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| deity_of = Goddess of retribution
| deity_of = Goddess of retribution
| member_of = the [[Oceanids]]
| member_of = the [[Oceanids]]
| image = Statue Nemesis Louvre Ma4873.jpg
| image = Nemesis of Rhamnous Type (Farnese Collection).jpg
| alt =
| alt =
| caption =
| other_names = [[Rhamnousia]]
| other_names = [[Rhamnousia]]
| symbol = [[Sword]], [[Whip|lash]], [[dagger]], [[measuring rod]], [[Weighing scale|scale]]s, [[bridle]]
| symbol = [[Sword]], [[Whip|lash]], [[dagger]], [[measuring rod]], [[Weighing scale|scale]]s, [[bridle]]
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| color =
| color =
| number =
| number =
| consort = [[Zeus]]<br/>[[Tartarus]]
| consort =[[Tartarus]]
| parents = [[Nyx]] and [[Erebus]]<br/>[[Oceanus]]<br/>[[Zeus]]
| parents = [[Nyx]] and [[Erebus]]<br/>or [[Oceanus]]<br/>or [[Zeus]]
| siblings = {{Collapsible list
| siblings =
⚫
| offspring = (''disputed'')<br/>the [[Telchines]]
| title= ''by Nyx and Erebus''
| bullets = on
| [[Moros]]
| [[Keres (mythology)|Keres]]
| [[Thanatos]]
| [[Hypnos]]
| [[Oneiroi]]
| [[Momus]]
| [[Oizys]]
| [[Moirai]]
| [[Hesperides]]
| [[Apate (deity)|Apate]]
| [[Philotes]]
| [[Geras]]
| [[Eris (mythology)|Eris]]
| [[Styx]]
| [[Dolos (mythology)|Dolos]]
| [[Ponos]]
| [[Euphrosyne]]
| [[Epiphron]]
| [[Sophrosyne|Continentia]]
| [[Hybris (mythology)|Petulantia]]
| [[Eleos|Misericordia]]
| [[Pertinacia]]
}}
{{Collapsible list
| title= ''by Oceanus''
| bullets = on
| [[Oceanids]]
| [[Potamoi]]
}}
⚫
| offspring = [[Helen of Troy]]<br/>the [[Telchines]]
| predecessor =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| successor =
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| mount =
| mount =
| texts =
| texts =
| Roman_equivalent =
| Roman_equivalent =
| Etruscan_equivalent =
| Etruscan_equivalent =
| region =
| region =
| ethnic_group =
| ethnic_group =
| festivals = Nemeseia
| festivals = Nemeseia
| hinduism_equivalent =
| hinduism_equivalent =
| animals = [[goose]]
| animals = [[goose]]
| caption = Farnese Nemesis, [[National Archaeological Museum of Naples]]
}}
}}


In [[ancient Greek religion]], '''Nemesis''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|ɛ|m|ə|s|ɪ|s}}; {{lang-grc|Νέμεσις|Némesis}}}} also called '''Rhamnousia''' or '''Rhamnusia''' ({{lang-grc|Ῥαμνουσία|Rhamnousía|the [[goddess]] of [[Rhamnous]]}}<ref>[http://www.poesialatina.it/_ns/greek/testi/Suda/Lexicon.html Suda, rho, 33]</ref>), was the goddess who personifies [[divine retribution|retribution]] for the sin of hubris: arrogance before the gods.
In [[ancient Greek religion]] and [[Greek mythology|myth]], '''Nemesis''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|ɛ|m|ə|s|ɪ|s}}; {{langx|grc|Νέμεσις|Némesis}}) also called '''Rhamnousia''' (or '''Rhamnusia'''; {{langx|grc|Ῥαμνουσία|Rhamnousía|the [[goddess]] of [[Rhamnous]]}}<ref>[http://www.poesialatina.it/_ns/greek/testi/Suda/Lexicon.html Suda, rho, 33]</ref>), was the goddess who personified [[divine retribution|retribution]] for the sin of [[hubris]]; arrogance before the gods.


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
The name ''Nemesis'' is related to the [[Greek language|Greek]] word νέμειν ''némein'', meaning "to give what is due",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=nemesis|title=Nemesis&nbsp;– Origin and history of nemesis by Online Etymology Dictionary|website=www.etymonline.com}}</ref> from [[Proto-Indo-European]] *''nem-'' "distribute".<ref>[[Robert S. P. Beekes|R. S. P. Beekes]], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, pp. 1005–06.</ref>
The name ''Nemesis'' is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word {{lang|grc|νέμειν}}, ''némein'', meaning "to give what is due",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=nemesis|title=Nemesis&nbsp;– Origin and history of nemesis by Online Etymology Dictionary|website=www.etymonline.com}}</ref> from [[Proto-Indo-European]] *''nem-'' "distribute".<ref>[[Robert S. P. Beekes|R. S. P. Beekes]], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, pp. 1005–06.</ref>


== Family ==
== Family ==
Nemesis has been described as the daughter of [[Oceanus]], [[Erebus]], or [[Zeus]], but according to [[Hyginus]] she was a child of [[Erebus]] and [[Nyx]]. She has also been described, by [[Hesiod]], as the daughter of Nyx alone. In the [[Theogony]], Nemesis is the sister of the [[Moirai]] (the Fates), the [[Keres (mythology)|Keres]] (Black Fates), the [[Oneiroi]] (Dreams), [[Eris (mythology)|Eris]] (Discord) and [[Apate (deity)|Apate]] (Deception). Some made her the daughter of Zeus by an unnamed mother.<ref name=":stas" /> In several traditions, Nemesis was seen as the mother of [[Helen of Troy]] by [[Zeus]], adopted and raised by [[Leda (mythology)|Leda]] and [[Tyndareus]].<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D33%3Asection%3D7 1.33.7]–[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D33%3Asection%3D8 8]</ref> According to the Byzantine poet [[Tzetzes]], [[Bacchylides]] had Nemesis as the mother of the [[Telchines]] by [[Tartarus]].<ref>Gantz, p. 149; [[Bacchylides]] [https://www-loebclassics-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/bacchylides-fragments/1992/pb_LCL461.299.xml fr. 52 Campbell, pp. 298, 299] [= [[John Tzetzes|Tzetzes]] on [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'' 80&ndash;6 (Matranga, [https://books.google.com/books?id=xb4kAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&pg=580 p. 580])].</ref>
According to [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'', Nemesis was one of the children of [[Nyx]] alone.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:207-239 223].</ref> Nemesis has been described as the daughter of [[Oceanus]], [[Erebus]], or [[Zeus]], but according to [[Hyginus]] she was a child of [[Erebus]] and [[Nyx]]. Some made her the daughter of Zeus by an unnamed mother.<ref name=":stas" /> In several traditions, Nemesis was seen as the mother of [[Helen of Troy]] by [[Zeus]], adopted and raised by [[Leda (mythology)|Leda]] and [[Tyndareus]].<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D33%3Asection%3D7 1.33.7]–[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D33%3Asection%3D8 8]</ref> According to the Byzantine poet [[Tzetzes]], [[Bacchylides]] had Nemesis as the mother of the [[Telchines]] by [[Tartarus]].<ref>Gantz, p. 149; [[Bacchylides]] [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/bacchylides-fragments/1992/pb_LCL461.299.xml fr. 52 Campbell, pp. 298, 299] [= [[John Tzetzes|Tzetzes]] on [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'' 80&ndash;6 (Matranga, [https://books.google.com/books?id=xb4kAAAAMAAJ&pg=580 p. 580])].</ref>


== Mythology ==
== Mythology ==
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In the [[Greek tragedies]] Nemesis appears chiefly as the avenger of crime and the punisher of [[hubris]], and as such is akin to [[Atë]] and the [[Erinyes]]. She was sometimes called [[Adrasteia]], probably meaning "one from whom there is no escape"; her epithet ''Erinys'' ("implacable") is specially applied to Demeter and the [[Phrygians|Phrygian]] mother goddess, [[Cybele]].
In the [[Greek tragedies]] Nemesis appears chiefly as the avenger of crime and the punisher of [[hubris]], and as such is akin to [[Atë]] and the [[Erinyes]]. She was sometimes called [[Adrasteia]], probably meaning "one from whom there is no escape"; her epithet ''Erinys'' ("implacable") is specially applied to Demeter and the [[Phrygians|Phrygian]] mother goddess, [[Cybele]].


[[File: Pierre-Paul Prud'hon - Justice and Divine Vengeance Pursuing Crime.JPG|thumb|'' Justice (Dike, on the left) and Divine Vengeance (Nemesis, right) are pursuing the criminal murderer.'' By [[Pierre-Paul Prud'hon]], 1808]]
[[File: Pierre-Paul Prud'hon - Justice and Divine Vengeance Pursuing Crime.JPG|thumb|Justice (Dike, on the left) and Divine Vengeance (Nemesis, right) pursuing a murderer, in a painting by [[Pierre-Paul Prud'hon]], 1808]]


=== Nemesis and Zeus ===
=== Nemesis and Zeus ===
In some traditions, Nemesis is the mother of [[Helen of Troy]], rather than the mortal queen [[Leda (mythology)|Leda]]. This narrative is first found in the lost epic ''[[Cypria]]'', the prelude of the ''[[Iliad]]''. According to its author, [[Stasinus of Cyprus]], Helen was born from the rape of Nemesis by Zeus. Zeus fell in love with Nemesis, here possibly presented as his daughter,{{efn|In his translation of the passage, Hugh G. Evelyn-White wrote that Nemesis tried to escape from "''her'' father Zeus", taking the ancient text to imply more than a casual usage of "father Zeus", which would provide an explanation for the shame and anger Nemesis feels. At the same time it has been argued that the impending rape is enough for Nemesis to react in such a manner, and it is rather far-fetched to suggest that incest (and the taboo against it) is the leading theme of the narrative.<ref>{{cite book | title = The Transformations of Helen: Indo-European Myth and the Roots of the Trojan Cycle | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tJaSTyuMmw4C | publisher = J.H.Röll Verlag | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-3-89754-260-0 | location = Germany | volume = 23 | first = Peter | last = Jackson | page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=tJaSTyuMmw4C&pg=PA37 37-38]}}</ref>}} and pursued her, only for her to flee in shame. She took several forms to escape Zeus, but he eventually captured her.<ref name=":stas">[[Stasinus of Cyprus]] or Hegesias of [[Aegina]], ''[[Cypria]]'' Fragment [https://archive.org/details/hesiodhomerichym1914hesi/page/498/mode/2up?view=theater 8]</ref> Pseudo-Apollodorus speaks of a single transformation, into a goose, while Zeus turned into a swan to hunt her down and raped her, producing an egg that was given to the queen of Sparta; Helen hatched from the egg, and was raised by Leda.<ref>Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Bibliotheca]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.10.7&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022 3.10.7]</ref><ref>(Pseudo-Apollodorus) R. Scott Smith, Stephen Trzaskoma, and Hyginus. ''Apollodorus' Library and Hyginus' Fabulae: Two Handbooks of Greek Mythology''. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub., 2007:60.</ref> In another variation, Zeus desired Nemesis, but could not persuade her to sleep with him. So he tasked [[Aphrodite]] to transform into an eagle and mock-chase him, while he transformed into a swan. Nemesis, pitying the poor swan, offered it refuge in her arms, and fell into a deep sleep. While asleep, Zeus raped her and in time she bore an egg which was transported to Leda by [[Hermes]].<ref>[[Hyginus]], ''Astronomica'' [https://topostext.org/work/207#2.8.1 2.8.1]</ref> According to [[Eratosthenes]] in his ''[[Catasterismi]]'', this version was presented by [[Cratinus]].{{sfn|Lamari|Montanari|Novokhatko|2020|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=B773DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110 110–112]}}
In some less common traditions, it is Nemesis, rather than the mortal Spartan queen [[Leda (mythology)|Leda]], who is the mother of [[Helen of Troy]]. This narrative is first found in the lost epic ''[[Cypria]]'', the prelude of the ''[[Iliad]]''. According to its author, [[Stasinus of Cyprus]], Helen was born from the rape of Nemesis by Zeus. Zeus fell in love with Nemesis, here possibly presented as his own daughter,{{efn|In his translation of the passage, [[Hugh Evelyn-White|Hugh G. Evelyn-White]] wrote that Nemesis tried to escape from "''her'' father Zeus", taking the ancient text to imply more than a casual usage of "father Zeus", which would provide an explanation for the shame and anger Nemesis feels. At the same time it has been argued that the impending rape is enough for Nemesis to react in such a manner, and it is rather far-fetched to suggest that incest (and the taboo against it) is the leading theme of the narrative.<ref>{{cite book | title = The Transformations of Helen: Indo-European Myth and the Roots of the Trojan Cycle | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tJaSTyuMmw4C | publisher = J.H.Röll Verlag | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-3-89754-260-0 | location = Germany | volume = 23 | first = Peter | last = Jackson | page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=tJaSTyuMmw4C&pg=PA37 37-38]}}</ref>}} and pursued her, only for her to flee in shame. She took several forms to escape Zeus, but he eventually captured her and forced himself on her.<ref name=":stas">[[Stasinus of Cyprus]] or Hegesias of [[Aegina]], ''[[Cypria]]'' Fragment [https://archive.org/details/hesiodhomerichym1914hesi/page/498/mode/2up?view=theater 8]</ref>
Apollodorus speaks of a single transformation, into a goose, while Zeus turned into a swan to hunt her down and raped her, producing an egg that was given to the queen of Sparta; Helen hatched from the egg, and was raised by Leda.<ref>Apollodorus, ''[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Bibliotheca]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.10.7&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022 3.10.7]</ref><ref>(Apollodorus) R. Scott Smith, Stephen Trzaskoma, and Hyginus. ''Apollodorus' Library and Hyginus' Fabulae: Two Handbooks of Greek Mythology''. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub., 2007:60.</ref> In another variation, Zeus desired Nemesis, but could not persuade her to sleep with him. So he tasked [[Aphrodite]] to transform into an eagle and mock-chase him, while he transformed into a swan. Nemesis, pitying the poor swan, offered it refuge in her arms, and fell into a deep sleep. While asleep, Zeus raped her and in time she bore an egg which was transported to Leda by [[Hermes]]. Leda then raised Helen as her own.<ref>[[Hyginus]], ''Astronomica'' [https://topostext.org/work/207#2.8.1 2.8.1]</ref> According to [[Eratosthenes]] in his ''[[Catasterismi]]'', this version was presented by [[Cratinus]].{{sfn|Lamari|Montanari|Novokhatko|2020|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=B773DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110 110–112]}}


=== Narcissus ===
=== Narcissus ===
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She is portrayed as a winged goddess wielding a whip or a dagger.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} In early times the representations of Nemesis resembled Aphrodite, who sometimes bears the epithet Nemesis.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}
She is portrayed as a winged goddess wielding a whip or a dagger.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} In early times the representations of Nemesis resembled Aphrodite, who sometimes bears the epithet Nemesis.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}


As the goddess of proportion and the [[Retributive justice|avenger of crime]], she has as attributes a [[measuring rod]] ([[tally stick]]), a [[bridle]], [[Weighing scale#Symbolism|scales]], a [[sword]], and a [[scourge]], and she rides in a [[chariot]] drawn by [[griffin]]s.
As the goddess of proportion and the [[Retributive justice|avenger of crime]], she is often depicted wielding a [[measuring rod]] ([[tally stick]]), a [[bridle]], [[Weighing scale#Symbolism|scales]], a [[sword]], and a [[scourge]], and she rides in a [[chariot]] drawn by [[griffin]]s.


The poet [[Mesomedes]] wrote a hymn to Nemesis in the early second century AD, where he addressed her:
The poet [[Mesomedes]] wrote a hymn to Nemesis in the early second century AD, where he addressed her:
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Nemesis was one of several [[tutelary deity|tutelary deities]] of the drill-ground (as ''Nemesis campestris''). Modern scholarship offers little support for the once-prevalent notion that arena personnel such as [[gladiator]]s, ''venatores'' and ''bestiarii'' were personally or professionally dedicated to her cult. Rather, she seems to have represented a kind of "Imperial [[Fortuna]]" who dispensed Imperial retribution on the one hand, and Imperially subsidized gifts on the other; both were functions of the popular gladiatorial [[Ludi]] held in Roman arenas.<ref>Nemesis, her devotees and her place in the Roman world are fully discussed, with examples, in Hornum, Michael B., ''Nemesis, the Roman state and the games'', Brill, 1993.</ref> She is shown on a few examples of Imperial coinage as ''Nemesis-Pax'', mainly under [[Claudius]] and [[Hadrian]]. In the third century AD, there is evidence of the belief in an all-powerful ''Nemesis-Fortuna''. She was worshipped by a society called Hadrian's freedmen.
Nemesis was one of several [[tutelary deity|tutelary deities]] of the drill-ground (as ''Nemesis campestris''). Modern scholarship offers little support for the once-prevalent notion that arena personnel such as [[gladiator]]s, ''venatores'' and ''bestiarii'' were personally or professionally dedicated to her cult. Rather, she seems to have represented a kind of "Imperial [[Fortuna]]" who dispensed Imperial retribution on the one hand, and Imperially subsidized gifts on the other; both were functions of the popular gladiatorial [[Ludi]] held in Roman arenas.<ref>Nemesis, her devotees and her place in the Roman world are fully discussed, with examples, in Hornum, Michael B., ''Nemesis, the Roman state and the games'', Brill, 1993.</ref> She is shown on a few examples of Imperial coinage as ''Nemesis-Pax'', mainly under [[Claudius]] and [[Hadrian]]. In the third century AD, there is evidence of the belief in an all-powerful ''Nemesis-Fortuna''. She was worshipped by a society called Hadrian's freedmen.


[[Ammianus Marcellinus]] includes her in a digression on Justice following his description of the death of Gallus Caesar.<ref name="auto">Ammianus Marcellinus 14.11.25</ref>
[[Ammianus Marcellinus]] includes her in a digression on Justice following his description of the death of [[Constantius Gallus|Gallus Caesar]].<ref name="auto">Ammianus Marcellinus 14.11.25</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
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== Bibliography ==
== Bibliography ==
*{{cite book |last1=Bonanno |first1=Daniela |title=Nemesis: rappresentazioni e pratiche cultuali nella Grecia antica |date=2023 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |location=Stuttgart |isbn=9783515134927}}
* Campbell, David A., ''Greek Lyric, Volume IV: Bacchylides, Corinna'', [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 461, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1992. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99508-6}}. [https://www-loebclassics-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/LCL461/1992/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* Campbell, David A., ''Greek Lyric, Volume IV: Bacchylides, Corinna'', [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 461, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1992. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99508-6}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL461/1992/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Timothy Gantz|Gantz, Timothy]], ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5360-9}} (Vol. 1), {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5362-3}} (Vol. 2).
* [[Timothy Gantz|Gantz, Timothy]], ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5360-9}} (Vol. 1), {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5362-3}} (Vol. 2).
* ''Hesiod, The Homeric Hymns, and Homerica'', with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, MA., [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* ''[[Hesiod]]'', ''[https://archive.org/details/hesiodhomerichym00hesi/ The Homeric Hymns, and Homerica]'', with an English Translation by [[Hugh Evelyn-White|Hugh G. Evelyn-White]]'', Cambridge, MA., [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* {{cite book |last1 = Lamari|last2 = Montanari |last3 = Novokhatko |first1 = Anna A. |first2 = Franco |first3= Anna | title = Fragmentation in Ancient Greek Drama | isbn = 978-3-11-0621020| publisher = [[De Gruyter]] | date = 2020 }}
* {{cite book |last1 = Lamari|last2 = Montanari |last3 = Novokhatko |first1 = Anna A. |first2 = Franco |first3= Anna | title = Fragmentation in Ancient Greek Drama | isbn = 978-3-11-0621020| publisher = [[De Gruyter]] | date = 2020 }}
* Matranga, Pietro, ''Anecdota Graeca'', Volume II, Typis C. A. Bertinelli, Rome, 1850. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xb4kAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover Google Books].
* Matranga, Pietro, ''Anecdota Graeca'', Volume II, Typis C. A. Bertinelli, Rome, 1850. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xb4kAAAAMAAJ Google Books].
* [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.1.1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.1.1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].


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{{DEFAULTSORT:Nemesis}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nemesis}}
[[Category:Justice goddesses]]
[[Category:Justice goddesses]]
[[Category:Justice deities]]
[[Category:Vengeance goddesses]]
[[Category:Vengeance goddesses]]
[[Category:Greek goddesses]]
[[Category:Greek goddesses]]

Latest revision as of 05:05, 29 October 2024

For other uses, see Nemesis (disambiguation).
Nemesis
Goddess of retribution
Member of the Oceanids
Farnese Nemesis, National Archaeological Museum of Naples
Other namesRhamnousia
Venerated inAncient Greece
Animalsgoose
SymbolSword, lash, dagger, measuring rod, scales, bridle
FestivalsNemeseia
ParentsNyx and Erebus
or Oceanus
or Zeus
ConsortTartarus
Offspring(disputed)
the Telchines

In ancient Greek religion and myth, Nemesis (/ˈnɛməsɪs/; Ancient Greek: Νέμεσις, romanized: Némesis) also called Rhamnousia (or Rhamnusia; Ancient Greek: Ῥαμνουσία, romanized: Rhamnousía, lit. 'the goddess of Rhamnous'[1]), was the goddess who personified retribution for the sin of hubris; arrogance before the gods.

Etymology

[edit]

The name Nemesis is derived from the Greek word νέμειν, némein, meaning "to give what is due",[2] from Proto-Indo-European *nem- "distribute".[3]

Family

[edit]

According to Hesiod's Theogony, Nemesis was one of the children of Nyx alone.[4] Nemesis has been described as the daughter of Oceanus, Erebus, or Zeus, but according to Hyginus she was a child of Erebus and Nyx. Some made her the daughter of Zeus by an unnamed mother.[5] In several traditions, Nemesis was seen as the mother of Helen of Troy by Zeus, adopted and raised by Leda and Tyndareus.[6] According to the Byzantine poet Tzetzes, Bacchylides had Nemesis as the mother of the Telchines by Tartarus.[7]

Mythology

[edit]

Fortune and retribution

[edit]
Albrecht Dürer's engraving of Nemesis, c 1502
Ancient fresco from Pompeii depicting the abandoned Ariadne, Cupid, and probably Nemesis. National Archaeological Museum, Naples

The word nemesis originally meant the distributor of fortune, neither good nor bad, simply in due proportion to each according to what was deserved.[citation needed] Later, Nemesis came to suggest the resentment caused by any disturbance of this right proportion, the sense of justice that could not allow it to pass unpunished.[citation needed]

O. Gruppe (1906) and others connect the name with "to feel just resentment". From the fourth century onward, Nemesis, as the just balancer of Fortune's chance, could be associated with Tyche.

Divine retribution is a major theme in the Greek world view, providing the unifying theme of the tragedies of Sophocles and many other literary works.[8] Hesiod states: "Also deadly Nyx bore Nemesis an affliction to mortals subject to death" (Theogony, 223, though perhaps an interpolated line). Nemesis appears in a still more concrete form in a fragment of the epic Cypria.

She is implacable justice: that of Zeus in the Olympian scheme of things, although it is clear she existed prior to him, as her images look similar to several other goddesses, such as Cybele, Rhea, Demeter, and Artemis.[9]

In the Greek tragedies Nemesis appears chiefly as the avenger of crime and the punisher of hubris, and as such is akin to Atë and the Erinyes. She was sometimes called Adrasteia, probably meaning "one from whom there is no escape"; her epithet Erinys ("implacable") is specially applied to Demeter and the Phrygian mother goddess, Cybele.

Justice (Dike, on the left) and Divine Vengeance (Nemesis, right) pursuing a murderer, in a painting by Pierre-Paul Prud'hon, 1808

Nemesis and Zeus

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In some less common traditions, it is Nemesis, rather than the mortal Spartan queen Leda, who is the mother of Helen of Troy. This narrative is first found in the lost epic Cypria, the prelude of the Iliad. According to its author, Stasinus of Cyprus, Helen was born from the rape of Nemesis by Zeus. Zeus fell in love with Nemesis, here possibly presented as his own daughter,[a] and pursued her, only for her to flee in shame. She took several forms to escape Zeus, but he eventually captured her and forced himself on her.[5]

Apollodorus speaks of a single transformation, into a goose, while Zeus turned into a swan to hunt her down and raped her, producing an egg that was given to the queen of Sparta; Helen hatched from the egg, and was raised by Leda.[11][12] In another variation, Zeus desired Nemesis, but could not persuade her to sleep with him. So he tasked Aphrodite to transform into an eagle and mock-chase him, while he transformed into a swan. Nemesis, pitying the poor swan, offered it refuge in her arms, and fell into a deep sleep. While asleep, Zeus raped her and in time she bore an egg which was transported to Leda by Hermes. Leda then raised Helen as her own.[13] According to Eratosthenes in his Catasterismi, this version was presented by Cratinus.[14]

Narcissus

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Nemesis enacted divine retribution on Narcissus for his vanity. After he rejected the advances of the nymph Echo, Nemesis lured him to a pool where he caught sight of his own reflection and fell in love with it, eventually dying.[15]

Aura

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In Nonnus' epic Dionysiaca, Aura, one of Artemis' virgin attendants, questioned her mistress' virginity due to the feminine and curvaceous shape of her body; Aura claimed that no goddess or woman with that sort of figure would be a virgin, and asserted her own superiority over the goddess thanks to her own lean and boyish silhouette. Artemis, enraged, went to Nemesis and asked for revenge. Nemesis promised to the goddess that Aura would have her punishment, and that the punishment would be to lose the virginity she took such pride in. Nemesis then contacted Eros, the god of love, and he struck Dionysus with one of his arrows. Dionysus fell madly in love with Aura, and when she rebuffed his advances, he got her drunk, tied her up and raped her as she lay unconscious, bringing Nemesis' plan to a success.[16]

Iconography

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She is portrayed as a winged goddess wielding a whip or a dagger.[citation needed] In early times the representations of Nemesis resembled Aphrodite, who sometimes bears the epithet Nemesis.[citation needed]

As the goddess of proportion and the avenger of crime, she is often depicted wielding a measuring rod (tally stick), a bridle, scales, a sword, and a scourge, and she rides in a chariot drawn by griffins.

The poet Mesomedes wrote a hymn to Nemesis in the early second century AD, where he addressed her:

Nemesis, winged balancer of life, dark-faced goddess, daughter of Justice

and mentioned her "adamantine bridles" that restrain "the frivolous insolences of mortals".

Local cult

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Temple of Nemesis in Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa

A festival called Nemeseia (by some identified with the Genesia) was held at Athens. Its object was to avert the nemesis of the dead, who were supposed to have the power of punishing the living, if their cult had been in any way neglected (Sophocles, Electra, 792; E. Rohde, Psyche, 1907, i. 236, note I).

Rhamnous

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As the "Goddess of Rhamnous", Nemesis was honored and placated in an archaic sanctuary in the district of Rhamnous, in northeastern Attica. There she was a daughter of Oceanus, the primeval river-ocean that encircles the world. Pausanias noted her iconic statue there. It included a crown of stags and little Nikes and was made by Pheidias after the Battle of Marathon (490 BC), crafted from a block of Parian marble brought by the overconfident Persians, who had intended to make a memorial stele after their expected victory.[17]

Smyrna

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At Smyrna, there were two manifestations of Nemesis, more akin to Aphrodite than to Artemis. The reason for this duality is hard to explain. It is suggested that they represent two aspects of the goddess, the kindly and the implacable, or the goddesses of the old city and the new city refounded by Alexander. The martyrology Acts of Pionius, set in the "Decian persecution" of AD 250–51, mentions a lapsed Smyrnan Christian who was attending to the sacrifices at the altar of the temple of these Nemeses.

Rome

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Nemesis on a brass sestertius of Hadrian, struck at Rome AD 136

Nemesis was one of several tutelary deities of the drill-ground (as Nemesis campestris). Modern scholarship offers little support for the once-prevalent notion that arena personnel such as gladiators, venatores and bestiarii were personally or professionally dedicated to her cult. Rather, she seems to have represented a kind of "Imperial Fortuna" who dispensed Imperial retribution on the one hand, and Imperially subsidized gifts on the other; both were functions of the popular gladiatorial Ludi held in Roman arenas.[18] She is shown on a few examples of Imperial coinage as Nemesis-Pax, mainly under Claudius and Hadrian. In the third century AD, there is evidence of the belief in an all-powerful Nemesis-Fortuna. She was worshipped by a society called Hadrian's freedmen.

Ammianus Marcellinus includes her in a digression on Justice following his description of the death of Gallus Caesar.[19]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ In his translation of the passage, Hugh G. Evelyn-White wrote that Nemesis tried to escape from "her father Zeus", taking the ancient text to imply more than a casual usage of "father Zeus", which would provide an explanation for the shame and anger Nemesis feels. At the same time it has been argued that the impending rape is enough for Nemesis to react in such a manner, and it is rather far-fetched to suggest that incest (and the taboo against it) is the leading theme of the narrative.[10]

References

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  1. ^ Suda, rho, 33
  2. ^ "Nemesis – Origin and history of nemesis by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com.
  3. ^ R. S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, pp. 1005–06.
  4. ^ Hesiod, Theogony 223.
  5. ^ a b Stasinus of Cyprus or Hegesias of Aegina, Cypria Fragment 8
  6. ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece 1.33.7–8
  7. ^ Gantz, p. 149; Bacchylides fr. 52 Campbell, pp. 298, 299 [= Tzetzes on Hesiod's Theogony 80–6 (Matranga, p. 580)].
  8. ^ Examples of Nemesis in Literature, 19 August 2013, retrieved October 12, 2013
  9. ^ The primeval concept of Nemesis is traced by Marcel Mauss (Mauss, The Gift: the form and reason for exchange in archaic societies, 2002:23: "Generosity is an obligation, because Nemesis avenges the poor... This is the ancient morality of the gift, which has become a principle of justice". Jean Coman, in discussing Nemesis in Aeschylus (Coman, L'idée de la Némésis chez Eschyle, Strasbourg, 1931:40–43) detected "traces of a less rational, and probably older, concept of deity and its relationship to man", as Michael B. Hornum observed in Nemesis, the Roman State and the Games, 1993:9.
  10. ^ Jackson, Peter (2006). The Transformations of Helen: Indo-European Myth and the Roots of the Trojan Cycle. Vol. 23. Germany: J.H.Röll Verlag. p. 37-38. ISBN 978-3-89754-260-0.
  11. ^ Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3.10.7
  12. ^ (Apollodorus) R. Scott Smith, Stephen Trzaskoma, and Hyginus. Apollodorus' Library and Hyginus' Fabulae: Two Handbooks of Greek Mythology. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub., 2007:60.
  13. ^ Hyginus, Astronomica 2.8.1
  14. ^ Lamari, Montanari & Novokhatko 2020, pp. 110–112.
  15. ^ "Metamorphoses (Kline) 3, the Ovid Collection, Univ. of Virginia E-Text Center". virginia.edu. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  16. ^ Nonnus, Dionysiaca 48.258–942 (III pp. 442–491).
  17. ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece, 1.33.2–3.
  18. ^ Nemesis, her devotees and her place in the Roman world are fully discussed, with examples, in Hornum, Michael B., Nemesis, the Roman state and the games, Brill, 1993.
  19. ^ Ammianus Marcellinus 14.11.25

Bibliography

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Look up Nemesis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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