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Map of Paraguay, drawn by John Lane, brother of William Lane. New Australia and Cosme were both southeast of Asunción, the capital of Paraguay, Nueva Londres, just northwest of Coronel Oviedo and Cosme, near Villarrica.

New Australia was a utopian socialist settlement in Paraguay created by the New Australian Movement. The colony was officially founded on 28 September 1893 as Colonia Nueva Australia and comprised 238 people.^[1]

History

The New Australia Co-operative Settlement Association, known in short as the New Australia Movement, was founded by William Lane in 1892. Lane was a prominent figure in the Australian labour movement and had founded Australia's first labour newspaper—The Worker—in 1890. A split in the Australian labour movement between those who went on to form the Australian Labor Party spurred Lane's intent to found a socialist utopia outside Australia. Lane's ideal^[2] was to build a society based on:

A common-hold, rather than a common-wealth
A brotherhood of English-speaking Whites
Life marriage
Preservation of the 'Colour-Line'
Teetotalism
Communism

His concept of 'common-hold' was that each member of a society should be able to withdraw their proportion of the society's wealth if they chose to leave.

Lane's was not the only influence urging Australians at the time towards a socialist community: utopian Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward was also popular with socialists and led many urban followers of Lane to expect that they would live in luxury in a socialist commune like that of Bellamy's fiction.

Paraguay was chosen as the site of the settlement. Lane recruited many, and the first ship left Sydney in July 1893 for Paraguay, where the government was keen to get white settlers and had offered the group a large area of good land. While it is generally agreed that there were some able settlers, there seems to be some dispute about the character of the New Australia settlers as a whole. It has been described as a Cave of Adullam to misfits, failures, and malcontents of the left-wing of Australian democracy.^[3] Notable Australian individuals who joined the colony included Mary Gilmore, Rose Summerfield, Gilbert Stephen Casey, and George Birks and his family. But according to M. de C. Findlay, the Second Secretary of the Legation at Buenos Aires, who was sent to the colony by the British Consul at Asunción, they were, "a fine class of men".^[4] Men were required to pay a minimum of £60 (but including all their assets) to join the colony, a sum large enough in 1893 Australia to usually require the selling of a home, so complete failures would have been necessarily excluded.

The founding of the settlement was of interest to left-wing thinkers worldwide: on the subject, Peter Kropotkin said,

The fact that men and women, who have made Australia what it is, are compelled to migrate from it, speaks volumes in itself. 'Make the land, be the dung which renders it productive, build the centres of civilisation which render it valuable — and go away!' That is the true picture of modern capitalist management. The same here, the same at the antipodes — always the same!^[5]

One group of settlers came from the Union movement—John Naphthali "Jack" Dias (11 May 1861 – 13 August 1924) and a handful of followers, dispirited after the failure of the 1890 Australian maritime dispute, 1891 Australian shearers' strike, and the 1892 Broken Hill miners' strike, were among those who decided there was no hope for workers in Australia, and under the influence of Lane's oratory joined the cooperative that purchased the ship Royal Tar to take them to Paraguay and "New Australia".^[6] According to Voltaire Molesworth, who was brought to the colony by his father as an infant, a farewell gathering was held at the Sydney Domain prior to the departure of Royal Tar. The meeting was chaired by future prime minister Chris Watson and also featured an address by William Holman, with Watson reportedly speaking of "the workingman's paradise to be established in the hinterland of tropical America".^[7]

There was conflict among the settlers from the beginning over prohibition of alcohol, relations with the locals, and Lane's leadership: "I can't help feeling that the movement cannot result in success if that incompetent man Lane continues to mismanage so utterly as he has done up to the present," wrote colonist Tom Westwood.^[8] Problems intensified after a second group of colonists arrived in 1894. Dissension caused a rift in the colony, and in May 1894, Lane and 58 others left New Australia to found Cosme, a new colony 72 kilometres farther south. Eventually, New Australia was dissolved as a cooperative by the government of Paraguay, and each settler was given their own piece of land.^[3]

Some colonists founded communes elsewhere in Paraguay, others went home to Australia or on to England; some 2,000 descendants of the New Australia colonists still live in Paraguay.^[8]^[9]^[10]

The 1997 book Paradise Mislaid by Anne Whitehead is about the colonists and their descendants today.^[11] There is also a fictional retelling of the story by Michael Wilding, called The Paraguayan Experiment.^[12] The classic account is historian Gavin Souter's A Peculiar People, written in 1968.^[13]

The town, only a few hours' bus ride from Iguazu Falls, had about 300 residents in 2007.^{[citation needed]}

References in popular culture

The story of New Australia was dramatised in the 1947 stage play Hail Tomorrow, by Vance Palmer.

The title track to the 1980 Redgum album, Virgin Ground, is about the New Australia colony.

Personalities

William Lane (1861–1917, founder, journalist)
Gilbert Casey (1856–1946, co-founder, chief of police)
Rose Summerfield (1864–1922)
León Cadogan (1899–1973, ethnologist, raised in New Australia)
Robin Wood (1944–2021, comics writer, born in New Australia)
James Murdoch (orientalist)

References

^ "Cosme and New Australia colonies". National Library of Australia. Retrieved 27 July 2006.
^ Cosme Monthly, June 1895
^ ^a ^b Australian Encyclopaedia. Vol. 2. Angus and Robertson Limited. 1926. p. 191.
^ Grahame, Stewart (1912). Where Socialism Failed: an Actual Experiment. London: John Murry. p. 106. ISBN 978-1165791873.
^ "Kropotkin, Peter (1892–1921)".
^ "In the Cause of the Worker: The life of John Dias". Retrieved 9 June 2023.
^ Molesworth, Voltaire (31 July 1926). "Leon Cadogan's plea to Australia". Smith's Weekly.
^ ^a ^b "Trouble in Paraguay". ANU Reporter. Spring 2004.
^ Eric Campbell (26 September 2006). "Paraguay Aussies". Final Story, Series 16, Episode 12. ABC Television. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2009.
^ Paraguay Aussies – Peru. Journeyman Pictures / ABC. 26 September 2006.
^ Whitehead, Anne (1997). Paradise Mislaid – in Search of the Australian Tribe of Paraguay. St. Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press. ISBN 0-7022-2651-3.
^ Wilding, Michael (1984). The Paraguayan Experiment. Ringwood Victoria: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-007360-4.
^ Souter, Gavin (1968). A peculiar people: The Australians in Paraguay. Sydney: Angus and Robertson. ISBN 0-207-95037-7.

External links

[1] "Cosme and New Australia colonies". National Library of Australia. Retrieved 27 July 2006.

[2] Cosme Monthly, June 1895

[AE191-3] Australian Encyclopaedia. Vol. 2. Angus and Robertson Limited. 1926. p. 191.

[4] Grahame, Stewart (1912). Where Socialism Failed: an Actual Experiment. London: John Murry. p. 106. ISBN 978-1165791873.

[5] "Kropotkin, Peter (1892–1921)".

[6] "In the Cause of the Worker: The life of John Dias". Retrieved 9 June 2023.

[7] Molesworth, Voltaire (31 July 1926). "Leon Cadogan's plea to Australia". Smith's Weekly.

[ANU-8] "Trouble in Paraguay". ANU Reporter. Spring 2004.

[9] Eric Campbell (26 September 2006). "Paraguay Aussies". Final Story, Series 16, Episode 12. ABC Television. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2009.

[10] Paraguay Aussies – Peru. Journeyman Pictures / ABC. 26 September 2006.

[11] Whitehead, Anne (1997). Paradise Mislaid – in Search of the Australian Tribe of Paraguay. St. Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press. ISBN 0-7022-2651-3.

[12] Wilding, Michael (1984). The Paraguayan Experiment. Ringwood Victoria: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-007360-4.

[13] Souter, Gavin (1968). A peculiar people: The Australians in Paraguay. Sydney: Angus and Robertson. ISBN 0-207-95037-7.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|19th-century Australian settlement in Paraguay}}
 {{distinguish|text=[[New Australians]], the term coined by Arthur Calwell to describe immigrants to Australia after World War II}}
-{{More footnotes needed|date=August 2021}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
 [[File:Cosme.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Map of Paraguay, drawn by John Lane, brother of William Lane. New Australia and Cosme were both southeast of [[Asunción]], the capital of Paraguay, [[Nueva Londres]], just northwest of [[Coronel Oviedo]] and Cosme, near [[Villarrica, Paraguay|Villarrica]].]]
 {{Australian socialism |expanded=Related}}
-'''New Australia''' was a [[utopia]]n socialist settlement in [[Paraguay]] created by the '''New Australian Movement'''. The colony was officially founded on 28&nbsp;September 1893 as Colonia Nueva Australia and comprised 238 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nationaltreasures.nla.gov.au/index/Treasures/item/nla.int-ex7-s10/nla.int-ex7-s10|title=Cosme and New Australia colonies|work=National Library of Australia|access-date=2006-07-27}}</ref>
+'''New Australia''' was a [[Utopian socialism|utopian socialist]] settlement in [[Paraguay]] created by the '''New Australian Movement'''. The colony was officially founded on 28&nbsp;September 1893 as Colonia Nueva Australia and comprised 238 people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nationaltreasures.nla.gov.au/index/Treasures/item/nla.int-ex7-s10/nla.int-ex7-s10 |title=Cosme and New Australia colonies |work=[[National Library of Australia]] |access-date=27 July 2006}}</ref>
 ==History==
 [[File:New Australia settlement, Paraguay, between 1892-1905 - unknown photographer (3532740438).jpg|thumb|New Australia settlement between 1892 and 1905]]
-The New Australia Co-operative Settlement Association, known in short as the New Australia Movement, was founded by [[William Lane]] in 1892. Lane was a prominent figure in the [[Australian labour movement]] and had founded Australia's first labour newspaper—the ''[[The Worker (Brisbane)|Queensland Worker]]''—in 1890. A split in the Australian labour movement between those who went on to form the [[Australian Labor Party]] spurred Lane's intent to found a [[socialist utopia]] outside Australia. Lane's ideal<ref>''Cosme Monthly'', June 1895</ref> was to build a society based on:
+The New Australia Co-operative Settlement Association, known in short as the New Australia Movement, was founded by [[William Lane]] in 1892. Lane was a prominent figure in the [[Australian labour movement]] and had founded Australia's first labour newspaper—''[[The Worker (Brisbane)|The Worker]]''—in 1890. A split in the Australian labour movement between those who went on to form the [[Australian Labor Party]] spurred Lane's intent to found a [[socialist utopia]] outside Australia. Lane's ideal<ref>''Cosme Monthly'', June 1895</ref> was to build a society based on:
 # A common-hold, rather than a common-wealth
 # A brotherhood of English-speaking Whites
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 Lane's was not the only influence urging Australians at the time towards a socialist community: utopian [[Edward Bellamy]]'s ''[[Looking Backward]]'' was also popular with socialists and led many urban followers of Lane to expect that they would live in luxury in a socialist commune like that of Bellamy's fiction.
-Paraguay was chosen as the site of the settlement. Lane recruited many, and the first ship left Sydney in July 1893 for Paraguay, where the government was keen to get white settlers and had offered the group a large area of good land. While it is generally agreed that there were some able settlers, there seems to be some dispute about the character of the New Australia settlers as a whole. It has been described as a [[Cave of Adullam]] to misfits, failures, and malcontents of the left-wing of Australian democracy.<ref name= "AE191">''Australian Encyclopaedia'' Volume 2, p 191, Angus and Robertson Limited, 1926</ref> Notable Australian individuals who joined the colony included [[Mary Gilmore]], [[Rose Summerfield]], [[Gilbert Stephen Casey]], and [[Birks Chemists|George Birks]] and his family.
+Paraguay was chosen as the site of the settlement. Lane recruited many, and the first ship left Sydney in July 1893 for Paraguay, where the government was keen to get white settlers and had offered the group a large area of good land. While it is generally agreed that there were some able settlers, there seems to be some dispute about the character of the New Australia settlers as a whole. It has been described as a [[Cave of Adullam]] to misfits, failures, and malcontents of the left-wing of Australian democracy.<ref name= "AE191">{{cite book |title=Australian Encyclopaedia |volume=2 |page=191 |publisher=[[Angus and Robertson]] Limited |date=1926}}</ref> Notable Australian individuals who joined the colony included [[Mary Gilmore]], [[Rose Summerfield]], [[Gilbert Stephen Casey]], and [[Birks Chemists|George Birks]] and his family.
-But according to M. de C. Findlay, the Second Secretary of the Legation at Buenos Aires, who was sent to the colony by the British Consul at [[Asunción]], they were, "a fine class of men".<ref>{{cite book|last=Grahame|first=Stewart|title=Where Socialism Failed: an Actual Experiment|year=1912|publisher=John Murry|location=London|page=106|isbn=978-1165791873|url=https://archive.org/stream/wheresocialismf00willgoog#page/n128/mode/2up}}</ref> Men were required to pay a minimum of £60 (but including all their assets) to join the colony, a sum large enough in 1893 Australia to usually require the selling of a home, so complete failures would have been necessarily excluded.
+But according to M. de C. Findlay, the Second Secretary of the Legation at Buenos Aires, who was sent to the colony by the British Consul at [[Asunción]], they were, "a fine class of men".<ref>{{cite book |last=Grahame |first=Stewart |title=Where Socialism Failed: an Actual Experiment |year=1912 |publisher=John Murry |location=London |page=106 |isbn=978-1165791873 |url=https://archive.org/stream/wheresocialismf00willgoog#page/n128/mode/2up}}</ref> Men were required to pay a minimum of £60 (but including all their assets) to join the colony, a sum large enough in 1893 Australia to usually require the selling of a home, so complete failures would have been necessarily excluded.
 The founding of the settlement was of interest to left-wing thinkers worldwide: on the subject, [[Peter Kropotkin]] said,
@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 [[File:New Australia.jpg|thumb|right|200px|New Australia, Paraguay]]
+One group of settlers came from the Union movement—John Naphthali "Jack" Dias (11 May 1861 – 13 August 1924) and a handful of followers, dispirited after the failure of the [[1890 Australian maritime dispute]], [[1891 Australian shearers' strike]], and the [[1892 Broken Hill miners' strike]], were among those who decided there was no hope for workers in Australia, and under the influence of Lane's oratory joined the cooperative that purchased the ship ''Royal Tar'' to take them to Paraguay and "New Australia".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://labourhistorycanberra.org/2015/05/in-the-cause-of-the-worker-the-life-of-john-dias/ |title=In the Cause of the Worker: The life of John Dias |access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref> According to [[Voltaire Molesworth]], who was brought to the colony by his father as an infant, a farewell gathering was held at the [[The Domain, Sydney|Sydney Domain]] prior to the departure of ''Royal Tar''. The meeting was chaired by future prime minister [[Chris Watson]] and also featured an address by [[William Holman]], with Watson reportedly speaking of "the workingman's paradise to be established in the hinterland of tropical America".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/234438337|title=Leon Cadogan's plea to Australia|newspaper=Smith's Weekly|date=31 July 1926|first=Voltaire|last=Molesworth}}</ref>
 There was conflict among the settlers from the beginning over prohibition of alcohol, relations with the locals, and Lane's leadership: "I can't help feeling that the movement cannot result in success if that incompetent man Lane continues to mismanage so utterly as he has done up to the present," wrote colonist Tom Westwood.<ref name = "ANU">{{Cite web |work=[[ANU]] Reporter |date=Spring 2004 |url=http://info.anu.edu.au/mac/Newsletters_and_Journals/ANU_Reporter/Spring_2004/_Paraguay.asp |title=Trouble in Paraguay}}</ref> Problems intensified after a second group of colonists arrived in 1894. Dissension caused a rift in the colony, and in May 1894, Lane and 58 others left New Australia to found Cosme, a new colony 72 kilometres farther south. Eventually, New Australia was dissolved as a cooperative by the government of Paraguay, and each settler was given their own piece of land.<ref name= "AE191"/>
-Some colonists founded communes elsewhere in Paraguay, others went home to Australia or on to England; some 2,000 descendants of the New Australia colonists still live in Paraguay.<ref name = "ANU"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/content/2006/s1740393.htm |title=Paraguay Aussies |publisher=[[ABC Television (Australian TV network)|ABC Television]] |work=Final Story, Series 16, Episode 12 |date=September 26, 2006 |author=Eric Campbell |access-date=December 18, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113093523/http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/content/2006/s1740393.htm |archive-date=January 13, 2013 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite video |title=Paraguay Aussies – Peru |date=September 26, 2006 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Fbt9QiLWWc |publisher=Journeyman Pictures / [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]]}}</ref>
+Some colonists founded communes elsewhere in Paraguay, others went home to Australia or on to England; some 2,000 descendants of the New Australia colonists still live in Paraguay.<ref name = "ANU"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/content/2006/s1740393.htm |title=Paraguay Aussies |publisher=[[ABC Television (Australian TV network)|ABC Television]] |work=Final Story, Series 16, Episode 12 |date=26 September 2006 |author=Eric Campbell |access-date=18 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113093523/http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/content/2006/s1740393.htm |archive-date=13 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite video |title=Paraguay Aussies – Peru |date=26 September 2006 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Fbt9QiLWWc |publisher=Journeyman Pictures / [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]]}}</ref>
-The 1997 book ''Paradise Mislaid'' by Anne Whitehead is about the colonists and their descendants today.<ref>Anne Whitehead (1997) ''Paradise Mislaid – in Search of the Australian Tribe of Paraguay''. University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, Queensland. {{ISBN|0-7022-2651-3}}</ref>  There is also a fictional retelling of the story by [[Michael Wilding (writer)|Michael Wilding]], called ''The Paraguayan Experiment''.<ref>Michael Wilding (1984)''The Paraguayan Experiment''. [[Penguin Books]], Ringwood Victoria. {{ISBN|0-14-007360-4}}</ref> The classic account is historian [[Gavin Souter]]'s ''A Peculiar People'', written in 1968.<ref>Gavin Souter (1968) ''A peculiar people: The Australians in Paraguay.'' [[Angus and Robertson]], Sydney. {{ISBN|0-207-95037-7}}</ref>
+The 1997 book ''Paradise Mislaid'' by Anne Whitehead is about the colonists and their descendants today.<ref>{{cite book |first=Anne |last=Whitehead |date=1997 |title=Paradise Mislaid – in Search of the Australian Tribe of Paraguay |publisher=[[University of Queensland Press]] |location=St. Lucia, Queensland |isbn=0-7022-2651-3}}</ref> There is also a fictional retelling of the story by [[Michael Wilding (writer)|Michael Wilding]], called ''The Paraguayan Experiment''.<ref>{{cite book |first=Michael |last=Wilding |date=1984 |title=The Paraguayan Experiment |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=Ringwood Victoria |isbn=0-14-007360-4}}</ref> The classic account is historian [[Gavin Souter]]'s ''A Peculiar People'', written in 1968.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gavin |last=Souter |date=1968 |title=A peculiar people: The Australians in Paraguay |publisher=[[Angus and Robertson]] |location=Sydney |isbn=0-207-95037-7}}</ref>
 The town, only a few hours' bus ride from [[Iguazu Falls]], had about 300 residents in 2007.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}
-== References in popular culture ==
+==References in popular culture==
+The story of New Australia was dramatised in the 1947 stage play ''[[Hail Tomorrow]]'', by [[Vance Palmer]].
-The [[Melbourne]]-based [[folk punk]] band The Currency have a song called "Paraguay" which tells the story of New Australia.
+The title track to the 1980 [[Redgum]] album, ''[[Virgin Ground]]'', is about the New Australia colony.
-[[Graeme Connors]], Australian country singer-songwriter, wrote a song called "Boomerang in Paraguay", a nostalgic, sympathetic retelling of William Lane and the New Australia colonists.
+==Personalities==
-The [[Weddings Parties Anything]] song "Drifted Away" is also about the New Australia experiment.
-The title track to the 1980 [[Redgum]] album ''[[Virgin Ground]]'' is also about the New Australia Colony.
-The group was mentioned by Monte Reel in his article "Welcome to Paradise" in ''Outside'' magazine.
-== Personalities ==
 * [[William Lane]] (1861–1917, founder, journalist)
 * [[Gilbert Casey]] (1856–1946, co-founder, chief of police)
@@ Line 62: / Line 58: @@
 * [[Australian Paraguayan]]
-== References ==
+==References==
 {{reflist}}
-== Further reading ==
+==Further reading==
+* {{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3562373 |title=The "New Australia" Settlement in Paraguay |newspaper=[[The Courier-Mail|The Brisbane Courier (Qld. : 1864 - 1933)]] |location=Qld. |date=4 July 1893 |access-date=2 August 2011 |page=6 |publisher=[[National Library of Australia]]}}
-* A Peculiar People – [[Gavin Souter|Souter, Gavin]] – 1968
-* Paradise Mislaid – Whitehead, Anne – 1997.
-* {{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3562373 |title=THE "NEW AUSTRALIA" SETTLEMENT IN PARAGUAY. |newspaper=[[The Courier-Mail|The Brisbane Courier (Qld. : 1864 - 1933)]] |location=Qld. |date=4 July 1893 |access-date=2 August 2011 |page=6 |publisher=[[National Library of Australia]]}}
-== External links ==
+==External links==
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/19990222014549/http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/rare/newoz/ New Australia: The Journal of the New Australia Co-operative Settlement Association]
+* [https://blogs.archives.qld.gov.au/2023/07/31/utopia-in-paraguay/ Utopia in Paraguay – Queensland state archives]
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061204162006/http://www.univ-lr.fr/international/australie.recherche/page28einfo/page28enueva/page28enueva.htm Nueva Australia (Mostly French language)]
 * [http://www.argentinaindependent.com/travel/travelfeature/new-australia-the-australian-colony-in-paraguay-/ New Australia]
 * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Fbt9QiLWWc Australian Broadcasting Corporation documentary on YouTube]
+{{socialism by state}}
 {{Authority control}}
 [[Category:History of Australia (1851–1900)]]
-[[Category:History of Paraguay]]
+[[Category:Australian expatriates in Paraguay]]
 [[Category:Australian labour movement]]
 [[Category:Former populated places in Paraguay]]
 [[Category:Populated places established in 1893]]
-[[Category:1900s disestablishments]]
+[[Category:1900s disestablishments in South America]]
 [[Category:Utopian communities]]
 [[Category:Settlement schemes in Paraguay]]
-[[Category:Australian expatriates in Paraguay]]
+[[Category:White nationalism in Australia]]
+[[Category:1890s establishments in Paraguay]]
+[[Category:1893 establishments in South America]]
 [[Category:Australian diaspora]]

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