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{{Short description|Person engaged in winemaking}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Vintner|Vinter (disambiguation)}}

{{For|the PBS television series|The Winemakers}}
{{For|the surname|Vinther}}
A '''winemaker''' or '''vintner''' is a person engaged in [[winemaking]]. They are generally employed by [[winery|wineries]] or [[:Category:Wine companies|wine companies]], where their work includes:
A '''winemaker''' or '''vintner''' is a person engaged in [[winemaking]]. They are generally employed by [[winery|wineries]] or [[:Category:Wine companies|wine companies]], where their work includes:
*Cooperating with [[viticulture|viticulturist]]s
*Cooperating with [[viticulture|viticulturist]]s
Line 14: Line 13:


Today, these duties require an increasing amount of scientific knowledge, since laboratory tests are gradually supplementing or replacing traditional methods. Winemakers can also be referred to as oenologists as they study [[oenology]] – the science of wine.
Today, these duties require an increasing amount of scientific knowledge, since laboratory tests are gradually supplementing or replacing traditional methods. Winemakers can also be referred to as oenologists as they study [[oenology]] – the science of wine.

[[File:Vigneron.jpg|thumb|Vigneron]]


==Vintner==
==Vintner==
[[File:Grapes.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Wine grapes.]]
[[File:Grapes.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Wine grapes]]
A vintner is a [[wine]] [[merchant]]. In some modern use, particularly in [[American English]], the term is also used as a synonym for winemaker.<ref name=OCW-vint/>
A vintner is a [[wine]] [[merchant]]. In some modern use, particularly in [[American English]], the term is also used as a synonym for "winemaker".<ref name=OCW-vint/>


The term started to be used in [[Middle English]], when it superseded the earlier term ''vinter''.<ref name=OCW-vint/>
The term started in [[Middle English]], superseding the earlier term ''vinter''.<ref name=OCW-vint/>


Due to the close political and commercial ties between [[Bordeaux wine|Bordeaux]] and England during the 14th and early 15th centuries, vintners were among the more important people in [[London]] with four mayors of London being vintners under the reign of [[Edward II of England|Edward II]].<ref name="OCW-vint">{{cite encyclopedia |editor=[[Jancis Robinson]] | encyclopedia=[[Oxford Companion to Wine]] |edition= Third |title=Vintner |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-860990-6 |page=754 }}</ref>
Due to the close political and commercial ties between [[Bordeaux wine|Bordeaux]] and England during the 14th and early 15th centuries, vintners were among the more important people in [[London]] with winemakers being four times mayor of the city under the reign of [[Edward II of England|Edward II]].<ref name="OCW-vint">{{cite encyclopedia |editor=Jancis Robinson |editor-link=Jancis Robinson |encyclopedia=[[Oxford Companion to Wine]] |edition=Third |title=Vintner |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-860990-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/754 754] |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/754 }}</ref> The [[Worshipful Company of Vintners]] is one of the oldest livery companies in London.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}


==Vigneron==
==Vigneron==
{{Redirect|Vigneron|other uses}}
A vigneron is someone who cultivates a [[vineyard]] for winemaking. The word connotes or emphasizes the critical role that vineyard placement and maintenance has in the production of high-quality wine.<ref>[http://www.vinsdebandol.com/en/savoir-faire.html The Vigneron's Savoir-Faire: The Result of Commitment] from the website of the Association les VINS de Bandol</ref> The term, French for someone who grows grapes or makes wine,<ref>[http://www.larousse.com/en/dictionaries/french/vigneron]</ref> is often used in Australia to describe a winemaker who is also involved as an owner or manager<ref>[http://www.consumer.vic.gov.au/CA256EB5000644CE/page/Liquor-Types+of+Licences-Vignerons+Licence?OpenDocument&1=75-Liquor~&2=010-Types+of+Licences~&3=090-Vignerons+Licence~ Vignerons Licence] from a [[Government of Victoria (Australia)|Government of Victoria]] website</ref><ref>[http://www.farmonline.com.au/winemags/grapegrowersvignerons/index.aspx ''GrapeGrowers & Vignerons''] magazine</ref><ref>[http://www.miettas.com.au/food_wine_recipes/wine/wine_articles/kingvalley.html King Valley] from Mietta's Guide to Australian Restaurant, Cafes & Bars</ref> as opposed to a person who is employed only to make wine, who is generally referred to as a winemaker. It is also used when referring to a winemaker from France.<ref>[http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/lifestyles/fooddrink/winecellar/s_553191.html Vigneron discusses what makes great wine] from the ''[[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]]''</ref><ref>[http://us.ft.com/ftgateway/superpage.ft?news_id=fto051220080021293510&page=1 Brits who love a vigneron's life] from the ''[[Financial Times]]''</ref>
A vigneron is someone who cultivates a [[vineyard]] for winemaking. The word connotes or emphasizes the critical role that vineyard placement and maintenance has in the production of high-quality wine.<ref>[http://www.vinsdebandol.com/en/savoir-faire.html The Vigneron's Savoir-Faire: The Result of Commitment] from the website of the Association les VINS de Bandol</ref> The term, French for someone who grows grapes or makes wine,<ref>[http://www.larousse.com/en/dictionaries/french/vigneron]{{dead link|date=February 2018}}</ref> is often used in Australia to describe a winemaker who is also involved as an owner or manager<ref>[http://www.consumer.vic.gov.au/CA256EB5000644CE/page/Liquor-Types+of+Licences-Vignerons+Licence?OpenDocument&1=75-Liquor~&2=010-Types+of+Licences~&3=090-Vignerons+Licence~ Vignerons Licence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016113504/http://www.consumer.vic.gov.au/CA256EB5000644CE/page/Liquor-Types+of+Licences-Vignerons+Licence?OpenDocument&1=75-Liquor~&2=010-Types+of+Licences~&3=090-Vignerons+Licence~ |date=2009-10-16 }} from a [[Government of Victoria (Australia)|Government of Victoria]] website</ref><ref>[http://www.farmonline.com.au/winemags/grapegrowersvignerons/index.aspx ''GrapeGrowers & Vignerons''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914161857/http://www.farmonline.com.au/WineMags/grapegrowersvignerons/index.aspx |date=2009-09-14 }} magazine</ref><ref>[http://www.miettas.com.au/food_wine_recipes/wine/wine_articles/kingvalley.html King Valley] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119093351/http://www.miettas.com.au/food_wine_recipes/wine/wine_articles/kingvalley.html |date=2009-11-19 }} from Mietta's Guide to Australian Restaurant, Cafes & Bars</ref> as opposed to a person who is employed only to make wine, who is generally referred to as a winemaker. It is also used when referring to a winemaker from France.<ref>[http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/lifestyles/fooddrink/winecellar/s_553191.html Vigneron discusses what makes great wine]{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} from the ''[[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]]''</ref><ref>[http://us.ft.com/ftgateway/superpage.ft?news_id=fto051220080021293510&page=1 Brits who love a vigneron's life]{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} from the ''[[Financial Times]]''</ref>


[[Vincent of Saragossa]] is the [[patron saint]] of vignerons.
[[Vincent of Saragossa]] is the [[patron saint]] of vignerons.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}


==Négociant==
==''Négociant''==
A négociant is the [[French language|French]] term for a [[wine]] merchant who assembles the produce of smaller growers and winemakers and sells the result under its own name.<ref name="OCW-neg">winepros.com.au. {{Cite web|last= ''Oxford Companion to Wine''| title= Negociant |url= http://www.winepros.com.au/jsp/cda/reference/oxford_entry.jsp?entry_id=2184 }}</ref>
'''''Négociant''''' is the [[French language|French]] term for a [[wine]] merchant who assembles the produce of smaller growers and winemakers and sells the result under its own name.<ref name="OCW-neg">{{Cite web |last= Oxford Companion to Wine |title= Negociant |url= http://www.winepros.com.au/jsp/cda/reference/oxford_entry.jsp?entry_id=2184 |url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131110160323/http://www.winepros.com.au/jsp/cda/reference/oxford_entry.jsp?entry_id=2184 |archive-date= 2013-11-10}}</ref>


Négociants buy everything from [[grape]]s to grape [[must]] to wines in various states of completion. In the case of grapes or must, the négociant performs virtually all the [[wine-making|winemaking]]. If it buys already fermented wine in barrels or 'en-vrac'—basically in bulk containers, it may [[age the wine]] further, blend in other wines or simply bottle and sell it as is. The result is sold under the name of the négociant, not the name of the original grape or wine producer.
''Négociants'' buy everything from [[grape]]s to grape [[must]] to wines in various states of completion. In the case of grapes or must, the ''négociant'' performs virtually all the [[wine-making|winemaking]]. If he buys already fermented wine in barrels or ''en-vrac''—basically in bulk containers, he may [[age the wine]] further, blend in other wines or simply bottle and sell it as is. The result is sold under the name of the ''négociant'', not the name of the original grape or wine producer.


⚫
Some ''négociants'' have a recognizable house style.
Currently, one of the largest Negociants in the United States and, more specifically California, is Gary Agajanian and Agajanian Vineyards.


⚫
''Négociants'', who are also called wine merchants/traders, were the dominant force in the wine trade until the last 25 years for various reasons:
⚫
Some négociants have a recognizable house style.
⚫
* Historically the owners of vineyards and producers of wine had no direct access to buyers.
⚫
* It was too expensive for growers to purchase the [[Fruit press|wine presses]] and [[bottling line]]s necessary to produce a finished wine.
⚫
* Owning only a small portion of a particular high-quality single vineyard (''[[lieu-dit]]'') meant that a grower often had insufficient wine from a parcel to vinify on its own. Under French inheritance laws, vineyard holdings were often split until offspring owned no more than a single row of grapes, not enough to fill a [[barrel]]. Since prices for a ''[[premier cru]]'' are typically higher than for wines from a larger area like a village or region, the grower could make more money selling off the production as the ''premier cru'' rather than blending it into a less specific appellation.


⚫
Many ''négociants'' are also vineyard owners in their own right. In [[Burgundy wine|Burgundy]] for instance, ''négociants'' such as [[Bouchard Père et Fils]] and [[Faiveley (winery)|Faiveley]] are among the largest owners of vineyards.<ref name=OCW-neg/> Well-known ''négociants'' in Burgundy are [[Maison Louis Jadot]], [[Joseph Drouhin]], and [[Vincent Girardin]]; in Beaujolais, [[Georges Duboeuf]]; in Provence, Mirabeau;<ref>[http://www.mirabeauwine.com/ mirabeauwine.com]</ref> and in the [[Rhône (wine region)|Rhône]] region, [[Guigal]], [[Jaboulet]], [[Jean-Luc Colombo]], [[Chapoutier]], and [[Famille Perrin]]''.
⚫
Négociants, who are also called Wine Merchants/Traders, were the dominant force in the wine trade until the last 25 years for various reasons:
⚫
*Historically the owners of vineyards and producers of wine had no direct access to buyers.
⚫
*It was too expensive for growers to purchase the [[Fruit press|wine press]]es and [[bottling line]]s necessary to produce a finished wine.
⚫
*Owning only a small portion of a particular high-quality single vineyard (''[[lieu-dit]]'') meant that a grower often had insufficient wine from a parcel to vinify on its own. Under French inheritance laws, vineyard holdings were often split until offspring owned no more than a single row of grapes, not enough to fill a [[barrel]]. Since prices for a [[premier cru]] are typically higher than for wines from a larger area like a village or region, the grower could make more money selling off the production as the premier cru rather than blending it into a less specific appellation.

⚫
Many négociants are also vineyard owners in their own right. In [[Burgundy wine|Burgundy]] for instance, négociants as [[Bouchard Père et Fils]] and [[Faiveley (winery)|Faiveley]] are among the largest owners of vineyards.<ref name=OCW-neg/> Well-known examples in Burgundy are [[Maison Louis Jadot]], [[Joseph Drouhin]] and [[Vincent Girardin]], in Beaujolais [[Georges Duboeuf]] and [[Guigal]], [[Jean-Luc Colombo]], [http://www.mirabeauwine.com/ Mirabeau] in Provence, and [[Jaboulet]] in the [[Rhône (wine region)|Rhône]].


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Oenology]]
* [[Oenology]]
* [[Vignerons indépendants de France]]
* ''[[Vignerons indépendants de France]]''
* [[Viticulture]]
* [[Viticulture]]
* [[Wine fraud]]
* [[Winemaking cooperative]]
* [[Winemaking cooperative]]
* [[Winery]]
* [https://www.academia.edu/34138218/Los_nuevos_vi%C3%B1adores_una_nueva_generaci%C3%B3n_de_viticultores_espa%C3%B1oles._Por_Luis_Guti%C3%A9rrez The new vignerons: a new generation of Spanish viticulteurs. By Luis Gutiérrez (Wine Advocate)]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
⚫
{{Authority control}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Winemakers}}


⚫
{{Authority control}}
{{portal bar|Drink}}
{{portal bar|Drink}}


[[Category:Wine terminology]]
[[Category:Winemakers| ]]
[[Category:Winemakers| ]]
[[Category:Oenology]]
[[Category:Wine terminology]]
[[Category:Viticulture]]
[[Category:Viticulture]]

Latest revision as of 23:13, 29 October 2024

A winemaker or vintner is a person engaged in winemaking. They are generally employed by wineries or wine companies, where their work includes:

  • Cooperating with viticulturists
  • Monitoring the maturity of grapes to ensure their quality and to determine the correct time for harvest
  • Crushing and pressing grapes
  • Monitoring the settling of juice and the fermentation of grape material
  • Filtering the wine to remove remaining solids
  • Testing the quality of wine by tasting
  • Placing filtered wine in casks or tanks for storage and maturation
  • Preparing plans for bottling wine once it has matured
  • Making sure that quality is maintained when the wine is bottled[1]

Today, these duties require an increasing amount of scientific knowledge, since laboratory tests are gradually supplementing or replacing traditional methods. Winemakers can also be referred to as oenologists as they study oenology – the science of wine.

Vigneron

Vintner

[edit]
Wine grapes

A vintner is a wine merchant. In some modern use, particularly in American English, the term is also used as a synonym for "winemaker".[2]

The term started in Middle English, superseding the earlier term vinter.[2]

Due to the close political and commercial ties between Bordeaux and England during the 14th and early 15th centuries, vintners were among the more important people in London with winemakers being four times mayor of the city under the reign of Edward II.[2] The Worshipful Company of Vintners is one of the oldest livery companies in London.[citation needed]

Vigneron

[edit]
"Vigneron" redirects here. For other uses, see Vigneron (disambiguation).

A vigneron is someone who cultivates a vineyard for winemaking. The word connotes or emphasizes the critical role that vineyard placement and maintenance has in the production of high-quality wine.[3] The term, French for someone who grows grapes or makes wine,[4] is often used in Australia to describe a winemaker who is also involved as an owner or manager[5][6][7] as opposed to a person who is employed only to make wine, who is generally referred to as a winemaker. It is also used when referring to a winemaker from France.[8][9]

Vincent of Saragossa is the patron saint of vignerons.[citation needed]

Négociant

[edit]

Négociant is the French term for a wine merchant who assembles the produce of smaller growers and winemakers and sells the result under its own name.[10]

Négociants buy everything from grapes to grape must to wines in various states of completion. In the case of grapes or must, the négociant performs virtually all the winemaking. If he buys already fermented wine in barrels or en-vrac—basically in bulk containers, he may age the wine further, blend in other wines or simply bottle and sell it as is. The result is sold under the name of the négociant, not the name of the original grape or wine producer.

Some négociants have a recognizable house style.

Négociants, who are also called wine merchants/traders, were the dominant force in the wine trade until the last 25 years for various reasons:

  • Historically the owners of vineyards and producers of wine had no direct access to buyers.
  • It was too expensive for growers to purchase the wine presses and bottling lines necessary to produce a finished wine.
  • Owning only a small portion of a particular high-quality single vineyard (lieu-dit) meant that a grower often had insufficient wine from a parcel to vinify on its own. Under French inheritance laws, vineyard holdings were often split until offspring owned no more than a single row of grapes, not enough to fill a barrel. Since prices for a premier cru are typically higher than for wines from a larger area like a village or region, the grower could make more money selling off the production as the premier cru rather than blending it into a less specific appellation.

Many négociants are also vineyard owners in their own right. In Burgundy for instance, négociants such as Bouchard Père et Fils and Faiveley are among the largest owners of vineyards.[10] Well-known négociants in Burgundy are Maison Louis Jadot, Joseph Drouhin, and Vincent Girardin; in Beaujolais, Georges Duboeuf; in Provence, Mirabeau;[11] and in the Rhône region, Guigal, Jaboulet, Jean-Luc Colombo, Chapoutier, and Famille Perrin.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Echikson, Tom. Noble Rot. NY: Norton, 2004
  2. ^ a b c Jancis Robinson, ed. (2006). "Vintner". Oxford Companion to Wine (Third ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 754. ISBN 0-19-860990-6.
  3. ^ The Vigneron's Savoir-Faire: The Result of Commitment from the website of the Association les VINS de Bandol
  4. ^ [1][dead link‍]
  5. ^ Vignerons Licence Archived 2009-10-16 at the Wayback Machine from a Government of Victoria website
  6. ^ GrapeGrowers & Vignerons Archived 2009-09-14 at the Wayback Machine magazine
  7. ^ King Valley Archived 2009-11-19 at the Wayback Machine from Mietta's Guide to Australian Restaurant, Cafes & Bars
  8. ^ Vigneron discusses what makes great wine[permanent dead link‍] from the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review
  9. ^ Brits who love a vigneron's life[permanent dead link‍] from the Financial Times
  10. ^ a b Oxford Companion to Wine. "Negociant". Archived from the original on 2013-11-10.
  11. ^ mirabeauwine.com
[edit]
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