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{{Short description|Mamluk sultan from 1309 to 1310}}
{{Infobox royalty
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Baibars II
| name = Baybars II
| full name =
| full name =
| image =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_size =
| caption =
| caption =
| succession = [[List of Mamluk sultans|Sultan of Egypt and Syria]]
| succession = [[List of Mamluk sultans|Sultan of Egypt]]
| reign = April 1309 – 5 March 1310
| reign = April 1309 – 5 March 1310
| regent =
| regent =
| predecessor = [[An-Nasir Muhammad]]
| predecessor = [[An-Nasir Muhammad]]
| successor = [[An-Nasir Muhammad]]
| successor = [[An-Nasir Muhammad]]
| spouse =
| spouse =
| issue =
| issue =
| house =
| house =
| dynasty =
| dynasty =
| father =
| father =
| mother =
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_date = unknown
| birth_place =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 15 April 1310
| death_date = 15 April 1310
| death_place =
| death_place = [[Cairo]], [[Mamluk Egypt|Egypt]]
| place of burial =
| place of burial =
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}
}}
⚫
'''Baybars al-Jashankir''' ({{langx|ar|بيبرس الجاشنكير}}; died 1310) or '''Baybars II''', royal name '''al-Malik al-Muzaffar Rukn ad-Din Baybars aj-Jashankir al-Mansuri''' ({{lang|ar|الملك المظفر ركن الدين بيبرس الجاشنكير المنصورى}}), also known as '''Abu al-Fath''' ({{lang|ar|أبوالفتح}}), was the 12th Mamluk sultan of [[Mamluk Sultanate|Egypt]] in 1309–1310.
⚫
[[File:Cairo, kanqa di baybars al jashankin, 1306-09, cortile.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Khanqah Baybars al-Jashankir]], Cairo]]

⚫
'''Baibars al-Jashankir''' ({{lang-ar|بيبرس الجاشنكير}}; died 1310) or '''Baibars II''', royal name '''al-Malik al-Muzaffar Rukn ad-Din Baibars aj-Jashankir al-Mansuri''' ({{lang|ar|الملك المظفر ركن الدين بيبرس الجاشنكير المنصورى}}), also known as '''Abu al-Fath''' ({{lang|ar|أبوالفتح}}), was the 12th Mamluk [[Sultan]] of [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Egypt]] in 1309–1310.


==Background==
==Background==
[[File:Double page from the Sultan Baybars Qur'an. Sura Al-Fatiha (BL Add Ms 22406, ff.2v-3r).jpg|thumb|Double-page with the chapter [[Al-Fatiha]] from the [[Qur'an]] manuscript commissioned by Baybars in 1304. [[British Library]]]]
He was a [[Circassians|Circassian]] Mamluk of Sultan [[Qalawun]] and served at the court of Qlawun's Sons [[Al-Ashraf Khalil]] and [[Al-Nasir Muhammad]]. He became an [[Emir]] (a prince) then a Jashnakir.<ref>''Jashnakir'' جاشنكير was an important function at the Sultan's court. A Jashnakir tasted the food of the Sultan to assure it was poison free.</ref> During the second reign of Sultan Al-Nasir Mohammed from 1299 to 1309 he was the Vice-Sultan of Egypt. In 1302 he took part in suppressing a rebellion in upper Egypt and in 1303 he was a commander in the Egyptian army that defeated the Mongols led by [[Kutlushah|Qutlugh-Shah]] at the [[Battle of Shaqhab]].
He was a [[Circassians|Circassian]] Mamluk of Sultan [[Qalawun]] and served at the court of Qalawun's Sons [[Al-Ashraf Khalil]] and [[Al-Nasir Muhammad]]. He became an [[Emir]] (a prince) then a Jashnakir.<ref>''Jashnakir'' جاشنكير was an important function at the Sultan's court. A Jashnakir tasted the food of the Sultan to assure it was poison free.</ref> During the second reign of Sultan Al-Nasir Mohammed from 1299 to 1309 he was the Vice-Sultan of Egypt. In 1302 he took part in suppressing a rebellion in upper Egypt and in 1303 he was a commander in the Egyptian army that defeated the Mongols led by [[Kutlushah|Qutlugh-Shah]] at the [[Battle of Shaqhab]].


In 1302, the Mamluk army of [[Kipchaks|Kipchak]] [[Turkish people|Turk]] [[Bahri dynasty|Bahri]] [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] [[List of Mamluk sultans|Sultan]] [[Al-Nasir Muhammad]] crushed a [[Bedouin]] rebellion in [[Upper Egypt]] and ''"slew mercilessly every Bedouin in the land and carried off their women captive"''. G. W. Murray said that ''"This drastic solution of the Bedouin question removed the pure Arab descendants of the Conquerors from the scene and so enabled the Beja to preserve themselves as an African race practically uninfluenced by Arab blood, while leaving the desert edges of Upper Egypt free for settlement by the Western Bedouin."''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murray |first1=G. W. |title=Sons Of Ishmael: A Study of the Egyptian Bedouin |date=1935 |publisher=George Routledge & Sons, ltd. |location=London, Broadway House: 68-74 Carter Lane, E.C. |page=29 |url=https://archive.org/details/SonsOfIshmael/page/n43/mode/2up}}</ref> The army was led by the [[Oirats|Oirat]] [[Mongol]] Mamluk Seif ad-Din Salar (Sallars) and Circassian Mamluk al-Baibars al-Jashnakir (Beibars).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Muir |first1=Sir William |title=The Mameluke |date=1896 |publisher=Smith, Elder & Company |page=57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aaE2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA57&lpg=PA57&dq=%22slew+mercilessly+every+bedouin+in+the+land+and+carried+off+their+women+captive%22&source=bl&ots=sGWRap4azr&sig=ACfU3U1xuE0JlvHDjaRt4Ky4R82BNrYaVQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwizrK3Zi6fvAhU6EVkFHXhsBn4Q6AEwAHoECAEQAw#v=onepage&q=%22slew%20mercilessly%20every%20bedouin%20in%20the%20land%20and%20carried%20off%20their%20women%20captive%22&f=false}}</ref>
In 1302, the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluk]] army of Sultan [[al-Nasir Muhammad]] crushed a [[Bedouin]] rebellion in [[Upper Egypt]] and ''"slew mercilessly every Bedouin in the land and carried off their women captive"''. G. W. Murray said that ''"This drastic solution of the Bedouin question removed the pure Arab descendants of the Conquerors from the scene and so enabled the Beja to preserve themselves as an African race practically uninfluenced by Arab blood, while leaving the desert edges of Upper Egypt free for settlement by the Western Bedouin."''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murray |first1=G. W. |title=Sons Of Ishmael: A Study of the Egyptian Bedouin |date=1935 |publisher=George Routledge & Sons, ltd. |location=London, Broadway House: 68-74 Carter Lane, E.C. |page=29 |url=https://archive.org/details/SonsOfIshmael/page/n43/mode/2up}}</ref> The army was led by the [[Oirats|Oirat]] [[Mongol]] Mamluk [[Sayf al-Din Salar]] and Circassian Mamluk al-Baibars al-Jashnakir (Beibars).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Muir |first1=Sir William |title=The Mameluke |date=1896 |publisher=Smith, Elder & Company |page=57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aaE2AAAAMAAJ&dq=%22slew+mercilessly+every+bedouin+in+the+land+and+carried+off+their+women+captive%22&pg=PA57}}</ref>


==Etymology of the name==
==Etymology of the name==
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==Rise to power and fall==
==Rise to power and fall==
⚫
[[File:Cairo, kanqa di baybars al jashankin, 1306-09, cortile.JPG|thumb|[[Khanqah Baybars al-Jashankir]], Cairo]]
With Emir Sayf al-Din Salar he dominated the young Sultan al-Nassir Muhammad who, feeling distressed, moved to [[Al Karak]] and resigned in 1309. Baibars al-Jashnakir became a Sultan after the position was imposed on him by Emir Sayf al-Din Salar and the [[Burji dynasty|Burji Mamluks]].
With Emir [[Sayf al-Din Salar]] he dominated the young Sultan [[Al-Nasir Muhammad]] who, feeling distressed, moved to [[Al Karak]] and resigned in 1309. Baibars al-Jashnakir became a Sultan after the position was imposed on him by Emir Sayf al-Din Salar and the [[Burji dynasty|Burji Mamluks]].


The brief period of his reign (ten months and 24 days) was marked by economical and political unrest in addition to threats from crusaders and Mongols. The poverty-stricken commons kept rampaging the streets of Cairo, calling him ''Rakin'' (useless) instead of ''Rukn'' (principal) demanding the return of Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad to Egypt. In 1310 Baibars al-Jashnakir stepped down and fled with his Mamluks from the angry mob. Sultan An-Nasir Muhammad returned to Egypt and Baibars al-Jashnakir was arrested and executed.
The brief period of his reign (ten months and 24 days) was marked by economical and political unrest in addition to threats from [[Crusaders]] and [[Mongols]]. The [[Crusaders]] who had allied with the [[Mongol Empire]] continued to harass [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluk]] outposts in the [[Levant]]. The poverty-stricken commons kept rampaging the streets of [[Cairo]], calling him ''Rakin'' (useless) instead of ''Rukn'' (principal) demanding the return of Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad to [[Egypt]]. In 1310 Baibars al-Jashnakir stepped down and fled with his Mamluks from the angry mob. Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad returned to Egypt and Baibars al-Jashnakir was arrested and executed on his orders.


==Notes==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==References==
==Sources==


*[[Al-Maqrizi]], Al Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al-Melouk, Dar al-kotob, 1997. In English: Bohn, Henry G., The Road to Knowledge of the Return of Kings, Chronicles of the Crusades, AMS Press, 1969.
*[[Al-Maqrizi]], Al Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al-Melouk, Dar al-kotob, 1997. In English: Bohn, Henry G., The Road to Knowledge of the Return of Kings, Chronicles of the Crusades, AMS Press, 1969.
Line 49: Line 51:
*Mahdi, Dr. Shafik, Mamalik Misr wa Alsham ( Mamluks of Egypt and the Levant), Aldar Alarabiya, Beirut 2008
*Mahdi, Dr. Shafik, Mamalik Misr wa Alsham ( Mamluks of Egypt and the Levant), Aldar Alarabiya, Beirut 2008
*Sadawi. H, Al-Mamalik, Maruf Ikhwan, Alexandria.
*Sadawi. H, Al-Mamalik, Maruf Ikhwan, Alexandria.
*Eternalegypt.org


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/sacredtexts/sultanbaybars.html Qur'an manuscript commissioned by Baibars II: zoomable images, information, audio]
*[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/sacredtexts/sultanbaybars.html Qur'an manuscript commissioned by Baibars II: zoomable images, information, audio]
*[http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=3345 Complex of Baibars al-Jashnakir]
*[http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=3345 Complex of Baibars al-Jashnakir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040101011819/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=3345 |date=2004-01-01 }}
*[http://islamiccoins.ancients.info/mamluk/alMuzaffarBaybarsII.htm Coins of Baibars al-Jashnakir]
*[http://islamiccoins.ancients.info/mamluk/alMuzaffarBaybarsII.htm Coins of Baibars al-Jashnakir]


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[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:14th-century Mamluk sultans]]
[[Category:14th-century Mamluk sultans]]
[[Category:Circassians]]
[[Category:Regents of Egypt]]
[[Category:Circassian Mamluks]]
[[Category:13th-century Egyptian people]]
[[Category:13th-century Egyptian people]]

Latest revision as of 11:46, 29 October 2024

Baybars II
Sultan of Egypt
ReignApril 1309 – 5 March 1310
PredecessorAn-Nasir Muhammad
SuccessorAn-Nasir Muhammad
Bornunknown
Died15 April 1310
Cairo, Egypt
ReligionSunni Islam

Baybars al-Jashankir (Arabic: بيبرس الجاشنكير; died 1310) or Baybars II, royal name al-Malik al-Muzaffar Rukn ad-Din Baybars aj-Jashankir al-Mansuri (الملك المظفر ركن الدين بيبرس الجاشنكير المنصورى), also known as Abu al-Fath (أبوالفتح), was the 12th Mamluk sultan of Egypt in 1309–1310.

Background

[edit]
Double-page with the chapter Al-Fatiha from the Qur'an manuscript commissioned by Baybars in 1304. British Library

He was a Circassian Mamluk of Sultan Qalawun and served at the court of Qalawun's Sons Al-Ashraf Khalil and Al-Nasir Muhammad. He became an Emir (a prince) then a Jashnakir.[1] During the second reign of Sultan Al-Nasir Mohammed from 1299 to 1309 he was the Vice-Sultan of Egypt. In 1302 he took part in suppressing a rebellion in upper Egypt and in 1303 he was a commander in the Egyptian army that defeated the Mongols led by Qutlugh-Shah at the Battle of Shaqhab.

In 1302, the Mamluk army of Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad crushed a Bedouin rebellion in Upper Egypt and "slew mercilessly every Bedouin in the land and carried off their women captive". G. W. Murray said that "This drastic solution of the Bedouin question removed the pure Arab descendants of the Conquerors from the scene and so enabled the Beja to preserve themselves as an African race practically uninfluenced by Arab blood, while leaving the desert edges of Upper Egypt free for settlement by the Western Bedouin."[2] The army was led by the Oirat Mongol Mamluk Sayf al-Din Salar and Circassian Mamluk al-Baibars al-Jashnakir (Beibars).[3]

Etymology of the name

[edit]

The monarch's name was a combination of Turkic, Persian and Arabic terms. The given name Baibars was a Turco-Mongolian name, meaning "Chosen by the chief/lord". The title of al-Malike al-Muzaffar was an Arabic honorific title that meant "the victorious king", and the title Rukn ad-Din was an Arabic honorific title meaning the "pillar of faith". The second portion, "Jashangir", is Persian, meaning "Food connoisseur": the mamluk prince who tastes the Sultan's food to make sure it is not poisoned.

Rise to power and fall

[edit]
Khanqah Baybars al-Jashankir, Cairo

With Emir Sayf al-Din Salar he dominated the young Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad who, feeling distressed, moved to Al Karak and resigned in 1309. Baibars al-Jashnakir became a Sultan after the position was imposed on him by Emir Sayf al-Din Salar and the Burji Mamluks.

The brief period of his reign (ten months and 24 days) was marked by economical and political unrest in addition to threats from Crusaders and Mongols. The Crusaders who had allied with the Mongol Empire continued to harass Mamluk outposts in the Levant. The poverty-stricken commons kept rampaging the streets of Cairo, calling him Rakin (useless) instead of Rukn (principal) demanding the return of Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad to Egypt. In 1310 Baibars al-Jashnakir stepped down and fled with his Mamluks from the angry mob. Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad returned to Egypt and Baibars al-Jashnakir was arrested and executed on his orders.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Jashnakir جاشنكير was an important function at the Sultan's court. A Jashnakir tasted the food of the Sultan to assure it was poison free.
  2. ^ Murray, G. W. (1935). Sons Of Ishmael: A Study of the Egyptian Bedouin. London, Broadway House: 68-74 Carter Lane, E.C.: George Routledge & Sons, ltd. p. 29.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  3. ^ Muir, Sir William (1896). The Mameluke. Smith, Elder & Company. p. 57.

Sources

[edit]
  • Al-Maqrizi, Al Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al-Melouk, Dar al-kotob, 1997. In English: Bohn, Henry G., The Road to Knowledge of the Return of Kings, Chronicles of the Crusades, AMS Press, 1969.
  • Ibn Taghri, al-Nujum al-Zahirah Fi Milook Misr wa al-Qahirah, al-Hay'ah al-Misreyah 1968
  • Mahdi, Dr. Shafik, Mamalik Misr wa Alsham ( Mamluks of Egypt and the Levant), Aldar Alarabiya, Beirut 2008
  • Sadawi. H, Al-Mamalik, Maruf Ikhwan, Alexandria.
[edit]
Baybars II
Cadet branch of the Mamluk Sultanate
Born:  ? Died: 1310
Regnal titles
Preceded by Sultan of Egypt and Syria
April 1309 – 5 March 1310 		Succeeded by
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