic research]]
[[Category:Arctic research]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Svalbard]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Svalbard]]
[[Category:Norway and the Antarctic]]
[[Category:Norway and the Antarctic]]
[[Category:Ministry of Climate and the Environment (Norway)]]
[[Category:Ministry of Climate and Environment (Norway)]]
[[Category:1928 establishments in Norway]]
[[Category:1928 establishments in Norway]]
[[Category:Antarctic research]]
[[Category:Antarctic research]]

Latest revision as of 21:58, 28 October 2024

Norwegian Polar Institute
Norsk Polarinstitutt
AbbreviationNPI
Parent organization
Ministry of Climate and Environment
Staff165[1]
Websitewww.npolar.no

The Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI; Norwegian: Norsk Polarinstitutt) is Norway's central governmental institution for scientific research, mapping and environmental monitoring in the Arctic and the Antarctic.[1] The NPI is a directorate under Norway's Ministry of Climate and Environment.[1] The institute advises Norwegian authorities on matters concerning polar environmental management and is the official environmental management body for Norwegian activities in Antarctica.[1]

Activities

[edit]

The institute's activities are focused on environmental research and management in the polar regions.[1] The NPI's researchers investigate biodiversity, climate and environmental toxins in the Arctic and Antarctic, and in this context the institute equips and organizes large-scale expeditions to both polar regions.[1] The institute contributes to national and international climate work, and is an active contact point for the international scientific community.[1] The institute collects and analyses data on the environment and cultural heritage sites on the islands of Svalbard and Jan Mayen through the project Environmental Monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ).[2] Topographic mapping is also an important task: the NPI is the national surveying and mapping authority for Norway's polar areas, including non-commercial geological surveys.[3]

In Antarctica, the institute is responsible for the management of all Norwegian activities.[4] This means that all Norwegian subjects planning activities in Antarctica must first contact the NPI.[4]

The NPI maintains a database of reported sightings of whales, walruses, seals, and polar bears in the Svalbard area to which the public is encouraged to contribute.[5] The reported sightings are used in research and monitoring.[5]

The NPI is the official agency responsible for place names in the Norwegian polar regions.[6] These areas include Svalbard and Jan Mayen and their adjacent waters, Queen Maud Land, Bouvet Island, and Peter I Island. Place names are officially adopted by the responsible committee at the NPI, which maintains a database of place names that is publicly searchable.[6]

History

[edit]

The NPI was established in 1948 under the Norwegian Ministry of Industry, but must be seen as an extension of Norwegian Svalbard and Arctic Ocean Survey, Norges Svalbard og Ishavsundersøkelser (NSIU), which was founded on 1 March 1928.[7] Previously, Norway's Svalbard research had been organized as the Norwegian state-supported Spitsbergen Expeditions, with roots dating back to 1906.[8] With the establishment of the NSIU, Norwegian research activity in eastern Greenland increased.[9]

Harald Sverdrup, the first director of the NPI

With Harald Sverdrup as the first director, the NPI's mandate included Antarctica and was considerably broader than that of its forerunner, the NSIU.[8] From 1949 to 1952, the NPI led the multinational Maudheim Expedition to Antarctica and had a base in Queen Maud Land from 1956 to 1960 (Norway Station), during the International Geophysical Year, also known as the third International Polar Year.[9] The NPI established the permanent research station Troll in Antarctica in 1989–90; Troll has been operated as a year-round research station since 2005.[10] The NPI carried out annual summer expeditions to Svalbard and, starting in 1968, has had a year-round research station in Ny-Ålesund.[8] In 1979, the NPI became was a directorate under the Ministry of the Environment (currently the Ministry of Climate and Environment).[8]

In 1993, the decision was made in the Norwegian Parliament to move the headquarters of the NPI from Oslo, Norway's capital, to Tromsø, a coastal city north of the Arctic Circle.[8] The process was completed in 1998.[8] This relocation led to changes in the institute's profile and areas of interest as departments were reorganized, new personnel recruited, new positions established and research priorities shifted.[9]

Research platforms

[edit]
Sverdrup Station in Svalbard

The NPI runs the Sverdrup Station and the Zeppelin Observatory in Svalbard, the Troll and Tor research stations in Antarctica, and Norvegia Station on Bouvet Island.[11][12]

The NPI owns the research vessel RV Kronprins Haakon, with the University of Tromsø and the Norwegian Institute of Marine Research being the other users of the vessel.

Archives

[edit]

The NPI has built up a sizeable polar history collection in the form of photographs, books, journals and other archival materials.[13]

The Library contains unique collections of polar history literature, including more than 15,000 books as well as diaries, ship registers and logbooks, newspaper cuttings and special collections, for example, a special collection pertaining to Umberto Nobile.[13]

The Photo Library contains pictures from polar expeditions, mapping in Svalbard, Greenland and Antarctica, research (including geology, glaciology, biology and oceanography) and commercial activities such as mining in Svalbard, seal hunting in the White Sea, whaling in the Southern Ocean and trapping in Greenland and Svalbard.[14] The collection consists of about 90,000 photographs, including some 60,000 historical photographs.[14] The rest are modern images documenting research activity in Svalbard and Antarctica and adjacent marine areas.[14] A large part of the collection is accessible to the public via the NPI's online image archive.[14]

Directors

[edit]
No. Portrait Name Term of office
1 Harald Sverdrup 1948 1957
2 Anders K. Orvin 1957 1960
3 Tore Gjelsvik 1960 1983
4 Odd Rogne 1983 1991
5 Nils Are Øritsland 1991 1993
6 Olav Orheim 1993 2005
7 Jan-Gunnar Winther 2005 2017
8 Ole Arve Misund 2017 2023
8 Camilla Brekke 2023 Incumbent

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g "About Us". Norwegian Polar Institute.
  2. ^ "Environmental Monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ)". Norwegian Polar Institute.
  3. ^ "Maps". Norwegian Polar Institute.
  4. ^ a b "About Us / Regulations for Activities in Antarctica". Norwegian Polar Institute.
  5. ^ a b "Marine Mammals Sightings (MMS)".
  6. ^ a b "Polar Place Names". Norwegian Polar Institute.
  7. ^ Jølle, Harald Dag. "The History of the Norwegian Polar Institute". Norwegian Polar Institute.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Barr, Susan (2003). Norway - a consistent polar nation?. Taum. ISBN 82-300-0026-3.
  9. ^ a b c Einar Arne Drivenes & Harald Dag Jølle (2004). Norsk polarhistorie, vol. 2, Vitenskapene. Tanum. ISBN 82-05-32656-8.
  10. ^ Jølle, Harald Dag. "The history of the Norwegian Polar Institute".
  11. ^ "Logistics and Support". Norwegian Polar Institute.
  12. ^ "About Us / Infrastructure". Norwegian Polar Institute.
  13. ^ a b "Archives and Collections". Norwegian Polar Institute.
  14. ^ a b c d "Photo Library". Norwegian Polar Institute.
[edit]