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{{Short description|Pashtun tribe}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
{{original research|date=November 2021}}

{{Short description|Pashtun tribe}}{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Khattak
| group = Khattak
| native_name = {{Naskh|خټک}}
| native_name = {{Naskh|خټک}}
| native_name_lang = ps
| native_name_lang = ps
| image = Illustration of a Pashtun tribesmen of the Khattak tribe - When Nicholas kept the border.jpg
| image = Illustration of a Pashtun tribesmen of the Khattak tribe - When Nicholas kept the border.jpg
| image_caption = Illustration of a Khattak Pashtun tribal chief of Jahangira 1920
| image_caption = Illustration of a Khattak Pashtun tribal chief of Jahangira in 1920
| languages = [[Pashto]]
| languages = [[Pashto]]
| religions = [[Islam]]
| religions = [[Islam]]
| related_groups = [[Afridi]]s{{·}}[[Orakzai]]s{{·}}[[Wazir (tribe)|Wazir]]s{{·}}[[Mehsud]]s<br>and other [[Karlani|Karlani Pashtun]] tribes
| related_groups = [[Banuchi|Bannuzai]]{{·}}[[Dawar]]{{·}}[[Wazir (tribe)|Wazir]]{{·}}[[Afridi]]<br>and other [[Karlani|Karlani Pashtun]] tribes
}}
}}


The '''Khattak''' ({{lang-ps|خټک}}) tribe are a prominent [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] tribe located in the [[Khattak]] terroritry, which consists of [[Karak District|Karak]], [[Nowshera District|Nowshera]], [[Kohat]] districts of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]].
The '''Khattak''' ({{langx|ps|خټک}}) tribe are a prominent [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] tribe located in the Khattak territory, which consists of [[Karak District|Karak]], [[Nowshera District|Nowshera]], [[Kohat]] districts of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]].


==History==
==History==
===Origins===
Multiple [[British Raj]] historians have identified the Khattak with the ''Satragyddae'' or ''Sattagudai'', an ancient [[Vedic people|Indo-Aryan]] tribe inhabiting [[Gandhara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.savap.org.pk/journals/ARInt./Vol.3(3)/2012(3.3-38).pdf|title=Kinship System And Social Organization Of A Village In Balochistan (World System Analysis At Micro Level In Anthropological Perspective)|website=SAVAP International}}</ref><ref name="The Histories of Herodotus" /><ref name="Khaibar Pass Page 7">Guardians of the Khaibar Pass: the social organisation and history of the Afridis of Pakistan David M. Hart Page 7.</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">The races of Afghanistan being a brief account of the principal nations, By Henry Walter Bellew - 2004 - 124 pages - Page 85.</ref><ref name="Afghanistan pages 107,108">An inquiry into the ethnography of Afghanistan: prepared and presented to the Ninth international congress of Orientalists, London, September, 1891 - The Oriental university institute, 1891 - 208 pages - pages 107,108,122.</ref><ref name="North-West Frontier Province Page 217">A glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province: Based on the census report for the Punjab, 1883 - Horace Arthur Rose, Sir Denzil Ibbetson, Sir Edward Maclagan - Printed by the superintendent, Government printing, Punjab, 1914 - Page 217.</ref><ref name="Qabila Page 152">Qabila: tribal profiles and tribe-state relations in Morocco and on the Afghanistan-Pakistan Frontier - By David M. Hart - - 2001 - 254 pages - Page 152.</ref><ref name="Bhavana Books Page 95">Afghanistan of the Afghans - Bhavana Books & Prints, 2000 - 272 pages - Ikbal Ali Shah (Sirdar.) - Page 95.</ref> The Sattagudai ({{langx|grc|Σατταγύδαι}}) were a people mentioned by Herodotus in connection to people under the influence of the [[Achaemenid Empire]].<ref name="RommHerodotus2014">{{cite book|author1=James Romm|author2=Herodotus|title=Histories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JK7xAgAAQBAJ|date=15 March 2014|publisher=Hackett Publishing|isbn=978-1-62466-115-0|page=181}}</ref> According to Herodotus:<ref name="The Histories of Herodotus">The Histories of Herodotus, George Rawlinson, Translation 1858–1860.</ref><ref name="archive.org">[https://archive.org/stream/pathans550bcad19010338mbp/pathans550bcad19010338mbp_djvu.txt "The Pathans 55O B.C.-A.D. 1957 By Sir Olaf Caroe"]</ref>
{{blockquote|The Sattagudai and the [[Gandhara|Gandarioi]] and the Dadikai and the [[Afridi|Aparutai]], who were all reckoned together paid 170 talents.|}}


According to Sir [[Olaf Caroe]]:<ref name="archive.org"/>
===Khushal Khan Khattak===
A warrior poet by the name of [[Khushal Khan Khattak]] (1613–1690) was once the chief of this tribe, and his contributions to [[Pashto language|Pashto]] literature are considered as classic texts.<ref name="Afghan Poetry: Selections from the poems of Khush Hal Khan Khattak.">{{cite book|title=Afghan Poetry: Selections from the poems of Khush Hal Khan Khattak., Biddulph, C.D., Saeed Book Bank, Peshawar, 1983 (reprint of 1890 ed.)}}</ref> His life and times are one of the most chronicled and discussed subjects in [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] history, as he was active on the political, social and intellectual fora of his times. He was a most voluminous writer, and composed no less than three hundred and sixty literary works, both in the [[Pashto language|Pashto]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] languages.<ref name="A Grammar Of The Pukhto, Pushto: Or Language Of The Afghans">{{cite book|last=Raverty|first=H. G.|author-link=Henry George Raverty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_I6fvz1LQsC&pg=PA28 |title=A Grammar of the Pukhto, Pushto: or Language of the Afghans |location= London |date= 1860|isbn=9788120602670}}</ref>


{{blockquote|""Neither Khaṭaks nor [[Banuchi|Shitaks]] appear by name until the period of publication of genealogies under the Mughals, and the time of Akbar's dealings with the Khaṭaks for the protection of the highway to Peshawar. Babur indeed in his memoirs mentions the Karranis (Karlanis) whom he encountered in 1505 around Bannu along with the Niazis and Isakhel. It is probable that this reference of his is to Khattaks or [[Banuchi|Shitaks (Banuchis)]], or both, for both are Karlani tribes, and the other Karlanis who live in that area, Wazirs and Bangash, Babur mentions by name when he comes to them."}}
His poetry revolves around concepts of Pakhtunwali; Honour, Justice, Bravery and Nationalism and his works have been translated into numerous languages, English and [[Urdu]] being the primary ones.<ref name="Poems from the Diwan of Khushâl Khân Khattak">{{cite book|title=Poems from the Diwan of Khushâl Khân Khattak|author= MacKenzie, D. N. |location= London |publisher= Allen & Unwin |date= 1965}}</ref>


In Nimatullah's 1620 work ''History of The Afghans'', the Khattaks are amongst the oldest of the Afghan tribes.<ref name="Dorn">Deportation by the Assyrians, Makhzan-i Afghani, page 37: ''[http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3034/?ql=eng&i=gcu&view_type=gallery History of the Afghans]''</ref>
===Older references===
According to Nimatullah's 1620 work ''History of The Afghans'', the Khattaks are amongst the oldest of the Afghan tribes.<ref name="Dorn">Deportation by the Assyrians, Makhzan-i Afghani, page 37: http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3034/?ql=eng&i=gcu&view_type=gallery</ref>


==Khushal Khan Khattak==
The Sattagudai ({{lang-grc|Σατταγύδαι}}) were a people mentioned by Herodotus in connection to people under the influence of the [[Achaemenid Empire]].<ref name="RommHerodotus2014">{{cite book|author1=James Romm|author2=Herodotus|title=Histories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JK7xAgAAQBAJ|date=15 March 2014|publisher=Hackett Publishing|isbn=978-1-62466-115-0|page=181}}</ref>
A warrior poet by the name of [[Khushal Khan Khattak]] (1613–1690) was once the chief of this tribe, and his contributions to [[Pashto language|Pashto]] literature are considered as classic texts.<ref name="Afghan Poetry: Selections from the poems of Khush Hal Khan Khattak.">{{cite book|title=Afghan Poetry: Selections from the poems of Khush Hal Khan Khattak., Biddulph, C.D., Saeed Book Bank, Peshawar, 1983 (reprint of 1890 ed.)}}</ref> His life and times are one of the most chronicled and discussed subjects in [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] history, as he was active on the political, social and intellectual fora of his times. He was a most voluminous writer, and composed no less than three hundred and sixty literary works, both in the [[Pashto language|Pashto]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] languages.<ref name="A Grammar Of The Pukhto, Pushto: Or Language Of The Afghans">{{cite book|last=Raverty|first=H. G.|author-link=Henry George Raverty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_I6fvz1LQsC&pg=PA28 |title=A Grammar of the Pukhto, Pushto: or Language of the Afghans |location= London |date= 1860|isbn=9788120602670}}</ref>


His poetry revolves around concepts of Pakhtunwali; Honour, Justice, Bravery and Nationalism and his works have been translated into numerous languages, English and [[Urdu]] being the primary ones.<ref name="Poems from the Diwan of Khushâl Khân Khattak">{{cite book|title=Poems from the Diwan of Khushâl Khân Khattak|author= MacKenzie, D. N. |location= London |publisher= Allen & Unwin |date= 1965}}</ref>
Herodotus, Book 3, 91.<ref name="The Histories of Herodotus">
The Histories of Herodotus, George Rawlinson, Translation 1858–1860.</ref> (In this and the two succeeding passages the historian is giving a list of the Achaemenian satrapies and their peoples.)
{{quotation|The Sattagudai and the Gandarioi and the Dadikai and the Aparutai, who were all reckoned together paid 170 talents.|}}
Herodotus, without assigning a name to the satrapy, tells us that Darius' yth Satrapy was inhabited by four tribes, the Sattagudai, the Gandarioi, the Dadikai, and the Aparutai.<ref name=Pathan>"The Pathans 550 B.C.-A.D. 1957" printed St Martin's Press 1958 by MacMillan and Company Limited"</ref><ref name="archive.org">[https://archive.org/stream/pathans550bcad19010338mbp/pathans550bcad19010338mbp_djvu.txt "The Pathans 55O B.C.-A.D. 1957 By Sir Olaf Caroe"]</ref>

The addition of the Aparutai/Aparidai correspondence helps to buttress the case for finding in Herodotus traces of names which carry through to the present day. Bellew has gone further and identified the Sattagudai with the famous Khatak tribe.
"The Pathans 55O B.C.-A.D. 1957" printed St Martin's Press 1958 by MacMillan and Company Limited"<ref name="archive.org"/>

===Sattagudai===
Numerous historians identify the Khattak with the Sattagudai.<ref name="The Histories of Herodotus" /><ref name="Khaibar Pass Page 7">Guardians of the Khaibar Pass: the social organisation and history of the Afridis of Pakistan David M. Hart Page 7.</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">The races of Afghanistan being a brief account of the principal nations, By Henry Walter Bellew - 2004 - 124 pages - Page 85.</ref><ref name="Afghanistan pages 107,108">An inquiry into the ethnography of Afghanistan: prepared and presented to the Ninth international congress of Orientalists, London, September, 1891 - The Oriental university institute, 1891 - 208 pages - pages 107,108,122.</ref><ref name="North-West Frontier Province Page 217">A glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province: Based on the census report for the Punjab, 1883 - Horace Arthur Rose, Sir Denzil Ibbetson, Sir Edward Maclagan - Printed by the superintendent, Government printing, Punjab, 1914 - Page 217.</ref><ref name="Qabila Page 152">Qabila: tribal profiles and tribe-state relations in Morocco and on the Afghanistan-Pakistan Frontier - By David M. Hart - - 2001 - 254 pages - Page 152.</ref><ref name="Bhavana Books Page 95">Afghanistan of the Afghans - Bhavana Books & Prints, 2000 - 272 pages - Ikbal Ali Shah (Sirdar.) - Page 95.</ref>

Sir [[Olaf Caroe]], The Pathans 550BC 1957AD:<ref name="archive.org"/>

:"Let us now refer to the third passage cited, in which Herodotus, without assigning a name to the satrapy, tells us that Darius' yth
Satrapy was inhabited by four tribes, the Sattagudai, the Gandarioi, the Dadikai, and the Aparutai.

Bellew has gone further and identified the Sattagudai with the famous Khatak tribe, and the Dadikai with an obscure branch of Kakars whom he calls Dadi."

===Khattaks and Shetaks===

Sir Olaf Caroe, The Pathans 550BC 1957AD:<ref name="archive.org"/>

:"Neither Khataks nor [[Banuchi|Shitaks]] appear by name until the period of publication of genealogies under the Mughals, and the time of Akbar's dealings with the Khataks for the protection of the highway to Peshawar. Babur indeed in his memoirs mentions the Karranis (Karlanis) whom he encountered in 1505 around Bannu along with the Niazis and Isakhel. It is probable that this reference of his is to Khattaks or [[Banuchi|Shitaks]], or both, for both are Karlani tribes, and the other Karlanis who live in that area, Wazirs and Bangash, Babur mentions by name when he comes to them."

It is thus clear that [[Babur]] & other [[Mughal emperors|Mughals]] in their descriptions identify Khattaks & Shetaks together without any differentiation.

===In Pashtun history===

Sir Olaf Caroe, The Pathans 550BC 1957AD:<ref name="archive.org"/>

{{quotation|"Taken together, the Khataks and the [[Banuchi|Shitaks]], who now have a common boundary close to Bannu, cover a stretch of territory as large as that held by any Afghan or Pathan tribe, whether Ghilzai, Yusufzai or Durrani. From the Khatak settlements around Lundkhwar, close to the Malakand Pass, to the [[Banuchi|Shitak]] villages in Upper Daur in the Tochi, the distance is over 200 miles. The wide extent of their present territory, their large population, and the association of both groups of tribes at one time or another with the rich oases of Bannu and the Tochi, suggest sufficiently their importance in this family of peoples."|}}

==Theory of Israelite descent==
{{Main|Theory of Pashtun descent from Israelites}}
Khattak tribe has oral traditions and legendary history of descent from the [[Israelites]].<ref>Ferishta, History Of The Mohammedan Power. The Packard Humanities Institute Persian Texts in Translation, Book 1 Chapter 2 page 11, Part II page 54 and Part II page 130, (90)</ref>

Khushal expresses that the Khattak reputation for fierceness and valor stems from the fact that Khattaks and Afghans have been nursed by the Lioness's (King Saul's wife) milk.<ref>Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, Volume 54, Issues 3-4, Page 30.</ref><ref>Perspective, Volume 4, Pakistan Publications., 1971.Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, Volume 54, Issues 3-4, Pakistan Historical Society, 2006 - Page 86.</ref>

One of the first progenitors of the modern tribe is Manal. Manal is considered to be a modification of Manas from the word [[Manasseh (disambiguation)|Manasseh]].{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} In his book ''The Armies of India'', A.C. Lovett declares the Khattaks to be a widely enlisted tribe, who also lay claim to the Pashtun [[Jewish]] descent.<ref>The Armies of India, A. C. Lovett, Major, The Lancer International Inc., 19558 S. Harlem Avenue, Suit 1, Frankfort IL. 60423., 224 pages, Page 152.</ref>

==Theory of descent from the Greeks==
After the creation of Pakistan, some Pakistani scholars, suggested a Greek descent for the Khattaks. However, from the Histories of Herodotus, Herodotus, Book 3, 91.,<ref name="The Histories of Herodotus"/> it is clear that a tribe by the name of SattaGydae (or Sattagudai) were already settled in the area around current day Ghor in Afghanistan and paid as tribute coinage and materials to the Greeks when they subjugated these areas:

"The Sattagudai and the Gandarioi and the Dadikai and the Aparutai, who were all reckoned together paid 170 talents."

Later Bellew, Caroe and other historians both Pashtun and Western through their works identified the Sattagudai with the famous Khatak & [[Banuchi|Shitak]] tribes. "The Pathans 550 B.C.-A.D. 1957" printed St Martin's Press 1958 by MacMillan and Company Limited"<ref name="archive.org"/>

Though all Afghan DNA<ref name="pmid16400607">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, etal |title=Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of central asian pastoralists
|journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet.
|volume=78
|issue=2
|pages=202–21
|year=2006
|pmid=16400607
|doi=10.1086/499411
|pmc=1380230
}}</ref> including Khattak DNA has minor contributions from haplogroups more common to the Greeks,<ref name="pmid17047675">{{cite journal |vauthors=Firasat S, Khaliq S, Mohyuddin A, etal |title=Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan |journal=Eur. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=121–6 |year=2007 |pmid=17047675 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726 |pmc=2588664}}</ref> these are minor enough to rule out a direct lineage. Together with works from Herodotus and more recent historians, the theory of Khattak descent from the Greeks is unfounded.

==Afridi and Khattak history==
Sir Olaf Caroe, "The Pathans 550BC - 1957AD" :<ref name="archive.org"/>

:"The Afridis and Khataks lumped together as Karlanis, can be held to reflect a knowledge that they represented a more aboriginal stock, which only later absorbed the characteristics of the invaders. In other words, it is not surprising that in looking for a prototype in the oldest recorded history bearing on this region we hit on the ancestor of the Pakhtun."

===Molding and amalgamation===
Sir Olaf Caroe, "The Pathans 550BC - 1957AD" :<ref name="archive.org"/>

:"This is not to assert that the ethnic or linguistic stock can be traced through to tribes of similar names today. The case would be rather that these were sub-stratum agglomerations of people who, through contact with later-comers, modified their language and were assimilated to later cultures, but retained in the more inaccessible places sufficient of their older inspirations to boast their original names. The theory does at least give a starting-point to Pathan history & the stock belief in the Bani Israel."


==Notables==
==Notables==
* [[Khushal Khattak|Khushal Khan Khattak]] (1603–1689), A Pashtun tribal leader, poet, warrior who had organised tribes to fight against the [[Mughal Empire]]

* [[Sami-ul-Haq|Sami al Haq]] - (1937–2018), Regarded as the "Father of the Taliban"<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Taliban resurgence in Afghanistan : the role of post-conflict reconstruction |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.32657/10356/62530 |publisher=Nanyang Technological University |first=Sulaiman |last=Sadia|date=2014 |doi=10.32657/10356/62530 |hdl=10356/62530 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Khushal Khattak|Khushal Khan Khattak]] (1603-1689), A Pashtun tribal leader, poet, warrior who had organised tribes to fight against the [[Mughal Empire]]
* [[Sami-ul-Haq|Sami al Haq]] - (1937-2018), Regarded as the "Father of the Taliban" <ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Taliban resurgence in Afghanistan : the role of post-conflict reconstruction |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.32657/10356/62530 |publisher=Nanyang Technological University |first=Sulaiman |last=Sadia}}</ref>
* [[Pervez Khattak]], (1950) 22nd Chief Minister of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] [[Pakistan]] and current [[Minister of defence|Minister of Defence]] of Pakistan
* [[Pervez Khattak]], (1950) 22nd Chief Minister of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] [[Pakistan]] and current [[Minister of defence|Minister of Defence]] of Pakistan
* [[Ajmal Khattak]], (1925-2010) in [[Akora Khattak]] was a [[Pakistani]] politician, writer, Pashto poet, [[Khudai Khidmatgar|Khudai Khidmatgar,]] former President of [[Awami National Party]]
* [[Ajmal Khattak]], (1925–2010) in [[Akora Khattak]] was a [[Pakistani]] politician, writer, Pashto poet, [[Khudai Khidmatgar]], former President of [[Awami National Party]]
* [[Ghulam Faruque Khan]] (1899–1990) was a dynamic bureaucrat, politician, and industrialist of Pakistan. He belonged to the village Shaidu (Khan Khel) in Nowshera District. His contribution to Pakistan's industrial development he is sometimes described as "The Goliath who Industrialized Pakistan".
* [[Ghulam Faruque Khan]] (1899–1990) was a dynamic bureaucrat, politician, and industrialist of Pakistan. He belonged to the village Shaidu (Khan Khel) in Nowshera District. His contribution to Pakistan's industrial development he is sometimes described as "The Goliath who Industrialized Pakistan".
* [[Pareshan Khattak]], (b. 10 December 1931 - d. 16 April 2009) from [[Karak, Pakistan|Karak]] [[Pakistan]]. His real name was Ghamay jan khattak "Pashto" پښتو" غمے جان خټک", he was a former Vice-Chancellor, Pashto poet and writer and former Chairman University Grants Commission of [[Pakistan]]. His books titled “Pukhtana Kochay,” “Dozakhi Pakhto,” “Drana Pukhtana,”
* [[Pareshan Khattak]], (b. 10 December 1931 - d. 16 April 2009) from [[Karak, Pakistan|Karak]] [[Pakistan]]. His real name was Ghamay jan khattak "Pashto" پښتو" غمے جان خټک", he was a former Vice-Chancellor, Pashto poet and writer and former Chairman University Grants Commission of [[Pakistan]]. His books titled “Pukhtana Kochay,” “Dozakhi Pakhto,” “Drana Pukhtana,”
* [[Rajwali Shah|Raj Wali Shah Khattak]], Pashto language poet
* [[Masood Sharif Khan Khattak]], Director-General of the [[Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)|Intelligence Bureau of Pakistan]]
* [[Shahid Ahmed Khattak|Shahid Ahmad Khattak]], Member of [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]]
* [[Afrasiab Khattak]], Socialist Politician and former [[Communist Party of Pakistan]] member who was aligned with the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Afghan]] [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan|PDPA]] in the 1980s
* [[Nasrullah Khan Khattak]], Pakistani Politician and [[Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Chief Minister of the North-West Frontier Province]]
* [[Yusuf Khattak]], Pakistani left-wing intellectual Politician, [[Pakistan Movement]] Activist, Federal Minister and statesman who represented Pakistan internationally
* [[Habibullah Khan Khattak]], British Indian army officer who fought in the [[Burma campaign (1942–1943)|Burma Campaign]] during the [[World War II|Second World War]] and post-independence promoted as a Three Star rank Pakistan Army General, Minister and Industrialist


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Pakthas]]
* [[List of Khattaks]]
* [[Yosufzay|Yousafzai]]
* [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]]
* [[Pashtun culture]]
* [[Zazi]]
* [[Zazi]]
* [[Khattak dance]]


==References==
==References==
Line 121: Line 63:
[[Category:Karlani Pashtun tribes]]
[[Category:Karlani Pashtun tribes]]
[[Category:Pashto-language surnames]]
[[Category:Pashto-language surnames]]
[[Category:Social groups of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Middle East]]
[[Category:Groups claiming Israelite descent]]
[[Category:Groups claiming Israelite descent]]
[[Category:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]]
[[Category:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]]
[[Category:Surnames]]

Latest revision as of 05:38, 29 October 2024

Khattak
خټک‎
Illustration of a Khattak Pashtun tribal chief of Jahangira in 1920
Languages
Pashto
Religion
Islam
Related ethnic groups
Bannuzai · Dawar · Wazir · Afridi
and other Karlani Pashtun tribes

The Khattak (Pashto: خټک) tribe are a prominent Pashtun tribe located in the Khattak territory, which consists of Karak, Nowshera, Kohat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

History

Origins

Multiple British Raj historians have identified the Khattak with the Satragyddae or Sattagudai, an ancient Indo-Aryan tribe inhabiting Gandhara.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] The Sattagudai (Ancient Greek: Σατταγύδαι) were a people mentioned by Herodotus in connection to people under the influence of the Achaemenid Empire.[9] According to Herodotus:[2][10]

The Sattagudai and the Gandarioi and the Dadikai and the Aparutai, who were all reckoned together paid 170 talents.

According to Sir Olaf Caroe:[10]

""Neither Khaṭaks nor Shitaks appear by name until the period of publication of genealogies under the Mughals, and the time of Akbar's dealings with the Khaṭaks for the protection of the highway to Peshawar. Babur indeed in his memoirs mentions the Karranis (Karlanis) whom he encountered in 1505 around Bannu along with the Niazis and Isakhel. It is probable that this reference of his is to Khattaks or Shitaks (Banuchis), or both, for both are Karlani tribes, and the other Karlanis who live in that area, Wazirs and Bangash, Babur mentions by name when he comes to them."

In Nimatullah's 1620 work History of The Afghans, the Khattaks are amongst the oldest of the Afghan tribes.[11]

Khushal Khan Khattak

A warrior poet by the name of Khushal Khan Khattak (1613–1690) was once the chief of this tribe, and his contributions to Pashto literature are considered as classic texts.[12] His life and times are one of the most chronicled and discussed subjects in Pashtun history, as he was active on the political, social and intellectual fora of his times. He was a most voluminous writer, and composed no less than three hundred and sixty literary works, both in the Pashto and Persian languages.[13]

His poetry revolves around concepts of Pakhtunwali; Honour, Justice, Bravery and Nationalism and his works have been translated into numerous languages, English and Urdu being the primary ones.[14]

Notables

See also

References

  1. ^ "Kinship System And Social Organization Of A Village In Balochistan (World System Analysis At Micro Level In Anthropological Perspective)" (PDF). SAVAP International.
  2. ^ a b The Histories of Herodotus, George Rawlinson, Translation 1858–1860.
  3. ^ Guardians of the Khaibar Pass: the social organisation and history of the Afridis of Pakistan David M. Hart Page 7.
  4. ^ The races of Afghanistan being a brief account of the principal nations, By Henry Walter Bellew - 2004 - 124 pages - Page 85.
  5. ^ An inquiry into the ethnography of Afghanistan: prepared and presented to the Ninth international congress of Orientalists, London, September, 1891 - The Oriental university institute, 1891 - 208 pages - pages 107,108,122.
  6. ^ A glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province: Based on the census report for the Punjab, 1883 - Horace Arthur Rose, Sir Denzil Ibbetson, Sir Edward Maclagan - Printed by the superintendent, Government printing, Punjab, 1914 - Page 217.
  7. ^ Qabila: tribal profiles and tribe-state relations in Morocco and on the Afghanistan-Pakistan Frontier - By David M. Hart - - 2001 - 254 pages - Page 152.
  8. ^ Afghanistan of the Afghans - Bhavana Books & Prints, 2000 - 272 pages - Ikbal Ali Shah (Sirdar.) - Page 95.
  9. ^ James Romm; Herodotus (15 March 2014). Histories. Hackett Publishing. p. 181. ISBN 978-1-62466-115-0.
  10. ^ a b "The Pathans 55O B.C.-A.D. 1957 By Sir Olaf Caroe"
  11. ^ Deportation by the Assyrians, Makhzan-i Afghani, page 37: History of the Afghans
  12. ^ Afghan Poetry: Selections from the poems of Khush Hal Khan Khattak., Biddulph, C.D., Saeed Book Bank, Peshawar, 1983 (reprint of 1890 ed.).
  13. ^ Raverty, H. G. (1860). A Grammar of the Pukhto, Pushto: or Language of the Afghans. London. ISBN 9788120602670.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. ^ MacKenzie, D. N. (1965). Poems from the Diwan of Khushâl Khân Khattak. London: Allen & Unwin.
  15. ^ Sadia, Sulaiman (2014). Taliban resurgence in Afghanistan : the role of post-conflict reconstruction (Thesis). Nanyang Technological University. doi:10.32657/10356/62530. hdl:10356/62530.

Further reading

  • Pelevin, Mikhail (2019). "Khaťak". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
  • David M., Hart. Guardians of the Khaibar Pass, the social organisation and history of the Afridis of Pakistan. p. 7.
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