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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
The total population of the [[Nair]] community is disputed, since there has been no caste-based census since 1931. The administrators of the [[British Raj]] had an abiding interest in ethnography but in post-independence India the policy has been generally to ignore it in censuses.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Census in British India: New Perspectives |chapter=Caste and the British Census in Bihar: Using Old Data to Study Contemporary Political Behavior |page=154 |first=Harry W. |last=Blair |editor-first=Norman Gerald |editor-last=Barrier |year=1981 |publisher=Manohar |location=New Delhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EzeaAAAAIAAJ |accessdate=2011-08-28}}</ref>
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
⚫
The total population of the [[Nair]] community is disputed, since there has been no caste-based census since 1931. However, various sources cite figures ranging from 12% to 15%.<ref>[http://www.ucip.ch/rp/ina/tj.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707004409/http://www.ucip.ch/rp/ina/tj.htm|date=7 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nzdl.sadl.uleth.ca/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0edudev--00-0--0-10-0---0---0prompt-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00&cl=CL3.55&d=HASH01aa95e38a1ea7557754f5ea.13&x=1 |title=Kerala: Radical Reform as Development in an Indian State (FF, 1994, 140 p.): 11. Women and the Kerala reforms |publisher=Nzdl.sadl.uleth.ca |accessdate=2011-06-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706211240/http://nzdl.sadl.uleth.ca/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0edudev--00-0--0-10-0---0---0prompt-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00&cl=CL3.55&d=HASH01aa95e38a1ea7557754f5ea.13&x=1 |archivedate=2011-07-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newkerala.com/topstory-fullnews-48081.html |title=Kashmir terror trail vanishes in Kerala's political sands .:. newkerala.com Online News |publisher=Newkerala.com |date= |accessdate=2011-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UpOl35r8UHQC |title=India: development and participation - Google Books |isbn=9780199257492 |accessdate=2011-06-13|last1=Drèze |first1=Jean |last2=Sen |first2=Amartya |year=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref> There is also the practical difficulty of certain Nair subcastes considered as independent castes. Out of the citizens eligible to vote in [[Kerala]], around 12% or 15% belong to the Nair community.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yInZdHn-pKoC |title=India votes: Lok Sabha & Vidhan ... - Google Books |isbn=9788176256476 |accessdate=2011-06-13|last1=Rana |first1=Mahendra Singh |year=2006 |publisher=Sarup & Sons }}</ref> The most reliable population figures comes from two sources. The BCRC estimated Nair population at 14.47% of the total population of Kerala based on a statewide sample survey conducted for the reservation of seats in educational institutions.


The Nair population historically and currently remains concentrated in the capital districts. The Nair population in [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Trivandrum]] and [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] districts has been increasing since the beginning of 19th century.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |last=Blair |first=Harry W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EzeaAAAAIAAJ |title=The Census in British India: New Perspectives |publisher=Manohar |year=1981 |isbn=9780836408478 |editor-last=Barrier |editor-first=Norman Gerald |location=New Delhi |page=154 |chapter=Caste and the British Census in Bihar: Using Old Data to Study Contemporary Political Behavior |accessdate=2011-08-28}}</ref> The Nair population has been declining in Kerala, with some districts having only a small percentage of Nairs. For example, [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] has a Nair population of 1.8%, and [[Kasaragod district|Kasargode]] has about 2.1%.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dynamics of migration in Kerala: dimensions, differentials, and consequences |first1=Kunniparampil Curien |last1=Zachariah |first2=Elangikal Thomas |last2=Mathew |first3=Sebastian Irudaya |last3=Rajan |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=978-81-250-2504-7 |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D497alRZPcoC}}</ref>
⚫
The 1968 Socio-Economic Survey by the Government of Kerala gave the population of the Nair community as 14.41% of the total population of the state. But various sources cite figures ranging from 15%,<ref>[http://www.ucip.ch/rp/ina/tj.htm ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707004409/http://www.ucip.ch/rp/ina/tj.htm |date=July 7, 2011 }}</ref> 16%,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nzdl.sadl.uleth.ca/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0edudev--00-0--0-10-0---0---0prompt-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00&cl=CL3.55&d=HASH01aa95e38a1ea7557754f5ea.13&x=1 |title=Kerala: Radical Reform as Development in an Indian State (FF, 1994, 140 p.): 11. Women and the Kerala reforms |publisher=Nzdl.sadl.uleth.ca |date= |accessdate=2011-06-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706211240/http://nzdl.sadl.uleth.ca/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0edudev--00-0--0-10-0---0---0prompt-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00&cl=CL3.55&d=HASH01aa95e38a1ea7557754f5ea.13&x=1 |archivedate=2011-07-06 |df= }}</ref> 17.5%,{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} 19%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newkerala.com/topstory-fullnews-48081.html |title=Kashmir terror trail vanishes in Kerala's political sands .:. newkerala.com Online News |publisher=Newkerala.com |date= |accessdate=2011-06-13}}</ref> and 20%.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UpOl35r8UHQC |title=India: development and participation - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.co.in |date= |accessdate=2011-06-13}}</ref> There is also the practical difficulty of certain Nair subcastes declaring as independent caste. Out of those citizens who are eligible to vote in Kerala, 15% belong to the Nair community.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yInZdHn-pKoC |title=India votes: Lok Sabha & Vidhan ... - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.co.in |date= |accessdate=2011-06-13}}</ref>
⚫
==Population estimates (Forward Subcastes)==
===[[Travancore]] (south Kerala)===
[[File:Higher caste Nair population in Travancore.png|thumb|right|350px|Higher caste Nair population in [[Travancore]] based on old surveys]]
Illam Nairs constituted more than 70% of the total forward caste Nair population. [[Pillai (Kerala title)|Pillai]], [[Kurup of Travancore|Kurup]], [[Thampi and Thankachi|Thampi]], and [[Meenachil Kartha|Meenachil Karthav]], are the common surnames used by Illam Nairs were gifted by the [[Venad (kingdom)|Venad]] and [[Travancore royal family|Travancore royal families]] to affluent [[Nair|Nairs]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shungoonny Menon |first=P. |url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog |title=A history of Travancore from the earliest times |date=1878 |publisher=Madras, Higginbotham |others=University of California}}</ref> They were the major aristocratic warrior class, Naduvazhi and Deshavazhi in Travancore before the 19th century and considered as highest of all Nairs.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Fuller |first=C. J. |date=December 1975 |title=The Internal Structure of the Nayar Caste |journal=Journal of Anthropological Research |language=en |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=283–312 |doi=10.1086/jar.31.4.3629883 |s2cid=163592798 |issn=0091-7710}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Barrier |first=Norman Gerald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EzeaAAAAIAAJ&q=The+Census+in+British+India |title=The Census in British India: New Perspectives |date=1981 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-0-8364-0847-8 |language=en}}</ref>


[[Swaroopathil Nair|Swaroopathil Nairs]] formed the second-largest forward caste Nair population in Travancore, accounting for more than 22% of the total Nair population. They were found only in Travancore and were a major military caste who mostly soliders of Illam Nair landlords and administrators in Swaroopams.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jeffrey |first=Robin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tCpamOZ0oZwC |title=The Decline of Nair Dominance: Society and Politics in Travancore, 1847-1908 |date=1994 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-065-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
⚫
Nair population has been declining in Kerala. Some of the districts in Kerala have only a small population of Nairs. Malappuram has a Nair population of 1.8% and Kasargode has about 2.1%.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dynamics of migration in Kerala: dimensions, differentials, and consequences |first1=Kunniparampil Curien |last1=Zachariah |first2=Elangikal Thomas |last2=Mathew |first3=Sebastian Irudaya |last3=Rajan |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=978-81-250-2504-7 |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D497alRZPcoC}}</ref>{{pn|date=April 2015}}


Approximately 5.5% (25,164) of the population is recognized as [[Kiryathil Nair|Kiriyam Nairs]], who rank between the Illam and Swaroopathil Nairs in Travancore.
The most reliable population figures comes from two sources. The BCRC estimated Nair population at 14.47% of the total population of Kerala based on a statewide sample survey conducted for the reservation of seats in educational institutions. At the same time, the government for the same purpose, gave a figure of 15.35% based on the Census of Travancore in 1941, Census of Cochin in 1941 & Census of Malabar in 1921.<ref name="books.google.co.in">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pDlh-RIqrfoC |title=Communism in Kerala: a study in ... - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.co.in |date= |accessdate=2011-06-13}}</ref> This figure will be true if the population growth rate is uniform for all the ethnic groups in Kerala. But this is not the case, as according to the 1941 Census, the [[Total Fertility Rate]] varied across various ethnic groups. In 1941, Kammalas had the highest TFR at 3.88 children per woman. They were followed by Ezhavas at 3.84, Syrians at 3.79, Muslims at 3.71 and Nadars at 3.64 children per woman. On the other hand, Nairs had a TFR of only 3.63 children per woman. Below the Nairs were Pulayas (3.43 each), Parayas (3.23), Brahmins (3.13) and Kuravas (3.13).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTS4OO9lcdgC |title=Social development and demographic ... - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.co.in |date= |accessdate=2011-06-13}}</ref>
===[[Malabar District|Malabar]] (north Kerala)===
[[File:Higher caste Nair population in British Malabar.png|thumb|right|350px|Higher subcaste Nair population in Madras ([[Malabar District|Malabar]]) based on old surveys]]
[[Kiryathil Nair|Kiriyathil Nairs]], also known as Vellayama Nairs, are considered the highest subcaste among forward caste Nairs in [[Malabar District|Malabar Districts]], Kiriyathil Nairs mostly found in the [[Palakkad district]], with a very small population in [[Kannur district]]. Kiriyathil Nairs, along with the recently added corresponding castes [[Nambiar (Nair subcaste)|Nambiar]] and [[Nayanar (Nair subcaste)|Nayanar]] they comprising less than 38% of the total Malabar Nairs and second largest forward Nair subcaste in Malabar districts. They were wealthy Nair families, Naduvazhi and Deshavazhi, from Malabar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fawcett |first=F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eF-pMrcqw5UC&q=kiriyathil+nairs |title=Nâyars of Malabar |date=2004-02-01 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0171-0 |language=en}}</ref>


Illathu Nairs make up around 42,429 (14%) of the total Malabar Nairs. They were warriors and managers of Nambudiri Brahmin landlords. Brahmin-dependent Nairs are found only in [[Malabar District|British Malabar]] and [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]].
⚫
==Population estimates==
According to Anthropologists Nairs are ethinically "kshtriya" caste. During the Aryanisation of Kerala Nairs were recruited in large numbers are helpers to Nambudiri households.
⚫
Household sample surveys conducted by the Kerala Statistical Institute, the last of which were in 2000, produced estimates which are:


The [[Swaroopathil Nair|Charnavar]] or Cherna Nairs are the most populous Nair subcaste in British Malabar, constituting around 50% of the total Malabar Nair population. They were the soldiers, accountants, and ministers in Malabar. They were further divided into Akathu Charna and Purath Charna Nairs and were ranked below Kiriyathu and Illathu Nairs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schneider |first=David Murray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qiRL3rnCVfAC&dq=charna+nayar&pg=PA308 |title=Matrilineal Kinship |date=1974 |publisher=University of California Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Barrier |first=Norman Gerald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EzeaAAAAIAAJ&q=The+Census+in+British+India |title=The Census in British India: New Perspectives |date=1981 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-0-8364-0847-8 |language=en}}</ref>
Distribution of Nair population in Kerala.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dynamics of migration in Kerala: dimensions, differentials, and consequences |first1=Kunniparampil Curien |last1=Zachariah |first2=Elangikal Thomas |last2=Mathew |first3=Sebastian Irudaya |last3=Rajan |page=91 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=978-81-250-2504-7 |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D497alRZPcoC&pg=PA91}}</ref><ref>G.O.K 1971: Appendix XVIII : For percentage of Nairs in total population of Kerala, adjusted for decrease due to emigration and low birth rates.</ref>

===[[Kochi|Cochin]] (central Kerala)===
[[File:Higher caste Nair population in Cochin.png|thumb|right|350px|Higher caste Nair population in [[Cochin]] based on old surveys]]
In Cochin, Illathu Nairs formed 42% of the total Nair population. Kiriyam Nairs made up 41%, while Charnavar Nairs constituted 16%.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barrier |first=Norman Gerald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EzeaAAAAIAAJ&q=The+Census+in+British+India |title=The Census in British India: New Perspectives |date=1981 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-0-8364-0847-8 |language=en}}</ref>
==Population estimates (District-wise)==
⚫
Household sample surveys conducted by the Kerala Statistical Institute, the last of which were in 2000{{needs update|date=May 2024}}, produced estimates which were:


[[File:N Census.PNG|thumb|right|350px|Distribution of [[Nair]]s in [[Kerala]] - District-wise.]]
[[File:N Census.PNG|thumb|right|350px|Distribution of [[Nair]]s in [[Kerala]] - District-wise.]]
{|class="wikitable sortable"
{|class="wikitable sortable"
⚫
|+Distribution of Nair population in Kerala.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dynamics of migration in Kerala: dimensions, differentials, and consequences |first1=Kunniparampil Curien |last1=Zachariah |first2=Elangikal Thomas |last2=Mathew |first3=Sebastian Irudaya |last3=Rajan |page=91 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=978-81-250-2504-7 |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D497alRZPcoC&pg=PA91}}</ref><ref name=":1">G.O.K 1971: Appendix XVIII : For percentage of Nairs in total population of Kerala, adjusted for decrease due to emigration and low birth rates.Nairs are kshtriya caste.</ref>
⚫
!rowspan=2|District
!rowspan=2|Total<br>District<br>Population
!colspan=3|Nairs in District

|-
|-
!Numbers
⚫
!'''District'''
!% of District<br>Population
!'''Total Pop'''
!% of<br>Total Nairs<br>in Kerala
!'''Nairs'''
!'''% of Pop'''
⚫
!'''% of Nairs'''
|-
|-
|Kasaragod
|'''Kerala'''
|'''31,838,000'''
|1,203,000
|'''4,457,000'''
|36,000
|'''14.0%'''
|3.0%
|0.8%
|'''100.0%'''
|-
|-
⚫
|Kannur
⚫
|Thiruvananthapuram
|3,235,000
|2,412,000
|575,000
|584,000
|17.8%
|24.2%
|12.9%
|13.1%
|-
|-
|Wayanad
⚫
|Kollam
|2,584,000
|787,000
|793,000
|152,000
|30.7%
|19.3%
|17.8%
|3.4%
|-
|-
⚫
|Kozhikode
⚫
|Pathanamthitta
|1,232,000
|2,878,000
|174,000
|504,000
|14.1%
|17.5%
|3.9%
|11.3%
|-
|-
⚫
|Malappuram
⚫
|Alappuzha
|2,105,000
|3,630,000
|352,000
|80,000
|16.7%
|2.2%
|7.9%
|1.8%
|-
|-
⚫
|Palakkad
⚫
|Kottayam
|1,953,000
|2,617,000
|227,000
|330,000
|11.6%
|12.6%
|5.1%
|7.4%
|-
|-
⚫
|Thrissur
⚫
|Idukki
|1,129,000
|2,975,000
|111,000
|223,000
|9.8%
|7.5%
|2.5%
|5.0%
|-
|-
|Ernakulam
|Ernakulam
Line 70: Line 86:
|7.1%
|7.1%
|-
|-
⚫
|Idukki
⚫
|Thrissur
|2,975,000
|1,129,000
|223,000
|111,000
|7.5%
|9.8%
|5.0%
|2.5%
|-
|-
⚫
|Kottayam
⚫
|Palakkad
|2,617,000
|1,953,000
|330,000
|227,000
|12.6%
|11.6%
|7.4%
|5.1%
|-
|-
⚫
|Alappuzha
⚫
|Malappuram
|3,630,000
|2,105,000
|80,000
|352,000
|2.2%
|16.7%
|1.8%
|7.9%
|-
|-
⚫
|Pathanamthitta
⚫
|Kozhikode
|2,878,000
|1,232,000
|504,000
|174,000
|17.5%
|14.1%
|11.3%
|3.9%
|-
|-
⚫
|Kollam
|Wynad
|787,000
|2,584,000
|152,000
|793,000
|19.3%
|30.7%
|3.4%
|17.8%
|-
|-
⚫
|Thiruvananthapuram
⚫
|Kannur
|2,412,000
|3,235,000
|584,000
|575,000
|24.2%
|17.8%
|13.1%
|12.9%
|-
|-
!Kerala total
|Kasargode
|1,203,000
!31,838,000
|36,000
!4,457,000
|3.0%
!14.9%
|0.8%
!100.0%
|}
|}

== See also ==

⚫
* [[List of Nairs]]
* [[Nair ceremonies and customs]]
* [[Nair Brigade]]
* [[Nayanar (Nair subcaste)]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Demography Of Nair Community}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Demography Of Nair Community}}

Latest revision as of 08:29, 29 October 2024

The total population of the Nair community is disputed, since there has been no caste-based census since 1931. However, various sources cite figures ranging from 12% to 15%.[1][2][3][4] There is also the practical difficulty of certain Nair subcastes considered as independent castes. Out of the citizens eligible to vote in Kerala, around 12% or 15% belong to the Nair community.[5] The most reliable population figures comes from two sources. The BCRC estimated Nair population at 14.47% of the total population of Kerala based on a statewide sample survey conducted for the reservation of seats in educational institutions.

The Nair population historically and currently remains concentrated in the capital districts. The Nair population in Trivandrum and Ernakulam districts has been increasing since the beginning of 19th century.[6] The Nair population has been declining in Kerala, with some districts having only a small percentage of Nairs. For example, Malappuram has a Nair population of 1.8%, and Kasargode has about 2.1%.[7]

Population estimates (Forward Subcastes)

[edit]

Travancore (south Kerala)

[edit]
Higher caste Nair population in Travancore based on old surveys

Illam Nairs constituted more than 70% of the total forward caste Nair population. Pillai, Kurup, Thampi, and Meenachil Karthav, are the common surnames used by Illam Nairs were gifted by the Venad and Travancore royal families to affluent Nairs.[8] They were the major aristocratic warrior class, Naduvazhi and Deshavazhi in Travancore before the 19th century and considered as highest of all Nairs.[9][10]

Swaroopathil Nairs formed the second-largest forward caste Nair population in Travancore, accounting for more than 22% of the total Nair population. They were found only in Travancore and were a major military caste who mostly soliders of Illam Nair landlords and administrators in Swaroopams.[11][9]

Approximately 5.5% (25,164) of the population is recognized as Kiriyam Nairs, who rank between the Illam and Swaroopathil Nairs in Travancore.

Malabar (north Kerala)

[edit]
Higher subcaste Nair population in Madras (Malabar) based on old surveys

Kiriyathil Nairs, also known as Vellayama Nairs, are considered the highest subcaste among forward caste Nairs in Malabar Districts, Kiriyathil Nairs mostly found in the Palakkad district, with a very small population in Kannur district. Kiriyathil Nairs, along with the recently added corresponding castes Nambiar and Nayanar they comprising less than 38% of the total Malabar Nairs and second largest forward Nair subcaste in Malabar districts. They were wealthy Nair families, Naduvazhi and Deshavazhi, from Malabar.[12]

Illathu Nairs make up around 42,429 (14%) of the total Malabar Nairs. They were warriors and managers of Nambudiri Brahmin landlords. Brahmin-dependent Nairs are found only in British Malabar and Cochin.

The Charnavar or Cherna Nairs are the most populous Nair subcaste in British Malabar, constituting around 50% of the total Malabar Nair population. They were the soldiers, accountants, and ministers in Malabar. They were further divided into Akathu Charna and Purath Charna Nairs and were ranked below Kiriyathu and Illathu Nairs.[13][14]

Cochin (central Kerala)

[edit]
Higher caste Nair population in Cochin based on old surveys

In Cochin, Illathu Nairs formed 42% of the total Nair population. Kiriyam Nairs made up 41%, while Charnavar Nairs constituted 16%.[15]

Population estimates (District-wise)

[edit]

Household sample surveys conducted by the Kerala Statistical Institute, the last of which were in 2000[needs update], produced estimates which were:

Distribution of Nairs in Kerala - District-wise.
Distribution of Nair population in Kerala.[16][17]
District Total
District
Population 		Nairs in District
Numbers % of District
Population 		% of
Total Nairs
in Kerala
Kasaragod 1,203,000 36,000 3.0% 0.8%
Kannur 2,412,000 584,000 24.2% 13.1%
Wayanad 787,000 152,000 19.3% 3.4%
Kozhikode 2,878,000 504,000 17.5% 11.3%
Malappuram 3,630,000 80,000 2.2% 1.8%
Palakkad 2,617,000 330,000 12.6% 7.4%
Thrissur 2,975,000 223,000 7.5% 5.0%
Ernakulam 3,098,000 316,000 10.2% 7.1%
Idukki 1,129,000 111,000 9.8% 2.5%
Kottayam 1,953,000 227,000 11.6% 5.1%
Alappuzha 2,105,000 352,000 16.7% 7.9%
Pathanamthitta 1,232,000 174,000 14.1% 3.9%
Kollam 2,584,000 793,000 30.7% 17.8%
Thiruvananthapuram 3,235,000 575,000 17.8% 12.9%
Kerala total 31,838,000 4,457,000 14.9% 100.0%

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ [1] Archived 7 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ "Kerala: Radical Reform as Development in an Indian State (FF, 1994, 140 p.): 11. Women and the Kerala reforms". Nzdl.sadl.uleth.ca. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
  3. ^ "Kashmir terror trail vanishes in Kerala's political sands .:. newkerala.com Online News". Newkerala.com. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
  4. ^ Drèze, Jean; Sen, Amartya (2002). India: development and participation - Google Books. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199257492. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
  5. ^ Rana, Mahendra Singh (2006). India votes: Lok Sabha & Vidhan ... - Google Books. Sarup & Sons. ISBN 9788176256476. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
  6. ^ Blair, Harry W. (1981). "Caste and the British Census in Bihar: Using Old Data to Study Contemporary Political Behavior". In Barrier, Norman Gerald (ed.). The Census in British India: New Perspectives. New Delhi: Manohar. p. 154. ISBN 9780836408478. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
  7. ^ Zachariah, Kunniparampil Curien; Mathew, Elangikal Thomas; Rajan, Sebastian Irudaya (2003). Dynamics of migration in Kerala: dimensions, differentials, and consequences. Orient Longman. ISBN 978-81-250-2504-7.
  8. ^ Shungoonny Menon, P. (1878). A history of Travancore from the earliest times. University of California. Madras, Higginbotham.
  9. ^ a b Fuller, C. J. (December 1975). "The Internal Structure of the Nayar Caste". Journal of Anthropological Research. 31 (4): 283–312. doi:10.1086/jar.31.4.3629883. ISSN 0091-7710. S2CID 163592798.
  10. ^ Barrier, Norman Gerald (1981). The Census in British India: New Perspectives. Manohar. ISBN 978-0-8364-0847-8.
  11. ^ Jeffrey, Robin (1994). The Decline of Nair Dominance: Society and Politics in Travancore, 1847-1908. Manohar. ISBN 978-81-7304-065-8.
  12. ^ Fawcett, F. (1 February 2004). Nâyars of Malabar. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0171-0.
  13. ^ Schneider, David Murray (1974). Matrilineal Kinship. University of California Press.
  14. ^ Barrier, Norman Gerald (1981). The Census in British India: New Perspectives. Manohar. ISBN 978-0-8364-0847-8.
  15. ^ Barrier, Norman Gerald (1981). The Census in British India: New Perspectives. Manohar. ISBN 978-0-8364-0847-8.
  16. ^ Zachariah, Kunniparampil Curien; Mathew, Elangikal Thomas; Rajan, Sebastian Irudaya (2003). Dynamics of migration in Kerala: dimensions, differentials, and consequences. Orient Longman. p. 91. ISBN 978-81-250-2504-7.
  17. ^ G.O.K 1971: Appendix XVIII : For percentage of Nairs in total population of Kerala, adjusted for decrease due to emigration and low birth rates.Nairs are kshtriya caste.
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