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{{Short description|Soviet and Ukrainian-born Russian stage and film actress and theater pedagogue}}
{{family name hatnote|Avraamovna|Bystritskaya|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox actress
| name = Elina Bystritskaya
| name = Elina Bystritskaya
| native_name_lang = ru
⚫
| image = Elina Bystritskaya 1964.jpg
⚫
| native_name = {{nobold|Элина Быстрицкая}}
⚫
| caption = Bystritskaya in 1964
⚫
| image = [[File:Elina Bystritskaya 1964.jpg|200px]]
⚫
| native_name = Элина Быстрицкая
| alt =
| birth_name = Elina Avraamovna Bystritskaya <br> (Элина Авраамовна Быстрицкая)
⚫
| caption = Bystritskaya in 1964
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|04|04|df=y}}
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Kiev]], [[Soviet Union]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|04|26|1928|04|04|df=y}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|4|4}}
| death_place = [[Moscow]], Russia
| birth_place = [[Kiev]], Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|4|26|1928|4|4}}
⚫
| resting_place = [[Novodevichy Cemetery]]
| death_place = [[Moscow]], Russia
⚫
| education = [[Kiev National I. K. Karpenko-Kary Theatre, Cinema and Television University]]
⚫
| resting_place = [[Novodevichy Cemetery]]
⚫
| occupation = Actress
| nationality =
⚫
| years_active = 1950–2012
| other_names =
⚫
| education = [[Kiev National I. K. Karpenko-Kary Theatre, Cinema and Television University]]
⚫
| occupation = Actress
⚫
| years_active = 1950{{ndash}}2018
}}
}}


'''Elina Avraamovna Bystritskaya''' (4 April 1928 – 26 April 2019) was a [[Soviet people|Soviet]]-Russian actress. She is regarded as one of the most prominent actresses in the [[Cinema of the Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Cinema of Russia|Russian]] film industry. Her career spanned six decades.
'''Elina Avraamovna Bystritskaya'''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|ru|Элина Авраамовна Быстрицкая|{{transliteration|ru|Elina Avraamovna Bystritskaya}}}}|{{langx|uk|Еліна Авраамівна Бистрицька|{{transliteration|uk|ukrainian|Elina Avraamivna Bystrytska}}}}}}}} (4 April 1928{{snd}}26 April 2019) was a [[Soviet people|Soviet]] and [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]]-born Russian stage and film actress and theater pedagogue.<ref name="rollberg">{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema|author=Peter Rollberg|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2009|place=US|isbn=978-0-8108-6072-8|page=129}}</ref> She is regarded as one of the most prominent actresses in the [[Cinema of the Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Cinema of Russia|Russian]] film industry. Her career spanned six decades.


==Biography==
==Biography==
Elina Avramovna Bystritskaya was born on April 4, 1928, in Kyiv into a Jewish family. Her father was a physician. During [[World War II]], she was evacuated to [[Astrakhan]], where she studied a nursing course. From the age of 13, she worked as a nurse and laboratory assistant in front-line mobile evacuation hospital No. 3261, first in Aktyubinsk, then in Stalino and Odessa, where she lived with her mother (who worked in the same hospital).<ref>{{cite news |last=Сабурова |first=Ольга |date=April 4, 2013 |title=Биография Элины Быстрицкой |trans-title=Biography of Elina Bystritskaya |url=https://ria.ru/20130404/930609783.html |language=Russian |work=РИА Новости |location=online |access-date=February 23, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Сабурова |first=Ольга |date=May 8, 2015 |title=Быстрицкая: Обидно за подозрения о лжи про участие в войне |trans-title=Bystritskaya: Hurt by Suspicion about Participation in the War |url=https://sobesednik.ru/kultura-i-tv/20150508-bystrickaya-obidno-za-podozreniya-o-lzhi-pro-uchastie-v-voyn |language=Russian |work=Собеседник |location=online |access-date=February 23, 2021}}</ref>
⚫
Jewish by ethnicity and a native of [[Kiev]], Bystritskaya was chosen to play Aksinya by Sholokhov himself over several distinguished candidates, notably [[Nonna Mordyukova]]. Before that, she co-starred with [[Sergey Bondarchuk]] in [[Fridrikh Ermler]]´s ''[[Unfinished Story]]'', an archetypal [[Socialist realism|Socialist Realist]] film. In the 1960s, Bystritskaya turned to theatre work in the [[Maly Theatre (Moscow)|Maly Theatre]] and her appearances on screen grew sporadic. She was named [[People's Artist of the USSR]] in 1978.<ref>[https://www.1tv.ru/news/2007-01-26/212787-pravitelstvo_rf_vruchilo_nagrady_laureatam_premii_v_oblasti_kultury_za_2006_god Правительство РФ вручило награды лауреатам премии в области культуры за 2006 год] // [[Channel One Russia]]</ref>


Later she studied at the Karpenko-Karyi Theater Institute in Kyiv and
⚫
She was President of the USSR and Russian [[rhythmic gymnastics]] Federation from 1975 to 1992.<ref> [http://www.aif.ru/dontknows/actual/kak_aktrisa_sdelala_hudozhestvennuyu_gimnastiku_olimpiyskim_vidom_sporta Как актриса сделала художественную гимнастику олимпийским видом спорта] // [[Argumenty i fakty]]</ref><ref> [http://www.izbrannoe.com/news/lyudi/elina-bystritskaya-vyshe-dostoinstva-dlya-menya-privilegiy-net/ Элина Быстрицкая: «Выше достоинства для меня привилегий нет»] // izbrannoe.com</ref>
was hired by the Russian Drama Theater in Vilnius upon graduation
in 1953. In 1958, Bystritskaia joined the troupe of [[Maly Theatre (Moscow)|Maly Theatre]] in Moscow where she soon became one of the leading actors.<ref name="rollberg"/>


⚫
One of her earliest roles was in [[Sergei Bondarchuk]]'s and [[Fridrikh Ermler]]'s ''[[Unfinished Story]]'' (1955), an archetypal [[Socialist realism|Socialist Realist]] film. Bystritskaya was personally chosen by Soviet writer [[Mikhail Sholokhov]] to play the role of Aksinya in the film adaptation [[And Quiet Flows the Don (1958 film)|''And Quiet Flows the Don'']] (1958), over several other distinguished candidates, notably [[Nonna Mordyukova]]. In the 1960s, Bystritskaya concentrated on theatre work in the Maly Theatre and her appearances on screen grew sporadic. She was named [[People's Artist of the USSR]] in 1978.<ref>[https://www.1tv.ru/news/2007-01-26/212787-pravitelstvo_rf_vruchilo_nagrady_laureatam_premii_v_oblasti_kultury_za_2006_god Правительство РФ вручило награды лауреатам премии в области культуры за 2006 год] // [[Channel One Russia]]</ref>
⚫
She died on 26 April 2019 after a long illness.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russian-actress-bystritskaya-dead-91/29905717.html|title=Prominent Russian Actress Elina Bystritskaya Is Dead At 91|website=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty|language=en|access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.golos-ameriki.ru/a/died-actress-elina-bystritskaya/4892411.html|script-title=ru:Умерла актриса Элина Быстрицкая|website=[[Voice of America]]|language=ru|access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref>


⚫
She was President of the USSR and Russian [[rhythmic gymnastics]] Federation from 1975 to 1992.<ref> [http://www.aif.ru/dontknows/actual/kak_aktrisa_sdelala_hudozhestvennuyu_gimnastiku_olimpiyskim_vidom_sporta Как актриса сделала художественную гимнастику олимпийским видом спорта] // [[Argumenty i fakty]]</ref><ref>[http://www.izbrannoe.com/news/lyudi/elina-bystritskaya-vyshe-dostoinstva-dlya-menya-privilegiy-net/ Элина Быстрицкая: «Выше достоинства для меня привилегий нет»] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426190947/http://www.izbrannoe.com/news/lyudi/elina-bystritskaya-vyshe-dostoinstva-dlya-menya-privilegiy-net/ |date=26 April 2019 }} // izbrannoe.com</ref> 1958-1985, she was married to Nikolay Kuzminsky, employee of the USSR Ministry for Foreign Trade.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://soviet-art.ru/elina-bystritskaya/#:~:text=Her%20husband%20was%20an%20employee,same%20month%20they%20got%20married | title=Elina Bystritskaya | date=20 January 2022 }}</ref>
==Selected filmography==

*1950 ''[[In Peaceful Time]]'' as Lena Alekseyenko
⚫
She died on 26 April 2019 after a long illness.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russian-actress-bystritskaya-dead-91/29905717.html|title=Prominent Russian Actress Elina Bystritskaya Is Dead At 91|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=26 April 2019 |language=en|access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.golos-ameriki.ru/a/died-actress-elina-bystritskaya/4892411.html|script-title=ru:Умерла актриса Элина Быстрицкая|website=[[Voice of America]]|language=ru|access-date=26 April 2019 |title=Golos-ameriki }}</ref>
⚫
*1951 ''[[Taras Shevchenko (film)|Taras Shevchenko]]'' as episode

⚫
*1955 ''[[Unfinished Story]]'' as Yelizaveta Muromtseva
==Filmography==
⚫
*1958 ''[[And Quiet Flows the Don (film)|And Quiet Flows the Don]]'' as Aksinya
*1958 ''[[Volunteers (1958 film)|Volunteers ]]'' as Olga Teplova
*1951: ''[[In Peaceful Time]]'' as Lena Alekseyenko
⚫
*1951: ''[[Taras Shevchenko (film)|Taras Shevchenko]]''
*1963 ''[[All Remains to People]]'' as Ksenia Rumyantseva
*1954: ''Bogatyr idyot v Marto'' as radistka Yevgeníya Sergeyevna
⚫
*1966 ''Summer Residents'' as Julia Filippovna
⚫
*1955: ''[[Unfinished Story]]'' as Yelizaveta Muromtseva
⚫
*1967 ''Nikolay Bauman'' as [[Maria Fyodorovna Andreyeva]]
* 1974 ''Ostrovsky's House'' as Glafira
*1957: ''Don Silencioso'' as Aksiniya
⚫
*1958: ''[[And Quiet Flows the Don (1958 film)|And Quiet Flows the Don]]'' as Aksinya
⚫
*1991 ''Seven Days After The Murder'' Kira Alexandrovna
*1958: ''[[Volunteers (1958 film)|Volunteers]]'' as Olga Teplova
⚫
*1992 ''Farewell Tour'' as train passenger
*1960: ''[[Russian Souvenir]]'' as Pandora Montezi, Italian spy
⚫
*1993 ''Brave Guys'' as Nadezhda
* 2004 ''Saga of the Ancient Bulgars'' as [[Olga of Kiev]]
*1963: ''[[All Remains to People]]'' as Ksenia Rumyantseva
* 2006 ''[[Muhtar's return]]'' as Alina Stanislavovna
*1964: ''Negasimoye plamya'' as Glasha
⚫
*1966: ''Summer Residents'' as Julia Filippovna
*1967: ''Dachniki'' as Yulia Filippovna
⚫
*1967: ''Nikolay Bauman'' as [[Maria Andreyeva (actress)|Maria Andreyeva]]
*1973: ''Ostrovsky's House'' (TV Movie) as Glafira
⚫
*1991: ''Seven Days After The Murder'' as Kira Alexandrovna
⚫
*1992: ''Farewell Tour'' as train passenger
⚫
*1993: ''Brave Guys'' as Nadezhda
*2005: ''Saga of the Ancient Bulgars'' (part 1, 2) as [[Olga of Kiev]]
*2006: ''[[Muhtar's Return]]'' as Alina Stanislavovna


==Honours and awards==
==Honours and awards==
* [[Order of Merit for the Fatherland]];
* [[Order "For Merit to the Fatherland"]];
**1st class (4 April 2008) – for outstanding contributions to the development of domestic theatrical and cinematic arts, many years of creative activity
**1st class (4 April 2008) – for outstanding contributions to the development of domestic theatrical and cinematic arts, many years of creative activity
**2nd class (1 April 1998) – for outstanding contribution to the development of national culture and art
**2nd class (1 April 1998) – for outstanding contribution to the development of national culture and art
**3rd class (11 October 2018) – for outstanding contribution to the development of national culture and art, many years of productive activity
[[File:Vladimir Putin 29 April 2008-7.jpg|right|thumb|Elina Bystritskaya receives the [[Order "For Merit to the Fatherland"]] I degree from [[Vladimir Putin]] in 2008]]
* [[Order of the October Revolution]]
* [[Order of the October Revolution]]
* [[Order of the Patriotic War]], 2nd class (1985)
* [[Order of the Patriotic War]], 2nd class (1985)
Line 50: Line 69:
* [[Order of the Badge of Honour]], twice
* [[Order of the Badge of Honour]], twice
* [[Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]]
* [[Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]]
* [[Honored Artist of the RSFSR]] (1964)
* [[Merited Artist of the Russian Federation|Honored Artist of the RSFSR]] (1964)
* [[People's Artist of RSFSR]] (1966)
* [[People's Artist of the RSFSR]] (1966)
* [[People's Artist of USSR]] (1978)
* [[People's Artist of the USSR]] (1978)
* [[People's Artist]] of the [[Georgian SSR]]
* [[People's Artist]] of the [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|Georgian SSR]]
* [[People's Artist]] of [[Azerbaijan SSR]]
* [[People's Artist]] of the [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Azerbaijan SSR]]
* [[People's Artist]] of the [[Kazakh SSR]]
* [[People's Artist]] of the [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakh SSR]]
* [[:ru:Правительственные награды Российской Федерации|Prize of the Russian Federation]] in the field of culture (2006)
* [[:ru:Правительственные награды Российской Федерации|Prize of the Russian Federation]] in the field of culture (2006)
* [[Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary since the Birth of Vladimir Il'ich Lenin"]]
* [[Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"]]
* [[Jubilee Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]]
* [[Jubilee Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]]
* [[Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]]
* [[Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]]
Line 64: Line 83:
* [[Jubilee Medal "60 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]]
* [[Jubilee Medal "60 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]]
* [[Jubilee Medal "65 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]]
* [[Jubilee Medal "65 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]]
* [[Zhukov Medal]]
* [[Medal of Zhukov]]
* [[Medal "In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow"]]
* [[Medal "In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow"]]
* [[Medal "Veteran of Labour"]]
* [[Medal "Veteran of Labour"]]
* A [[minor planet]], [[6180 Bystritskaya]], is named after her.
* A [[minor planet]], [[6180 Bystritskaya]], is named after her.

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}


==References==
==References==
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==External links==
==External links==

*{{Commonscatinline}}
{{commons category}}

*{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.peoples.ru/art/cinema/actor/bystritska/ Biography]
*{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.peoples.ru/art/cinema/actor/bystritska/ Biography]
*{{IMDb name|0126454|name=Elina Bystritskaya}}
*{{IMDb name|0126454|name=Elina Bystritskaya}}
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[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
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[[Category:Actors from Kiev‎]]
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[[Category:Ukrainian Jews]]
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[[Category:Communist Party of the Soviet Union members]]
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[[Category:Soviet actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Russian actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Russian actresses]]
[[Category:Jewish actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Russian actresses]]
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[[Category:Actresses from Kyiv]]
[[Category:Academicians of the National Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences of Russia]]
[[Category:Kyiv National I. K. Karpenko-Kary Theatre, Cinema and Television University alumni]]
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[[Category:Communist Party of the Soviet Union members]]
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[[Category:Honored Artists of the RSFSR]]
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[[Category:People's Artists of the RSFSR]]
[[Category:People's Artists of the USSR]]
[[Category:People's Artists of the USSR]]
⚫
[[Category:People's Artists of Russia]]
[[Category:People's Artists of Georgia]]
[[Category:People's Artists of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:People's Artists of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 1st class]]
[[Category:People's Artists of Georgia]]
⚫
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Patriotic War, 2nd class]]
⚫
[[Category:Honored Artists of the RSFSR]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Medal of Zhukov]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Medal of Zhukov]]
[[Category:Academicians of the National Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences of Russia]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 1st class]]
[[Category:Kiev National I. K. Karpenko-Kary Theatre, Cinema and Television University alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 2nd class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class]]
⚫
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour]]
⚫
[[Category:Jewish actresses]]
[[Category:Russian film actresses]]
[[Category:Russian stage actresses]]
⚫
[[Category:Soviet film actresses]]
[[Category:Soviet stage actresses]]
[[Category:Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery]]

Latest revision as of 01:31, 29 October 2024

In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Avraamovna and the family name is Bystritskaya.

Elina Bystritskaya
Элина Быстрицкая
Bystritskaya in 1964
Born(1928-04-04)April 4, 1928
Kiev, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
DiedApril 26, 2019(2019-04-26) (aged 91)
Moscow, Russia
Resting placeNovodevichy Cemetery
EducationKiev National I. K. Karpenko-Kary Theatre, Cinema and Television University
OccupationActress
Years active1950–2018

Elina Avraamovna Bystritskaya[a] (4 April 1928 – 26 April 2019) was a Soviet and Ukrainian-born Russian stage and film actress and theater pedagogue.[1] She is regarded as one of the most prominent actresses in the Soviet and Russian film industry. Her career spanned six decades.

Biography

[edit]

Elina Avramovna Bystritskaya was born on April 4, 1928, in Kyiv into a Jewish family. Her father was a physician. During World War II, she was evacuated to Astrakhan, where she studied a nursing course. From the age of 13, she worked as a nurse and laboratory assistant in front-line mobile evacuation hospital No. 3261, first in Aktyubinsk, then in Stalino and Odessa, where she lived with her mother (who worked in the same hospital).[2][3]

Later she studied at the Karpenko-Karyi Theater Institute in Kyiv and was hired by the Russian Drama Theater in Vilnius upon graduation in 1953. In 1958, Bystritskaia joined the troupe of Maly Theatre in Moscow where she soon became one of the leading actors.[1]

One of her earliest roles was in Sergei Bondarchuk's and Fridrikh Ermler's Unfinished Story (1955), an archetypal Socialist Realist film. Bystritskaya was personally chosen by Soviet writer Mikhail Sholokhov to play the role of Aksinya in the film adaptation And Quiet Flows the Don (1958), over several other distinguished candidates, notably Nonna Mordyukova. In the 1960s, Bystritskaya concentrated on theatre work in the Maly Theatre and her appearances on screen grew sporadic. She was named People's Artist of the USSR in 1978.[4]

She was President of the USSR and Russian rhythmic gymnastics Federation from 1975 to 1992.[5][6] 1958-1985, she was married to Nikolay Kuzminsky, employee of the USSR Ministry for Foreign Trade.[7]

She died on 26 April 2019 after a long illness.[8][9]

Filmography

[edit]
  • 1951: In Peaceful Time as Lena Alekseyenko
  • 1951: Taras Shevchenko
  • 1954: Bogatyr idyot v Marto as radistka Yevgeníya Sergeyevna
  • 1955: Unfinished Story as Yelizaveta Muromtseva
  • 1957: Don Silencioso as Aksiniya
  • 1958: And Quiet Flows the Don as Aksinya
  • 1958: Volunteers as Olga Teplova
  • 1960: Russian Souvenir as Pandora Montezi, Italian spy
  • 1963: All Remains to People as Ksenia Rumyantseva
  • 1964: Negasimoye plamya as Glasha
  • 1966: Summer Residents as Julia Filippovna
  • 1967: Dachniki as Yulia Filippovna
  • 1967: Nikolay Bauman as Maria Andreyeva
  • 1973: Ostrovsky's House (TV Movie) as Glafira
  • 1991: Seven Days After The Murder as Kira Alexandrovna
  • 1992: Farewell Tour as train passenger
  • 1993: Brave Guys as Nadezhda
  • 2005: Saga of the Ancient Bulgars (part 1, 2) as Olga of Kiev
  • 2006: Muhtar's Return as Alina Stanislavovna

Honours and awards

[edit]
  • Order "For Merit to the Fatherland";
    • 1st class (4 April 2008) – for outstanding contributions to the development of domestic theatrical and cinematic arts, many years of creative activity
    • 2nd class (1 April 1998) – for outstanding contribution to the development of national culture and art
    • 3rd class (11 October 2018) – for outstanding contribution to the development of national culture and art, many years of productive activity
Elina Bystritskaya receives the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" I degree from Vladimir Putin in 2008

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^
    • Russian: Элина Авраамовна Быстрицкая, romanized: Elina Avraamovna Bystritskaya
    • Ukrainian: Еліна Авраамівна Бистрицька, romanized: Elina Avraamivna Bystrytska

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Peter Rollberg (2009). Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema. US: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8108-6072-8.
  2. ^ Сабурова, Ольга (4 April 2013). "Биография Элины Быстрицкой" [Biography of Elina Bystritskaya]. РИА Новости (in Russian). online. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  3. ^ Сабурова, Ольга (8 May 2015). "Быстрицкая: Обидно за подозрения о лжи про участие в войне" [Bystritskaya: Hurt by Suspicion about Participation in the War]. Собеседник (in Russian). online. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  4. ^ Правительство РФ вручило награды лауреатам премии в области культуры за 2006 год // Channel One Russia
  5. ^ Как актриса сделала художественную гимнастику олимпийским видом спорта // Argumenty i fakty
  6. ^ Элина Быстрицкая: «Выше достоинства для меня привилегий нет» Archived 26 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine // izbrannoe.com
  7. ^ "Elina Bystritskaya". 20 January 2022.
  8. ^ "Prominent Russian Actress Elina Bystritskaya Is Dead At 91". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 26 April 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  9. ^ "Golos-ameriki" Умерла актриса Элина Быстрицкая. Voice of America (in Russian). Retrieved 26 April 2019.
[edit]
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