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[[File:CIFA-1.png|thumb|CIFA-1, the first Romanian computer]] |
[[File:CIFA-1.png|thumb|CIFA-1, the first Romanian computer]] |
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'''CIFA''' is the acronym for "Calculatorul Institutului de Fizică Atomică" ({{ |
'''CIFA''' is the acronym for "Calculatorul Institutului de Fizică Atomică" ({{langx|en|Computer of Atomic Physics Institute}}). |
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CIFA-1, the first Romanian [[computer]], was built in 1957 under the guidance of [[Victor Toma]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Vințan|first=Lucian N.|date=August 2007|title=Maeştri ai ingineriei calculatoarelor. Pagini de istorie|url=http://webspace.ulbsibiu.ro/lucian.vintan/html/Masters.pdf|journal=Univers Ingineresc|volume=16 (Year XVIII)|issue=398 |
CIFA-1, the first Romanian [[computer]], was built in 1957 under the guidance of [[Victor Toma]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Vințan|first=Lucian N.|date=August 2007|title=Maeştri ai ingineriei calculatoarelor. Pagini de istorie|url=http://webspace.ulbsibiu.ro/lucian.vintan/html/Masters.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207025729/http://webspace.ulbsibiu.ro/lucian.vintan/html/Masters.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 7, 2012|journal=Univers Ingineresc|volume=16 (Year XVIII)|issue=398}}</ref> The experimental first-generation model CIFA-1 was reproduced in small numbers both in the original variant with [[vacuum tubes]] as well as in two variants using [[transistors]]: CIFA-10X and CET 500.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.marketwatch.ro/articol/13182/Scurta_istorie_a_informaticii_romanesti_(1957-1990)/|title=Scurtă istorie a informaticii românești (1957-1990)|last=Sandu|first=Luiza|date=11 June 2014|work=Market Watch|access-date=6 March 2019|issue=165}}</ref> |
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CIFA-1 was Romanias contribution to the development of computers in socialist countries (together with the [[Soviet Union|USSR]], the [[GDR]], [[Polish People's Republic]] and [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|CSSR]]).<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Drăgănescu|first=Mihai|date=2001|title=Realizarea de calculatoare şi reţele de calculatoare în România (1953-1985)|url=http://www.scritub.com/stiinta/informatica/Realizarea-de-calculatoare-si-155208918.php|journal=Academica|volume=November - December 2001|pages=43–45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Drăgănescu|first=Mihai|date=September 2002|title=Perspectivele societăţii cunoaşterii în România|url=http://www.racai.ro/media/AGIR2.pdf|journal=Communication at the Fifth Scientific Symposium of the Romanian Engineers from Everywhere}}</ref> |
CIFA-1 was Romanias contribution to the development of computers in socialist countries (together with the [[Soviet Union|USSR]], the [[GDR]], [[Polish People's Republic]] and [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|CSSR]]).<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Drăgănescu|first=Mihai|date=2001|title=Realizarea de calculatoare şi reţele de calculatoare în România (1953-1985)|url=http://www.scritub.com/stiinta/informatica/Realizarea-de-calculatoare-si-155208918.php|journal=Academica|volume=November - December 2001|pages=43–45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Drăgănescu|first=Mihai|date=September 2002|title=Perspectivele societăţii cunoaşterii în România|url=http://www.racai.ro/media/AGIR2.pdf|journal=Communication at the Fifth Scientific Symposium of the Romanian Engineers from Everywhere}}</ref> |
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==CIFA-1== |
==CIFA-1== |
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[[File:CIFA-3.jpg|thumb|CIFA-3]] |
[[File:CIFA-3.jpg|thumb|CIFA-3]] |
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The logic designs for CIFA-1 started in 1953, at the Academy Physics Institute in [[Măgurele]], with Victor Toma as the head of the project.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> It was presented at the International Symposium in [[Dresden]] in 1955, and the prototype, which used 1500 vacuum tubes, a cylindrical magnet memory and machine code programming, was finished in 1957. Its size was that of three |
The logic designs for CIFA-1 started in 1953, at the Academy Physics Institute in [[Măgurele]], with Victor Toma as the head of the project.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> It was presented at the International Symposium in [[Dresden]] in 1955, and the prototype, which used 1500 vacuum tubes, a cylindrical magnet memory and machine code programming, was finished in 1957. Its size was that of three chifforobes, it had a paper tape input and a typewriter output and was able of solving 50 operations per second.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Baltac|first1=Vasile|last2=Gligor|first2=Horia|date=19 September 2014|title=Some Key Aspects in the History of Computing in Romania|url=http://www.scholze-simmel.at/starbus/ws8/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Romania_History_of_Computing.pdf|journal=Presentation at the 8th IT STAR WS on History of Computing in Szeged}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://romanialibera.ro/special/reportaje/tatal-calculatoarelor-din-tarile-socialiste-100925|title=Tatăl calculatoarelor din țările socialiste|last=Lovin|first=Tiberiu|date=13 July 2007|work=[[România Liberă]]|access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref> |
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CIFA-1 was in use for two years. After it was decommissioned, it was scrapped and no part of it survived today.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.libertatea.ro/stiri/originile-ul-romanesc-cel-mai-performant-sector-al-economiei-de-azi-1482835|title=Originile IT-ul românesc, cel mai performant sector al economiei de azi. Primele calculatoare românești aveau 30 km de cabluri|last=Păvălașc|first=Marian|date=16 May 2016|work=[[Libertatea]]|access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref> |
CIFA-1 was in use for two years. After it was decommissioned, it was scrapped and no part of it survived today.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.libertatea.ro/stiri/originile-ul-romanesc-cel-mai-performant-sector-al-economiei-de-azi-1482835|title=Originile IT-ul românesc, cel mai performant sector al economiei de azi. Primele calculatoare românești aveau 30 km de cabluri|last=Păvălașc|first=Marian|date=16 May 2016|work=[[Libertatea]]|access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref> |
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Latest revision as of 18:17, 29 October 2024
CIFA is the acronym for "Calculatorul Institutului de Fizică Atomică" (English: Computer of Atomic Physics Institute).
CIFA-1, the first Romanian computer, was built in 1957 under the guidance of Victor Toma.[1] The experimental first-generation model CIFA-1 was reproduced in small numbers both in the original variant with vacuum tubes as well as in two variants using transistors: CIFA-10X and CET 500.[2]
CIFA-1 was Romanias contribution to the development of computers in socialist countries (together with the USSR, the GDR, Polish People's Republic and CSSR).[3][4]
CIFA-1
[edit]
The logic designs for CIFA-1 started in 1953, at the Academy Physics Institute in Măgurele, with Victor Toma as the head of the project.[1][3] It was presented at the International Symposium in Dresden in 1955, and the prototype, which used 1500 vacuum tubes, a cylindrical magnet memory and machine code programming, was finished in 1957. Its size was that of three chifforobes, it had a paper tape input and a typewriter output and was able of solving 50 operations per second.[5][6]
CIFA-1 was in use for two years. After it was decommissioned, it was scrapped and no part of it survived today.[6][7]
Later computers
[edit]Later CIFA computers were CIFA-2 (800 vacuum tubes) in 1959, CIFA-3 (for the Bucharest University's Computer Center) in 1961 and CIFA-4 in 1962.[1] Other Romanian computers of the era are MECIPT-1 (1961), MECIPT-2 (1964) at the Polytechnic Institute of Timișoara, MARICA, DACICC-1 and DACICC-200 at the T. Popoviciu Institute of Numerical Analysis, Cluj-Napoca.[2][3][5][8][9]
VITOSHA was the first Bulgarian computer, built in 1962-1963 on the basis of a cultural agreement between the Romanian and Bulgarian Academies of Science. It was based on CIFA-3.[3][5]
CIFA Computer Characteristics
[edit]| Computer Model | CIFA-1 | CIFA-4 | CIFA-101 | CIFA-102 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | 1957 | 1962 | 1962 | 1964 |
| Number of computers produced | 4 | 4 | 1 | 5 |
| Semiconductive diodes | 2500 | 3000 | ||
| Vacuum tubes | 800 | 350 | ||
| Computing speed | 50 op/s | 50 - 2000 op/s | ||
| Internal memory type | cylinder 50 rot/s | cylinder 50 rot/s | ||
| Internal memory capacity | 512 words × 4 bits | 4 k words × 4 bits | ||
| Peripherals | • punch card reader 15 characters/s • writer 8 characters/s |
• punch card reader 15 characters/s • writer 8 characters/s |
• punch card reader 100 characters/s • writer 8 characters/s | |
| Number of instructions | 16 | 32 | ||
| Word length | 31 | 32 | ||
| Word processing mode | parallel | serial | ||
| Power utilization | 5 kW | 1 kW | ||
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Vințan, Lucian N. (August 2007). "Maeştri ai ingineriei calculatoarelor. Pagini de istorie" (PDF). Univers Ingineresc. 16 (Year XVIII) (398). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 7, 2012.
- ^ a b Sandu, Luiza (11 June 2014). "Scurtă istorie a informaticii românești (1957-1990)". Market Watch. No. 165. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- ^ a b c d Drăgănescu, Mihai (2001). "Realizarea de calculatoare şi reţele de calculatoare în România (1953-1985)". Academica. November - December 2001: 43–45.
- ^ Drăgănescu, Mihai (September 2002). "Perspectivele societăţii cunoaşterii în România" (PDF). Communication at the Fifth Scientific Symposium of the Romanian Engineers from Everywhere.
- ^ a b c Baltac, Vasile; Gligor, Horia (19 September 2014). "Some Key Aspects in the History of Computing in Romania" (PDF). Presentation at the 8th IT STAR WS on History of Computing in Szeged.
- ^ a b Lovin, Tiberiu (13 July 2007). "Tatăl calculatoarelor din țările socialiste". România Liberă. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- ^ Păvălașc, Marian (16 May 2016). "Originile IT-ul românesc, cel mai performant sector al economiei de azi. Primele calculatoare românești aveau 30 km de cabluri". Libertatea. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- ^ Cătinaș, Emil (30 November 2018). "Istoricul Institutului de Calcul: Fondarea analizei numerice din România, contribuţii la fondarea informaticii din România". Romanian Academy: Tiberiu Popoviciu Institute of Numerical Analysis. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- ^ Baltac Vasile, Gligor Horia. https://www.academia.edu/11555241/Some_Key_Aspects_in_the_History_of_Computers_in_Romania "Some Key Aspects of in the History of |Computers in Romania". Proceedings of the 8th IT STAR Workshop on History of Computers. IT STAR 2014: 117–121.
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