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Coordinates: 43°45′36″N 7°27′47″E / 43.759875°N 7.463186111°E / 43.759875; 7.463186111
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{{Short description|Modernist villa in France designed by Eileen Gray}}
{{Coord|43.759875|7.463186111|type:landmark_region:FR|format=dms|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
[[File:Sea_shore_at_Roquebrune.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|E-1027 on the shore of [[Cape Martin]].]]'''E-1027''' is a [[Modern architecture|modernist]] [[villa]] in [[Roquebrune-Cap-Martin]], in the [[Alpes-Maritimes]] [[Departments of France|department]] of [[France]]. It was designed and built from 1926-29 by the Irish architect and furniture designer [[Eileen Gray]]. L-shaped and flat-roofed with floor-to-ceiling windows and a spiral stairway to the guest room, E-1027 was both open and compact. This is considered to be Gray's first major work, making indistinct the border between architecture and decoration, and highly personalized to be in accord with the lifestyle of its intended occupants. The name of the house, E-1027, is a code of [[Eileen Gray]] and [[Jean Badovici]], 'E' standing for Eileen, '10' Jean, '2' Badovici, '7' Gray. The encoded name was Eileen Gray's way of showing their relationship as lovers at the time when built.<ref name=GuardJun13>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2013/jun/30/eileen-gray-e1027-corbusier-review|title=Eileen Gray's E1027 – review|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|author=[[Rowan Moore]]|date=June 30, 2013|accessdate=June 10, 2014}}</ref>
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'''E-1027''' is a [[Modern architecture|modernist]] [[villa]] in [[Roquebrune-Cap-Martin]], in the [[Alpes-Maritimes]] [[Departments of France|department]] of [[France]]. It was designed and built from 1926–1929 by the Irish architect and furniture designer [[Eileen Gray]] and the French/Romanian Architect [[Jean Badovici]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Eileen Gray, Le Corbusier, and the E-1027 House: A Tale of Architecture and Scandal |url=https://www.archdaily.com/902152/eileen-grey-le-corbusier-and-the-e-1027-house-a-tale-of-architecture-and-scandal |website=ArchDaily |date=17 September 2018}}</ref> L-shaped and flat-roofed with floor-to-ceiling windows and a spiral stairway to the guest room, E-1027 was both open and compact.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McCormick |first1=Megan |title=Architects’ summer retreats |url=https://architecturetoday.co.uk/architects-summer-retreats/ |website=Architecture Today |access-date=8 September 2023}}</ref> This is considered to be Gray's first major work, making indistinct the border between architecture and decoration, and highly personalized to be in accord with the lifestyle of its intended occupants. The name of the house, E-1027, is a code of Eileen Gray and [[Jean Badovici]], 'E' standing for Eileen, '10' Jean, '2' Badovici, '7' Gray. The encoded name was Eileen Gray's way of showing their relationship as lovers at the time when built.<ref name=GuardJun13>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2013/jun/30/eileen-gray-e1027-corbusier-review|title=Eileen Gray's E1027 – review|work=[[The Guardian]]|author=Rowan Moore|author-link=Rowan Moore|date=30 June 2013|accessdate=10 June 2014}}</ref>


It is impossible to identify the exact individual contributions of Gray or Badovici to E-1027.<ref name="NYTGray">{{cite news|last=Rawsthorne|first=Alice|title=Eileen Gray, Freed From Seclusion|work=The New York Times|date=24 February 2013|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/25/arts/design/eileen-gray-freed-from-seclusion.html}}</ref> Gray also designed furniture for the house, including a tubular steel table which would enable her sister to eat breakfast in bed without leaving crumbs on sheets, due to an adjustable top that caught the crumbs.<ref name="NYTGray"/>
It is impossible to identify the exact individual contributions of Gray or Badovici to E-1027.<ref name="NYTGray">{{cite news|last=Rawsthorne|first=Alice|title=Eileen Gray, Freed From Seclusion|work=The New York Times|date=24 February 2013|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/25/arts/design/eileen-gray-freed-from-seclusion.html}}</ref> Gray also designed furniture for the house, including a [[Adjustable Table E 1027|tubular steel table]] which would enable her sister to eat breakfast in bed without leaving crumbs on sheets, due to an adjustable top that caught the crumbs.<ref name="NYTGray"/>


Gray and Badovici separated shortly after the completion of the house.<ref name="NYTGray"/> Gray began working on a new house, Tempe à Pailla, in nearby [[Menton]] in 1931.<ref name="NYTGray"/> Tempe à Pailla was furnished by Gray with flexible furniture designed to save space.<ref name="NYTGray"/> Only a later house designed by Gray, Lou Pérou in [[Saint-Tropez]], was fully architecturally realized by her.<ref name="NYTGray"/>
Gray and Badovici separated shortly after the completion of the house and Badovici inherited the house in 1932.<ref name="NYTGray"/>
In 1938/1939 Le Corbusier painted significant murals which survive.<ref>{{cite web |title=Le Corbusier, Eileen Gray, and the E1027 House: Unveiling the Architectural Controversy |url=https://theshelfist.com/le-corbusier-eileen-gray-and-the-e1027-house-unveiling-the-architectural-controversy/ |website=The Shelfist |access-date=27 October 2024 |date=13 February 2024}}</ref>
Gray began working on a new house, Tempe à Pailla, in nearby [[Menton]] in 1931.<ref name="NYTGray"/> Tempe à Pailla was furnished by Gray with flexible furniture designed to save space.<ref name="NYTGray"/> Only a later house designed by Gray, Lou Pérou in [[Saint-Tropez]], was fully architecturally realized by her.<ref name="NYTGray"/>


==E-1027 and Le Corbusier==
==E-1027 and Le Corbusier==
Badovici inherited the house in 1932 and visited regularly with his wife.<ref name=metropolismag>{{cite web |last1=Sayer |first1=Jason |title=The Sordid Saga of Eileen Gray's Iconic E-1027 House |url=https://metropolismag.com/viewpoints/e1027-villa-eileen-gray-crowdfund-preservation/ |website=Metropolis |access-date=27 October 2024 |date=12 September 2018}}</ref>
The Swiss born-French Modernist architect [[Le Corbusier]] was a friend of Badovici and visited the house several times after Badovici and Gray had parted.<ref name=GuardJun13/> While staying as a guest in the house in 1938 and 1939, Le Corbusier painted bright murals on its plain white walls, and sometimes painted in the nude.<ref name=GuardJun13/> This intrusion onto her design infuriated Gray, who considered the murals outright vandalism. Whether he painted these murals out of admiration for her work or jealousy of her accomplishment, Le Corbusier became intricately tied with the future of the house. Failing to purchase it himself, he eventually bought a piece of property just east of E-1027, where he built a small, rustic cabin, his [[Cabanon de vacances]].<ref name=GuardJun13/> The architecture critic [[Rowan Moore]] said of the painting of the murals that "As an act of naked phallocracy, Corbusier's actions are hard to top...", adding that Le Corbusier was "seemingly affronted that a woman could create such a fine work of modernism" so he "asserted his dominion, like a urinating dog, over the territory".<ref name=GuardJun13/> Here he would go for work and quiet contemplation, taking daily swims on the beach outside the house. After he died in those very waters, the whole area was declared a "Site Moderne," or "Modern Site," and deemed an area of cultural and historical importance and international interest. Today, E-1027 is recognized as the founding element of this site.

Furthermore, Eileen Gray was so slow at putting her name forward as being the architect of the house{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}} that for many years it was assumed by many historians and journalists that Le Corbusier was in fact its designer.
The Swiss born-French Modernist architect, designer, painter, urban planner and writer [[Le Corbusier]] was a friend of Badovici and visited the house several times after Badovici and Gray had parted.<ref name=GuardJun13/>

While staying as a guest of Badovici in his house in 1938 and 1939, Le Corbusier painted bright murals on its plain white walls with his permission, sometimes in the nude.<ref name=GuardJun13/> This change to her ex lover's house infuriated Gray, who considered the murals outright vandalism. In 2013, the architecture critic [[Rowan Moore]] said of the painting of the murals that "As an act of naked phallocracy, Corbusier's actions are hard to top...", adding that Le Corbusier was "seemingly affronted that a woman could create such a fine work of modernism" so he "asserted his dominion, like a urinating dog, over the territory".<ref name=GuardJun13/>

Le Corbusier became intricately tied with the future of the house. Failing to purchase it himself, he eventually bought a piece of property just east of E-1027, where he built a small, rustic cabin, his [[Cabanon de vacances]].<ref name="GuardJun13" /> Here he would go for work and quiet contemplation, taking daily swims on the beach outside the house. After, he died in those very waters, the whole area was declared a "Site Moderne," or "Modern Site," and deemed an area of cultural and historical importance and international interest. Today, E-1027 is recognized as the founding element of this site.


==E-1027 today==
==E-1027 today==
E-1027 is currently undergoing restoration. Gray's original furniture has been removed from the house, and was sold in the early 1990s at the auction house [[Sotheby's]].<ref name=GuardJun13/> [[Replica furniture]] will be supplied for the house by Zeev Aram, a champion of Gray's work.<ref name=GuardJun13/> Plans for its renovation are being prepared by the French government, who have designated it as a French National Cultural Monument. As a result, the state of France and the city of Roquebrune Cap Martin - through the national agency "[[Conservatoire du littoral]]" <ref>{{cite web |first=Shane |last=O'Toole |url=http://archiseek.com/2002/eileen-gray-e-1027-roquebrune-cap-martin/ |title=Eileen Gray: E-1027, Roquebrune Cap Martin |publisher=Archiseek |date=March 17, 2002 |accessdate=February 7, 2012}}</ref> - bought the villa in 1999 and made it secure provisionally. A signboard informs that E-1027 will be restored: the restoration is an initiative of the state of France, the department "Alpes Maritimes" and the city of Roquebrune (expenses to be borne 50% / 10% / 40% respectively).
After its lengthy restoration, E-1027 opened to the public in July 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2021|title=Eileen Gray’s renovated E-1027 villa reopens in Côte d’Azur|url=https://www.wallpaper.com/architecture/eileen-gray-renovated-e-1027-reopens-cote-d-azur-france|access-date=27 July 2021|website=Wallpaper*}}</ref> Gray's original furniture has been removed from the house, and was sold in the early 1990s at the auction house [[Sotheby's]].<ref name=GuardJun13/> [[Replica furniture]] was to be supplied for the house by [[Zeev Aram]], a champion of Gray's work.<ref name=GuardJun13/> Plans for the renovation were prepared by the French government, who designated it as a French National Cultural Monument. As a result, the state of France and the city of Roquebrune Cap Martin - through the national agency "[[Conservatoire du littoral]]" <ref>{{cite web |first=Shane |last=O'Toole |url=http://archiseek.com/2002/eileen-gray-e-1027-roquebrune-cap-martin/ |title=Eileen Gray: E-1027, Roquebrune Cap Martin |work=Archiseek |date=17 March 2002 |accessdate=7 February 2012}}</ref> - bought the villa in 1999 and made it secure provisionally. A signboard during the restoration designated the restoration as an initiative of the state of France, the department "Alpes Maritimes" and the city of Roquebrune (expenses to be borne 50% / 10% / 40% respectively).


The house is owned by the [[Conservatoire du littoral]], who have delegated responsibility for it to the local commune of Roquebrune-Cap-Martin.<ref name=GuardJun13/> It was the wish of Roquebrune-Cap-Martin that the restoration of E-1027 be managed by the architect Renaud Barres, who had previously produced a study on a possible restoration of the house, and that Barres should work with Burkhardt Rukschcio, an architect who had restored modernist buildings.<ref name=GuardJun13/> The French Ministry of Culture wished that the restoration be managed by Pierre-Antoine Gatier, the chief architect for historic monuments in the south of France, who had little experience of modern buildings.<ref name=GuardJun13/>
The house is owned by the [[Conservatoire du littoral]], who have delegated responsibility for it to the local commune of Roquebrune-Cap-Martin.<ref name=GuardJun13/> It was the wish of Roquebrune-Cap-Martin that the restoration of E-1027 be managed by the architect Renaud Barres, who had previously produced a study on a possible restoration of the house, and that Barres should work with Burkhardt Rukschcio, an architect who had restored modernist buildings.<ref name=GuardJun13/> The French Ministry of Culture wished that the restoration be managed by Pierre-Antoine Gatier, the chief architect for historic monuments in the south of France, who had little experience of modern buildings.<ref name=GuardJun13/>


By 2013 the restoration had cost [[Euro|€]]600,000, and was criticised by Barres and Rukschcio who had produced a "dossier which details, with convincing photographic evidence, departures from Gray's intent: thickening of metal rails, original glazing and light switches replaced by standard 21st-century products, a stair clumsily misplaced and mis-dimensioned, a colour scheme different from the 1929 version."<ref name=GuardJun13/> In 2016, the [[Getty Foundation]] contributed a $200,000 grant to the ongoing restoration work.<ref>Deborah Vankin (July 26, 2016), [http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-getty-keeping-it-modern-recipients-20160726-snap-story.html Getty Foundation announces 2016 Keeping It Modern grantees] ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''</ref>
By 2013 the restoration had cost [[Euro|€]]600,000, and was criticised by Barres and Rukschcio who produced a "dossier which details, with convincing photographic evidence, departures from Gray's intent: thickening of metal rails, original glazing and light switches replaced by standard 21st-century products, a stair clumsily misplaced and mis-dimensioned, a colour scheme different from the 1929 version."<ref name=GuardJun13/> In 2016, the [[Getty Foundation]] contributed a $200,000 grant to the ongoing restoration work.<ref>Deborah Vankin (26 July 2016). "[http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-getty-keeping-it-modern-recipients-20160726-snap-story.html Getty Foundation announces 2016 Keeping It Modern grantees]". ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''.</ref>


[[File:E1027 2013 01.jpg|thumb|E-1027 after restoration (2013) corrosion of the frames and of the metal work]]
[[File:E1027 2013 01.jpg|thumb|E-1027 after restoration (2013) corrosion of the frames and of the metal work]]
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Visits are by guided tour only and for groups of no more than 12 persons.
Visits are by guided tour only and for groups of no more than 12 persons.


A biographical film about Gray, ''The Price of Desire'', directed by the Irish film director [[Mary McGuckian]], and starring [[Shannyn Sossamon]] and [[Alanis Morissette]], and [[Vincent Pérez]] as Le Corbusier, is currently in production.<ref name=GuardJun13/> The production of the film has enabled the restoration of certain parts of E-1027.<ref name=GuardJun13/>
The production of a 2015 biographical film about Gray, ''[[The Price of Desire]]'', supported part of the restoration.<ref name=GuardJun13/>


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commonscat|Villa E-1027}}
{{Commons category|Villa E-1027}}
*[https://capmoderne.monuments-nationaux.fr/en/ Official website]
*[http://eileengray-etoiledemer-lecorbusier.org/association/lassociation/ Eileen Gray. Etoile de mer. Le Corbusier]
*[http://eileengray-etoiledemer-lecorbusier.org/association/lassociation/ Eileen Gray. Etoile de mer. Le Corbusier]
*[http://e1027.org/ Friends of E.1027]
*[http://e1027.org/ Friends of E.1027]
*[http://fr.slideshare.net/Rukschcio/e-1027-restoration-first-analysis-rukschciobarres/ Rukschcio and Barres analysis of recent restoration]
*[http://fr.slideshare.net/Rukschcio/e-1027-restoration-first-analysis-rukschciobarres/ Rukschcio and Barres: Analysis of recent restoration]
*[https://www.wsj.com/articles/le-corbusiers-role-in-the-controversy-over-eileens-grays-e1027-1376948447 Le Corbusier's Role in the Controversy Over Eileen Gray's E.1027]
*[https://www.wsj.com/articles/le-corbusiers-role-in-the-controversy-over-eileens-grays-e1027-1376948447 Le Corbusier's Role in the Controversy Over Eileen Gray's E.1027]
*[http://www.pash-living.co.uk/blog/contemporary-designers/eileen-gray-le-corbusier-and-e-1027.html Eileen Gray, Le Corbusier and E.1027]
*{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817041834/http://www.pash-living.co.uk/blog/contemporary-designers/eileen-gray-le-corbusier-and-e-1027.html |title=Eileen Gray, Le Corbusier and E.1027 |date=17 August 2016 }}

*[https://capmoderne.com/en/preparer_sa_visite/ Cap Moderne]
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Eileen Gray buildings]]
[[Category:Eileen Gray buildings]]
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[[Category:Houses in Alpes-Maritimes]]
[[Category:Houses in Alpes-Maritimes]]
[[Category:Interior design]]
[[Category:Interior design]]
[[Category:International style architecture]]
[[Category:International style architecture in Europe]]
[[Category:Modernist architecture in France]]
[[Category:Modernist architecture in France]]
[[Category:Villas in France]]
[[Category:Villas in France]]

Latest revision as of 08:57, 29 October 2024

E-1027
E-1027 on the shore of Cape Martin.
E-1027 is located in France
E-1027
General information
Architectural styleModernism
Town or cityRoquebrune-Cap-Martin
CountryFrance
Coordinates43°45′36″N 7°27′47″E / 43.759875°N 7.463186111°E / 43.759875; 7.463186111
Design and construction
Architect(s)Eileen Gray

E-1027 is a modernist villa in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, in the Alpes-Maritimes department of France. It was designed and built from 1926–1929 by the Irish architect and furniture designer Eileen Gray and the French/Romanian Architect Jean Badovici.[1] L-shaped and flat-roofed with floor-to-ceiling windows and a spiral stairway to the guest room, E-1027 was both open and compact.[2] This is considered to be Gray's first major work, making indistinct the border between architecture and decoration, and highly personalized to be in accord with the lifestyle of its intended occupants. The name of the house, E-1027, is a code of Eileen Gray and Jean Badovici, 'E' standing for Eileen, '10' Jean, '2' Badovici, '7' Gray. The encoded name was Eileen Gray's way of showing their relationship as lovers at the time when built.[3]

It is impossible to identify the exact individual contributions of Gray or Badovici to E-1027.[4] Gray also designed furniture for the house, including a tubular steel table which would enable her sister to eat breakfast in bed without leaving crumbs on sheets, due to an adjustable top that caught the crumbs.[4]

Gray and Badovici separated shortly after the completion of the house and Badovici inherited the house in 1932.[4] In 1938/1939 Le Corbusier painted significant murals which survive.[5] Gray began working on a new house, Tempe à Pailla, in nearby Menton in 1931.[4] Tempe à Pailla was furnished by Gray with flexible furniture designed to save space.[4] Only a later house designed by Gray, Lou Pérou in Saint-Tropez, was fully architecturally realized by her.[4]

E-1027 and Le Corbusier

[edit]

Badovici inherited the house in 1932 and visited regularly with his wife.[6]

The Swiss born-French Modernist architect, designer, painter, urban planner and writer Le Corbusier was a friend of Badovici and visited the house several times after Badovici and Gray had parted.[3]

While staying as a guest of Badovici in his house in 1938 and 1939, Le Corbusier painted bright murals on its plain white walls with his permission, sometimes in the nude.[3] This change to her ex lover's house infuriated Gray, who considered the murals outright vandalism. In 2013, the architecture critic Rowan Moore said of the painting of the murals that "As an act of naked phallocracy, Corbusier's actions are hard to top...", adding that Le Corbusier was "seemingly affronted that a woman could create such a fine work of modernism" so he "asserted his dominion, like a urinating dog, over the territory".[3]

Le Corbusier became intricately tied with the future of the house. Failing to purchase it himself, he eventually bought a piece of property just east of E-1027, where he built a small, rustic cabin, his Cabanon de vacances.[3] Here he would go for work and quiet contemplation, taking daily swims on the beach outside the house. After, he died in those very waters, the whole area was declared a "Site Moderne," or "Modern Site," and deemed an area of cultural and historical importance and international interest. Today, E-1027 is recognized as the founding element of this site.

E-1027 today

[edit]

After its lengthy restoration, E-1027 opened to the public in July 2021.[7] Gray's original furniture has been removed from the house, and was sold in the early 1990s at the auction house Sotheby's.[3] Replica furniture was to be supplied for the house by Zeev Aram, a champion of Gray's work.[3] Plans for the renovation were prepared by the French government, who designated it as a French National Cultural Monument. As a result, the state of France and the city of Roquebrune Cap Martin - through the national agency "Conservatoire du littoral" [8] - bought the villa in 1999 and made it secure provisionally. A signboard during the restoration designated the restoration as an initiative of the state of France, the department "Alpes Maritimes" and the city of Roquebrune (expenses to be borne 50% / 10% / 40% respectively).

The house is owned by the Conservatoire du littoral, who have delegated responsibility for it to the local commune of Roquebrune-Cap-Martin.[3] It was the wish of Roquebrune-Cap-Martin that the restoration of E-1027 be managed by the architect Renaud Barres, who had previously produced a study on a possible restoration of the house, and that Barres should work with Burkhardt Rukschcio, an architect who had restored modernist buildings.[3] The French Ministry of Culture wished that the restoration be managed by Pierre-Antoine Gatier, the chief architect for historic monuments in the south of France, who had little experience of modern buildings.[3]

By 2013 the restoration had cost 600,000, and was criticised by Barres and Rukschcio who produced a "dossier which details, with convincing photographic evidence, departures from Gray's intent: thickening of metal rails, original glazing and light switches replaced by standard 21st-century products, a stair clumsily misplaced and mis-dimensioned, a colour scheme different from the 1929 version."[3] In 2016, the Getty Foundation contributed a $200,000 grant to the ongoing restoration work.[9]

E-1027 after restoration (2013) corrosion of the frames and of the metal work
E-1027 after restoration (2013) one example of many cracked walls

Visits are by guided tour only and for groups of no more than 12 persons.

The production of a 2015 biographical film about Gray, The Price of Desire, supported part of the restoration.[3]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Eileen Gray, Le Corbusier, and the E-1027 House: A Tale of Architecture and Scandal". ArchDaily. 17 September 2018.
  2. ^ McCormick, Megan. "Architects' summer retreats". Architecture Today. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Rowan Moore (30 June 2013). "Eileen Gray's E1027 – review". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Rawsthorne, Alice (24 February 2013). "Eileen Gray, Freed From Seclusion". The New York Times.
  5. ^ "Le Corbusier, Eileen Gray, and the E1027 House: Unveiling the Architectural Controversy". The Shelfist. 13 February 2024. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  6. ^ Sayer, Jason (12 September 2018). "The Sordid Saga of Eileen Gray's Iconic E-1027 House". Metropolis. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  7. ^ "Eileen Gray's renovated E-1027 villa reopens in Côte d'Azur". Wallpaper*. 20 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  8. ^ O'Toole, Shane (17 March 2002). "Eileen Gray: E-1027, Roquebrune Cap Martin". Archiseek. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
  9. ^ Deborah Vankin (26 July 2016). "Getty Foundation announces 2016 Keeping It Modern grantees". Los Angeles Times.
[edit]