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{{Short description|Chinese mid-size SUV}}
{{More footnotes|date=January 2012}}
{{More footnotes|date=January 2012}}
{{distinguish|BMW X6}}
{{distinguish|BMW X6}}
Line 9: Line 10:
| production = 2001–2009 (Landwind)<br>2005–2016 (Jiangling)<br>2007–present (Philippines)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autonews.gasgoo.com/china-news/china-intensifies-car-competition-in-philippines-130410.shtml |title=China intensifies car competition in Philippines |publisher=Gasgoo |date=10 April 2013 |access-date=22 March 2021}}</ref>
| production = 2001–2009 (Landwind)<br>2005–2016 (Jiangling)<br>2007–present (Philippines)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autonews.gasgoo.com/china-news/china-intensifies-car-competition-in-philippines-130410.shtml |title=China intensifies car competition in Philippines |publisher=Gasgoo |date=10 April 2013 |access-date=22 March 2021}}</ref>
| model_years =
| model_years =
| assembly = [[Nanchang]], [[Jiangxi]], China
| assembly = [[Nanchang]], [[Jiangxi]], China<br />[[Santa Rosa, Laguna|Santa Rosa]], Philippines (Jiangling-DreamCo)
| designer =
| designer =
| class = [[Mid-size car|Mid-size]] [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]]
| class = [[Mid-size car|Mid-size]] [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]]<br />[[Pickup truck]] (Jiangling Baodian/JMC Boarding/JMC Hunter)
| body_style = 3-door SUV (X9)<br />5-door SUV<br />4-door [[Pickup truck|pickup]] (Jiangling Baodian/JMC Boarding)
| body_style = 3-door SUV (X9)<br />5-door SUV (X6)<br />LWB 5-door SUV (JMC Baowei)<br />4-door Pick-up Truck (Jiangling Baodian/JMC Boarding/JMC Hunter)
| layout = [[Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive]]<br />[[Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, four-wheel-drive]]
| layout =
| platform =
| platform =
| related =
| related = [[Isuzu MU]] (First generation)
| engine = 1.8 L ''[[Mitsubishi Orion engine|4G18]]'' [[Inline 4|I4]] [[Petrol engine|petrol]]<br>2.0 L ''[[Mitsubishi Sirius engine|4G63]]'' [[Inline 4|I4]] [[Petrol engine|petrol]]<br />2.4 L ''[[Mitsubishi Sirius engine|4G64]]'' [[Inline 4|I4]] [[Petrol engine|petrol]]<br />2.4 L ''[[Mitsubishi Sirius engine|4G69]]'' [[Inline 4|I4]] [[Petrol engine|petrol]]<br />2.8 L ''[[List_of_Isuzu_engines#Isuzu_J_engine|4JB1]]'' [[Inline 4|I4]] [[Diesel engine|diesel]]<br>2.9 L ''JX4D30'' [[Inline 4|I4]] [[Diesel engine|diesel]]
| engine = 1.8 L ''[[Mitsubishi Orion engine|4G18]]'' [[Inline 4|I4]] [[Petrol engine|petrol]]<br>2.0 L ''[[Mitsubishi Sirius engine|4G63]]'' [[Inline 4|I4]] [[Petrol engine|petrol]]<br />2.4 L ''[[Mitsubishi Sirius engine|4G64]]'' [[Inline 4|I4]] [[Petrol engine|petrol]]<br />2.4 L ''[[Mitsubishi Sirius engine|4G69]]'' [[Inline 4|I4]] [[Petrol engine|petrol]]<br />2.8 L ''[[List_of_Isuzu_engines#Isuzu_J_engine|4JB1]]'' [[Inline 4|I4]] [[Diesel engine|diesel]]<br>2.9 L ''JX4D30'' [[Inline 4|I4]] [[Diesel engine|diesel]]
| transmission = 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]<br>6-speed manual
| transmission = 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]<br>6-speed manual
Line 34: Line 35:
Like some Chinese-made cars, the JMC Landwind is largely derived from older imported technology and design, in this case the [[Isuzu Rodeo]], which was sold from 1998 to 2004. There are two SUVs built on the platform, including the 5-door Landwind X6 and the 3-door Landwind X9. The 3-door Landwind X9 was discontinued in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Ladies Like The Landwind X9 In China|url=https://carnewschina.com/2017/11/06/ladies-like-landwind-x9-china/ }}</ref>
Like some Chinese-made cars, the JMC Landwind is largely derived from older imported technology and design, in this case the [[Isuzu Rodeo]], which was sold from 1998 to 2004. There are two SUVs built on the platform, including the 5-door Landwind X6 and the 3-door Landwind X9. The 3-door Landwind X9 was discontinued in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Ladies Like The Landwind X9 In China|url=https://carnewschina.com/2017/11/06/ladies-like-landwind-x9-china/ }}</ref>


<gallery widths="200" heights="120">
⚫
In China the SUV is sold under the name of Jiangling '''Baowei''' and it is also available as a [[pickup truck]] called the '''Jiangling Baodian'''. The Baodian is exported as the "JMC Boarding" to Asian, South American, and African markets (amongst others).
File:Landwind Front.JPG|Landwind X6 pre-facelift
File:Landwind Heck.JPG|Landwind X6 pre-facelift rear
⚫
File:Landwind X6 facelift China 2012-05-01.jpg|Landwind X6 post-facelift
File:Landwind X9 01 China 2015-04-15.jpg|Landwind X9 pre-facelift
File:Landwind X9 02 China 2015-04-15.jpg|Landwind X9 pre-facelift rear
File:Landwind X9 facelift 01 -- Auto Chongqing -- 2012-06-07.jpg|Landwind X9 post-facelift
File:Landwind X9 facelift 02 -- Auto Chongqing -- 2012-06-07.jpg|Landwind X9 post-facelift rear
File:2011 Jiangling Landwind X9.jpg|Landwind X9 post-facelift side
</gallery>


==Engines==
===Engines===
The European market Landwinds are available with two [[Mitsubishi]]-built [[gasoline]]-powered engines and one [[Isuzu]]-built [[diesel engine]].
The European market Landwinds are available with two [[Mitsubishi]]-built [[gasoline]]-powered engines and one [[Isuzu]]-built [[diesel engine]].


Line 45: Line 55:
The JMC Baodian uses the JX493ZLQ4F engine and the maximum output is 109 hp and the maximum torque is 245 N•m. The only transmission is a five-speed manual gearbox.<ref>{{cite news |title=JMC Baodian Cargo Van Longer Edition Released|url=http://www.chinatrucks.com/news/2014/0911/article_5408.html }}</ref>
The JMC Baodian uses the JX493ZLQ4F engine and the maximum output is 109 hp and the maximum torque is 245 N•m. The only transmission is a five-speed manual gearbox.<ref>{{cite news |title=JMC Baodian Cargo Van Longer Edition Released|url=http://www.chinatrucks.com/news/2014/0911/article_5408.html }}</ref>


⚫
==Controversy==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}
The Landwind has attracted a controversy after a series of safety tests. The car made headlines after German car club [[ADAC]] showed in its crash test, carried out for [[EuroNCAP]], that a driver of this vehicle would not survive a head-on collision at 64&nbsp;km/h (40 MPH).


⚫
The Dutch importer of the Landwind called for a test by German safety monitoring agency [[Technischer Überwachungsverein|TÜV]] to show that the car was in fact safe enough for European standards. These tests are similar to the EuroNCAP tests, but the collision speed is lower at 56&nbsp;km/h (35&nbsp;mph). Despite the worst crash results in decades TÜV subsequently confirmed that the Landwind met all mandatory safety criteria according to ECE R94.


⚫
===2006 Paris Motor Show===
⚫
The controversy did not end there. Opponents say the TÜV test is not enough to guarantee vehicle safety today. They claim that R94 is outdated and only guarantees that the driver will be alive after a crash, and that it does not take into account serious injuries such as severe crushing of the legs. R94 is also performed at a lower speed.
⚫
At the [[2006 Paris Motor Show]], Landwind displayed an updated version of its SUV, called '''X-Pedition''', as well as an MPV called the Fashion (Landwind CV9)<ref>{{Cite web |title= China's Jiangling returns to Europe with Landwind minivan|url=https://www.autonews.com/china/chinas-jiangling-returns-europe-landwind-minivan}}</ref> that would compete in the same size class with MPVs such as the [[Kia Carens]].


⚫
Ron Zwaans, general director of Landwind Europe, says his company is working together with ADAC to keep improving the Landwind's safety. He claims his goal is to ultimately pass the more rigorous EuroNCAP testing.


==JMC variants==
⚫
==2006 Paris Motor Show==
⚫
In China a long wheelbase variant of the SUV is also sold under the name of JMC or Jiangling '''Baowei''' and it is also available as a [[pickup truck]] called the '''Jiangling Baodian'''.
⚫
At the [[2006 Paris Motor Show]], Landwind displayed an updated version of its SUV, called '''X-Pedition''', as well as an MPV called the Fashion (Landwind CV9) that would compete in the same size class with MPVs such as the [[Kia Carens]].


==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200" heights="120">
<gallery widths="200" heights="120">
File:Landwind Front.JPG|Landwind X6 pre-facelift
File:JMC Baowei BUV.jpg|Original pre-facelift JMC Baowei
File:Landwind Heck.JPG|Landwind X6 pre-facelift rear
File:Jiangling Baowei 002.jpg|JMC Baowei facelift front
File:Landwind X6 facelift China 2012-05-01.jpg|Landwind X6 post-facelift
File:Jiangling Baowei 003.jpg|JMC Baowei facelift rear
File:Landwind X9 01 China 2015-04-15.jpg|Landwind X9 pre-facelift
File:JMC Baodian.jpg|Original pre-facelift JMC Baodian
File:Landwind X9 02 China 2015-04-15.jpg|Landwind X9 pre-facelift rear
File:JMC Baodian facelift Sanming 01 2022-11-14.jpg|JMC Baodian first facelift front
File:Landwind X9 facelift 01 -- Auto Chongqing -- 2012-06-07.jpg|Landwind X9 post-facelift
File:JMC Baodian facelift Sanming 02 2022-11-14.jpg|JMC Baodian first facelift rear
File:Landwind X9 facelift 02 -- Auto Chongqing -- 2012-06-07.jpg|Landwind X9 post-facelift rear
File:JMC Baodian 001.jpg|JMC Baodian second facelift front
File:2011 Jiangling Landwind X9.jpg|Landwind X9 post-facelift side
File:JMC Baodian 002.jpg|JMC Baodian second facelift rear
⚫
File:JMC Baodian facelift III China 2017-03-29.jpg|JMC Baodian third facelift
</gallery>

===Oversea markets===
The Baodian is exported as the "JMC Boarding" to Asian, South American, and African markets (amongst others).
<gallery widths="200" heights="120">
File:JMC Boarding crew cab pu.jpg|JMC Boarding pick-up in Mexico
File:JMC Boarding crew cab pu.jpg|JMC Boarding pick-up in Mexico
File:JMC Boarding 2.8 TD 2010 (9481623148).jpg|JMC Boarding pick-up front
File:JMC Boarding 2.8 TD 2010 (9481623148).jpg|JMC Boarding pick-up front
File:JMC Boarding 2.8 TD 4WD 2010 (12894361464).jpg|JMC Boarding pick-up rear
File:JMC Boarding 2.8 TD 4WD 2010 (12894361464).jpg|JMC Boarding pick-up rear
⚫
File:JMC Baodian facelift II China 2017-03-29.jpg|Jiangling Baodian
⚫
File:JMC Baodian facelift III China 2017-03-29.jpg|Jiangling Baodian facelift
</gallery>
</gallery>

⚫
==Controversy==
The Landwind has attracted a controversy after a series of safety tests. The car made headlines after German car club [[ADAC]] showed in its crash test, carried out for [[Euro NCAP]], that a driver of this vehicle would not survive a head-on collision at 64&nbsp;km/h (40 MPH).<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=http://www.anwb.nl/published/anwbcms/content/binaire-bestanden/mpg/auto/tests/crashtest-landwind-1-467150.wmv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208163930/http://www.anwb.nl/published/anwbcms/content/binaire-bestanden/mpg/auto/tests/crashtest-landwind-1-467150.wmv|archive-date=2006-02-08|url-status=dead|date=2005|publisher=[[ANWB]]|author=[[ADAC]]|title=Landwind X6 crash test video}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.anwb.nl/published/anwbcms/content/pagina/nieuws/nieuwsartikelen/auto/050913-crashtest-landwind-.nl.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060824044601/http://www.anwb.nl/published/anwbcms/content/pagina/nieuws/nieuwsartikelen/auto/050913-crashtest-landwind-.nl.html|archive-date=2006-08-24|url-status=dead|title=Nieuwe Chinese SUV Landwind gevaar op de weg|trans-title=New Chinese SUV Landwind a menace on the road|website=[[ANWB]]|date=2005-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.anwb.nl/published/anwbcms/content/binaire-bestanden/pdfs/auto/tests/landwind-crashtest-469632.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060824044601/http://www.anwb.nl/published/anwbcms/content/binaire-bestanden/pdfs/auto/tests/landwind-crashtest-469632.pdf|archive-date=2006-08-24|url-status=dead|website=[[ANWB]]|title=Results crashtest Landwind}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geenstijl.nl/7675/landwind_doodsk/|title=Landwind doodskist op wielen|trans-title=Landwind coffin on wheels|date=2005-09-14|website=[[GeenStijl]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autoweek.nl/autonieuws/artikel/veiligheid-landwind-dramatisch/|date=2005-09-14|title=Veiligheid Landwind dramatisch|trans-title=Safety Landwind dramatic|website=AutoWeek}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/economie/anwb-versteviging-onveilige-landwind-onvoldoende~b0d81991/|title=ANWB: Versteviging onveilige Landwind onvoldoende|trans-title=ANWB: Reinforcements for unsafe Landwind insufficient|date=2005-10-07|website=[[De Volkskrant]]}}</ref>

⚫
The Dutch importer of the Landwind called for a test by German safety monitoring agency [[Technischer Überwachungsverein|TÜV]] to show that the car was in fact safe enough for European standards.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Douwe|last1=Douwes|access-date=2022-04-11|title=Landwind is - met steunbalk - best veilig|url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/gs-b33bdfcd|date=7 October 2005|website=de Volkskrant}}</ref> These tests are similar to the Euro NCAP tests, but the collision speed is lower at 54&nbsp;km/h (35&nbsp;mph).<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2022-04-11|title=ANWB houdt vast aan test terreinwagen Landwind|trans-title=ANWB stands by test Landwind SUV|url=https://www.trouw.nl/gs-baa51828|date=6 October 2005|website=[[Trouw]]}}</ref> Despite the worst crash results in decades TÜV subsequently confirmed that the Landwind met all mandatory safety criteria according to ECE R94.

⚫
The controversy did not end there. Opponents say the TÜV test is not enough to guarantee vehicle safety today. They claim that R94 is outdated and only guarantees that the driver will be alive after a crash, and that it does not take into account serious injuries such as severe crushing of the legs. R94 is also performed at a lower speed.

⚫
Ron Zwaans, general director of Landwind Europe, says his company is working together with ADAC to keep improving the Landwind's safety. He claims his goal is to ultimately pass the more rigorous Euro NCAP testing.


==References==
==References==
Line 83: Line 101:
*[http://suv.landwind.com/ Landwind 'X' range of SUVs]
*[http://suv.landwind.com/ Landwind 'X' range of SUVs]
*[http://www.landwind.eu Official Jiangling website for Europe]
*[http://www.landwind.eu Official Jiangling website for Europe]
*[http://driving.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,22749-1783784,00.html Chinese 4x4 gets zero in safety test]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060929190328/http://driving.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,22749-1783784,00.html Chinese 4x4 gets zero in safety test]
*[http://www.china.org.cn/english/2005/Oct/144289.htm Chinese Car Passes New Crash Test in Germany]
*[http://www.china.org.cn/english/2005/Oct/144289.htm Chinese Car Passes New Crash Test in Germany]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J9OlxjkInWg View ADAC crash test]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J9OlxjkInWg View ADAC crash test]

Latest revision as of 12:51, 29 October 2024

Not to be confused with BMW X6.
Landwind X6
Jiangling Landwind X6 in Shanghai
Overview
ManufacturerLandwind (Jiangling Motor Holding)
Also calledLandwind X9 (3-door version)
Landwind X-Pedition
Jiangling Baowei
Jiangling Baodian
JMC Boarding
JMC Hunter (Philippines)
Production2001–2009 (Landwind)
2005–2016 (Jiangling)
2007–present (Philippines)[1]
AssemblyNanchang, Jiangxi, China
Santa Rosa, Philippines (Jiangling-DreamCo)
Body and chassis
ClassMid-size SUV
Pickup truck (Jiangling Baodian/JMC Boarding/JMC Hunter)
Body style3-door SUV (X9)
5-door SUV (X6)
LWB 5-door SUV (JMC Baowei)
4-door Pick-up Truck (Jiangling Baodian/JMC Boarding/JMC Hunter)
LayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel-drive
Front-engine, four-wheel-drive
RelatedIsuzu MU (First generation)
Powertrain
Engine1.8 L 4G18 I4 petrol
2.0 L 4G63 I4 petrol
2.4 L 4G64 I4 petrol
2.4 L 4G69 I4 petrol
2.8 L 4JB1 I4 diesel
2.9 L JX4D30 I4 diesel
Transmission5-speed manual
6-speed manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase3,025 mm (119.1 in)–3,380 mm (133.1 in) (Baodian)
Length5,050 mm (198.8 in)–5,405 mm (212.8 in) (Baodian)
5,115 mm (201.4 in) (Baowei)
Width1,690 mm (66.5 in)–1,720 mm (67.7 in) (Baodian)
1,860 mm (73.2 in) (Baowei)
Height1,645 mm (64.8 in)–1,710 mm (67.3 in) (Baodian)
1,795 mm (70.7 in) (Baowei)
Chronology
SuccessorYusheng S350 (SUV)
JMC Yuhu (Pickup)

The Landwind X6 is a mid-size SUV produced by Jiangling Motor Holding, a joint venture between Changan Auto and Jiangling Motors Corporation Group (JMCG).

Overview

[edit]

The Landwind X6 was originally the JMC Landwind, and the name changed to Landwind X6 when Landwind became an individual brand under JMC. Like some Chinese-made cars, the JMC Landwind is largely derived from older imported technology and design, in this case the Isuzu Rodeo, which was sold from 1998 to 2004. There are two SUVs built on the platform, including the 5-door Landwind X6 and the 3-door Landwind X9. The 3-door Landwind X9 was discontinued in 2016.[2]

  • Landwind X6 pre-facelift
    Landwind X6 pre-facelift
  • Landwind X6 pre-facelift rear
    Landwind X6 pre-facelift rear
  • Landwind X6 post-facelift
    Landwind X6 post-facelift
  • Landwind X9 pre-facelift
    Landwind X9 pre-facelift
  • Landwind X9 pre-facelift rear
    Landwind X9 pre-facelift rear
  • Landwind X9 post-facelift
    Landwind X9 post-facelift
  • Landwind X9 post-facelift rear
    Landwind X9 post-facelift rear
  • Landwind X9 post-facelift side
    Landwind X9 post-facelift side

Engines

[edit]

The European market Landwinds are available with two Mitsubishi-built gasoline-powered engines and one Isuzu-built diesel engine.

  • 2.0 L - 115 hp (84 kW)
  • 2.4 L - 125 hp (92 kW)
  • 2.8 L diesel - 92 hp (68 kW)

The JMC Baodian uses the JX493ZLQ4F engine and the maximum output is 109 hp and the maximum torque is 245 N•m. The only transmission is a five-speed manual gearbox.[3]


2006 Paris Motor Show

[edit]

At the 2006 Paris Motor Show, Landwind displayed an updated version of its SUV, called X-Pedition, as well as an MPV called the Fashion (Landwind CV9)[4] that would compete in the same size class with MPVs such as the Kia Carens.


JMC variants

[edit]

In China a long wheelbase variant of the SUV is also sold under the name of JMC or Jiangling Baowei and it is also available as a pickup truck called the Jiangling Baodian.

  • Original pre-facelift JMC Baowei
    Original pre-facelift JMC Baowei
  • JMC Baowei facelift front
    JMC Baowei facelift front
  • JMC Baowei facelift rear
    JMC Baowei facelift rear
  • Original pre-facelift JMC Baodian
    Original pre-facelift JMC Baodian
  • JMC Baodian first facelift front
    JMC Baodian first facelift front
  • JMC Baodian first facelift rear
    JMC Baodian first facelift rear
  • JMC Baodian second facelift front
    JMC Baodian second facelift front
  • JMC Baodian second facelift rear
    JMC Baodian second facelift rear
  • JMC Baodian third facelift
    JMC Baodian third facelift

Oversea markets

[edit]

The Baodian is exported as the "JMC Boarding" to Asian, South American, and African markets (amongst others).

  • JMC Boarding pick-up in Mexico
    JMC Boarding pick-up in Mexico
  • JMC Boarding pick-up front
    JMC Boarding pick-up front
  • JMC Boarding pick-up rear
    JMC Boarding pick-up rear

Controversy

[edit]

The Landwind has attracted a controversy after a series of safety tests. The car made headlines after German car club ADAC showed in its crash test, carried out for Euro NCAP, that a driver of this vehicle would not survive a head-on collision at 64 km/h (40 MPH).[5][6][7][8][9][10]

The Dutch importer of the Landwind called for a test by German safety monitoring agency TÜV to show that the car was in fact safe enough for European standards.[11] These tests are similar to the Euro NCAP tests, but the collision speed is lower at 54 km/h (35 mph).[12] Despite the worst crash results in decades TÜV subsequently confirmed that the Landwind met all mandatory safety criteria according to ECE R94.

The controversy did not end there. Opponents say the TÜV test is not enough to guarantee vehicle safety today. They claim that R94 is outdated and only guarantees that the driver will be alive after a crash, and that it does not take into account serious injuries such as severe crushing of the legs. R94 is also performed at a lower speed.

Ron Zwaans, general director of Landwind Europe, says his company is working together with ADAC to keep improving the Landwind's safety. He claims his goal is to ultimately pass the more rigorous Euro NCAP testing.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "China intensifies car competition in Philippines". Gasgoo. 10 April 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  2. ^ "The Ladies Like The Landwind X9 In China".
  3. ^ "JMC Baodian Cargo Van Longer Edition Released".
  4. ^ "China's Jiangling returns to Europe with Landwind minivan".
  5. ^ ADAC (2005). Landwind X6 crash test video. ANWB. Archived from the original on 2006-02-08.
  6. ^ "Nieuwe Chinese SUV Landwind gevaar op de weg" [New Chinese SUV Landwind a menace on the road]. ANWB. 2005-09-14. Archived from the original on 2006-08-24.
  7. ^ "Results crashtest Landwind" (PDF). ANWB. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-08-24.
  8. ^ "Landwind doodskist op wielen" [Landwind coffin on wheels]. GeenStijl. 2005-09-14.
  9. ^ "Veiligheid Landwind dramatisch" [Safety Landwind dramatic]. AutoWeek. 2005-09-14.
  10. ^ "ANWB: Versteviging onveilige Landwind onvoldoende" [ANWB: Reinforcements for unsafe Landwind insufficient]. De Volkskrant. 2005-10-07.
  11. ^ Douwes, Douwe (7 October 2005). "Landwind is - met steunbalk - best veilig". de Volkskrant. Retrieved 2022-04-11.
  12. ^ "ANWB houdt vast aan test terreinwagen Landwind" [ANWB stands by test Landwind SUV]. Trouw. 6 October 2005. Retrieved 2022-04-11.
[edit]
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