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[[File:CIFA-1.png|thumb|CIFA-1, the first Romanian computer]]
CIFA is the acronym for „'''C'''alculatorul '''I'''nstitutului de '''F'''izică '''A'''tomică” (en. "Atomic Physics Institute Computer", the first Romanian [[computer]], built in 1957 under the guidance of [[Victor Toma]].
'''CIFA''' is the acronym for "Calculatorul Institutului de Fizică Atomică" ({{langx|en|Computer of Atomic Physics Institute}}).


CIFA-1, the first Romanian [[computer]], was built in 1957 under the guidance of [[Victor Toma]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Vințan|first=Lucian N.|date=August 2007|title=Maeştri ai ingineriei calculatoarelor. Pagini de istorie|url=http://webspace.ulbsibiu.ro/lucian.vintan/html/Masters.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207025729/http://webspace.ulbsibiu.ro/lucian.vintan/html/Masters.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 7, 2012|journal=Univers Ingineresc|volume=16 (Year XVIII)|issue=398}}</ref> The experimental first-generation model CIFA-1 was reproduced in small numbers both in the original variant with [[vacuum tubes]] as well as in two variants using [[transistors]]: CIFA-10X and CET 500.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.marketwatch.ro/articol/13182/Scurta_istorie_a_informaticii_romanesti_(1957-1990)/|title=Scurtă istorie a informaticii românești (1957-1990)|last=Sandu|first=Luiza|date=11 June 2014|work=Market Watch|access-date=6 March 2019|issue=165}}</ref>
The experimental first-generation model CIFA-1 was reproduced in small numbers both in the original variant with [[vacuum tubes]] as well as in two variants using [[transistors]]: CIFA-10X and CET 500.


CIFA-1 was Romanias contribution to the development of computers in socialist countries (together with the [[Soviet Union|USSR]], the [[GDR]], [[Polish People's Republic]] and [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|CSSR]]).<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Drăgănescu|first=Mihai|date=2001|title=Realizarea de calculatoare şi reţele de calculatoare în România (1953-1985)|url=http://www.scritub.com/stiinta/informatica/Realizarea-de-calculatoare-si-155208918.php|journal=Academica|volume=November - December 2001|pages=43–45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Drăgănescu|first=Mihai|date=September 2002|title=Perspectivele societăţii cunoaşterii în România|url=http://www.racai.ro/media/AGIR2.pdf|journal=Communication at the Fifth Scientific Symposium of the Romanian Engineers from Everywhere}}</ref>
==History==
The logic designs for CIFA-1, started in 1953, was presented at the International Symposium in [[Dresda]] in 1955, and the prototype, which used 1500 vacuum tubes, cylindrical magnet memory and machine code programming, was finished in 1957. Later CIFA computers were CIFA-2 (800 vacuum tubes) in 1959, CIFA-3 (for the Bucharest University's Computer Center) in 1961 and CIFA-4 in 1962.


==CIFA-1==
⚫
[[VITOSHA]] was the first bulgarian computer, built in 1962-1963 on the basis of a cultural agreement between the Romanian and Bulgarian Academies of Science, was based on CIFA-3.
[[File:CIFA-3.jpg|thumb|CIFA-3]]
The logic designs for CIFA-1 started in 1953, at the Academy Physics Institute in [[Măgurele]], with Victor Toma as the head of the project.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> It was presented at the International Symposium in [[Dresden]] in 1955, and the prototype, which used 1500 vacuum tubes, a cylindrical magnet memory and machine code programming, was finished in 1957. Its size was that of three chifforobes, it had a paper tape input and a typewriter output and was able of solving 50 operations per second.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Baltac|first1=Vasile|last2=Gligor|first2=Horia|date=19 September 2014|title=Some Key Aspects in the History of Computing in Romania|url=http://www.scholze-simmel.at/starbus/ws8/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Romania_History_of_Computing.pdf|journal=Presentation at the 8th IT STAR WS on History of Computing in Szeged}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://romanialibera.ro/special/reportaje/tatal-calculatoarelor-din-tarile-socialiste-100925|title=Tatăl calculatoarelor din țările socialiste|last=Lovin|first=Tiberiu|date=13 July 2007|work=[[România Liberă]]|access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref>


CIFA-1 was in use for two years. After it was decommissioned, it was scrapped and no part of it survived today.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.libertatea.ro/stiri/originile-ul-romanesc-cel-mai-performant-sector-al-economiei-de-azi-1482835|title=Originile IT-ul românesc, cel mai performant sector al economiei de azi. Primele calculatoare românești aveau 30 km de cabluri|last=Păvălașc|first=Marian|date=16 May 2016|work=[[Libertatea]]|access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref>
Other Romanian computers of the era are [[MECIPT]] and [[CETA]] at the Timișoara Polytechnical Institute and DACICC at the Cluj Computing Institute.

== Later computers ==
Later CIFA computers were CIFA-2 (800 vacuum tubes) in 1959, CIFA-3 (for the Bucharest University's Computer Center) in 1961 and CIFA-4 in 1962.<ref name=":0" /> Other Romanian computers of the era are [[MECIPT]]-1 (1961), MECIPT-2 (1964) at the [[Politehnica University of Timișoara|Polytechnic Institute of Timișoara]], [[:ro:MARICA|MARICA]], [[:ro:DACICC-1|DACICC-1]] and [[:ro:DACICC-200|DACICC-200]] at the [http://ictp.acad.ro/ T. Popoviciu Institute of Numerical Analysis, Cluj-Napoca].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ictp.acad.ro/ro/istoric/|title=Istoricul Institutului de Calcul: Fondarea analizei numerice din România, contribuţii la fondarea informaticii din România|last=Cătinaș|first=Emil|date=30 November 2018|website=Romanian Academy: Tiberiu Popoviciu Institute of Numerical Analysis|access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Baltac Vasile|first=Gligor Horia|title=Some Key Aspects of in the History of {{!}}Computers in Romania|url=http://www.scholze-simmel.at/it_star/wp-content/uploads/book_Szeged_summary.pdf https://www.academia.edu/11555241/Some_Key_Aspects_in_the_History_of_Computers_in_Romania|journal=Proceedings of the 8th IT STAR Workshop on History of Computers|volume=IT STAR 2014|pages=117–121}}</ref>

⚫
[[VITOSHA]] was the first Bulgarian computer, built in 1962-1963 on the basis of a cultural agreement between the Romanian and Bulgarian Academies of Science. It was based on CIFA-3.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />


==CIFA Computer Characteristics==
==CIFA Computer Characteristics==
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|colspan="2"| 3000
|colspan="2"| 3000
|-
|-
! Vacuum Tubes
! Vacuum tubes
|colspan="2"| 800
|colspan="2"| 800
|colspan="2"| 350
|colspan="2"| 350
Line 32: Line 39:
|colspan="2"| 50 op/s
|colspan="2"| 50 op/s
|colspan="2"| 50 - 2000 op/s
|colspan="2"| 50 - 2000 op/s
|-
! Internal Memory type
|colspan="2"| tambur 50 rot/s
|colspan="2"| tambur 50 rot/s
|-
|-
!Internal memory type
!Internal memory type
Line 42: Line 45:
|-
|-
!Internal memory capacity
!Internal memory capacity
|colspan="2"| 512 cuvinte × 4 biți
|colspan="2"| 512 words × 4 bits
|colspan="2"| 4 k cuvinte × 4 biți
|colspan="2"| 4 k words × 4 bits
|-
|-
!Peripherals
!Peripherals
|colspan="2"| • punch card reader 15 caracters/s <br> • writer 8 caracters/s
|colspan="2"| • punch card reader 15 characters/s <br> • writer 8 characters/s
|| • punch card reader 15 caracters/s <br> • writer 8 caracters/s
|| • punch card reader 15 characters/s <br> • writer 8 characters/s
|| • punch card reader 100 caracters/s <br> • writer 8 caracters/s
|| • punch card reader 100 characters/s <br> • writer 8 characters/s
|-
|-
!Number of instructions
!Number of instructions
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|-
|-
!Power utilization
!Power utilization
|colspan="2"| 5 kW
|colspan="2"| 5&nbsp;kW
|colspan="2"| 1 kW
|colspan="2"| 1&nbsp;kW
|}
|}

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Vacuum tube computers]]




{{compu-hardware-stub}}
{{Romanian Computers}}
[[Category:Romanian Computers]]

Latest revision as of 18:17, 29 October 2024

CIFA-1, the first Romanian computer

CIFA is the acronym for "Calculatorul Institutului de Fizică Atomică" (English: Computer of Atomic Physics Institute).

CIFA-1, the first Romanian computer, was built in 1957 under the guidance of Victor Toma.[1] The experimental first-generation model CIFA-1 was reproduced in small numbers both in the original variant with vacuum tubes as well as in two variants using transistors: CIFA-10X and CET 500.[2]

CIFA-1 was Romanias contribution to the development of computers in socialist countries (together with the USSR, the GDR, Polish People's Republic and CSSR).[3][4]

CIFA-1

[edit]
CIFA-3

The logic designs for CIFA-1 started in 1953, at the Academy Physics Institute in Măgurele, with Victor Toma as the head of the project.[1][3] It was presented at the International Symposium in Dresden in 1955, and the prototype, which used 1500 vacuum tubes, a cylindrical magnet memory and machine code programming, was finished in 1957. Its size was that of three chifforobes, it had a paper tape input and a typewriter output and was able of solving 50 operations per second.[5][6]

CIFA-1 was in use for two years. After it was decommissioned, it was scrapped and no part of it survived today.[6][7]

Later computers

[edit]

Later CIFA computers were CIFA-2 (800 vacuum tubes) in 1959, CIFA-3 (for the Bucharest University's Computer Center) in 1961 and CIFA-4 in 1962.[1] Other Romanian computers of the era are MECIPT-1 (1961), MECIPT-2 (1964) at the Polytechnic Institute of Timișoara, MARICA, DACICC-1 and DACICC-200 at the T. Popoviciu Institute of Numerical Analysis, Cluj-Napoca.[2][3][5][8][9]

VITOSHA was the first Bulgarian computer, built in 1962-1963 on the basis of a cultural agreement between the Romanian and Bulgarian Academies of Science. It was based on CIFA-3.[3][5]

CIFA Computer Characteristics

[edit]
Computer Model CIFA-1 CIFA-4 CIFA-101 CIFA-102
Year 1957 1962 1962 1964
Number of computers produced 4 4 1 5
Semiconductive diodes 2500 3000
Vacuum tubes 800 350
Computing speed 50 op/s 50 - 2000 op/s
Internal memory type cylinder 50 rot/s cylinder 50 rot/s
Internal memory capacity 512 words × 4 bits 4 k words × 4 bits
Peripherals • punch card reader 15 characters/s
• writer 8 characters/s 		• punch card reader 15 characters/s
• writer 8 characters/s 		• punch card reader 100 characters/s
• writer 8 characters/s
Number of instructions 16 32
Word length 31 32
Word processing mode parallel serial
Power utilization 5 kW 1 kW

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Vințan, Lucian N. (August 2007). "Maeştri ai ingineriei calculatoarelor. Pagini de istorie" (PDF). Univers Ingineresc. 16 (Year XVIII) (398). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 7, 2012.
  2. ^ a b Sandu, Luiza (11 June 2014). "Scurtă istorie a informaticii românești (1957-1990)". Market Watch. No. 165. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d Drăgănescu, Mihai (2001). "Realizarea de calculatoare şi reţele de calculatoare în România (1953-1985)". Academica. November - December 2001: 43–45.
  4. ^ Drăgănescu, Mihai (September 2002). "Perspectivele societăţii cunoaşterii în România" (PDF). Communication at the Fifth Scientific Symposium of the Romanian Engineers from Everywhere.
  5. ^ a b c Baltac, Vasile; Gligor, Horia (19 September 2014). "Some Key Aspects in the History of Computing in Romania" (PDF). Presentation at the 8th IT STAR WS on History of Computing in Szeged.
  6. ^ a b Lovin, Tiberiu (13 July 2007). "Tatăl calculatoarelor din țările socialiste". România Liberă. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  7. ^ Păvălașc, Marian (16 May 2016). "Originile IT-ul românesc, cel mai performant sector al economiei de azi. Primele calculatoare românești aveau 30 km de cabluri". Libertatea. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  8. ^ Cătinaș, Emil (30 November 2018). "Istoricul Institutului de Calcul: Fondarea analizei numerice din România, contribuţii la fondarea informaticii din România". Romanian Academy: Tiberiu Popoviciu Institute of Numerical Analysis. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  9. ^ Baltac Vasile, Gligor Horia. https://www.academia.edu/11555241/Some_Key_Aspects_in_the_History_of_Computers_in_Romania "Some Key Aspects of in the History of |Computers in Romania". Proceedings of the 8th IT STAR Workshop on History of Computers. IT STAR 2014: 117–121. {{cite journal}}: Check |url= value (help)


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