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{| class="messagebox" style="background-color: #CAEBF5;"
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{{Infobox weather event|
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| If you have arrived at this page via a search engine, [[Special:Contributions/Daniel|this author's contributions]] or [[Special:Whatlinkshere/{{FULLPAGENAME}}|a link]], it should be noted this is a Wikipedia article '''in progress'''. It may be incomplete and some facts at this time may be wrong or not [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|reliably referenced]]. It should not be treated as [[Wikipedia:Attribution#Reliable sources|definitive information]] until it has been placed in the [[Wikipedia:Namespace|article mainspace]]. Please do not waste your time correcting spelling and links. The author of this page works erratically, and whole sections are likely to be swept away at whim.
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{{Infobox storm
|event=1990 Sydney hailstorm
|image=
|image=
|caption=
|caption=
}}{{Infobox weather event/History
|formed=1:30pm, [[March 18]], [[2007]]<br>[[Southern Tablelands]] region
|dissipated=5:10pm, [[March 18]], [[2007]]<br>West of [[Palm Beach, New South Wales|Palm Beach]], offshore
|formed=1:30pm, [[March 18]], [[1990]]<br>[[Southern Tablelands]] region
|duration=3 hours, 40 minutes
|dissipated=5:10pm, [[March 18]], [[1990]]<br>West of [[Palm Beach, New South Wales|Palm Beach]], offshore
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
|location=[[Greater Western Sydney|Western]] and [[Northern Beaches (Sydney)|northern]] [[Sydney]]
|location=[[Greater Western Sydney|Western]] and [[Northern Beaches (Sydney)|northern]] [[Sydney]]
|damages=Insured: [[Australian dollar|A$]]384 million<br>Total: A$500 million (est.)
|damages=Insured: [[Australian dollar|A$]]314 million<br>Total: A$450 million (est.)
| injuries = 25
|fatalities=None
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer}}
}}

The '''1990 Sydney hailstorm''' was, at the time of the event, the costliest thunderstorm event in [[Australia]]n [[insurance]] history.{{rfact}} The storm [[cell]] struck the [[New South Wales]] capital of [[Sydney]] during the afternoon of [[March 18]], [[2007]], causing severe damage in corridor throughout the [[Greater Western Sydney|greater western]] and [[Northern Beaches (Sydney)|northern beaches]] regions of the city.{{rfact}}
The '''1990 Sydney hailstorm''' was, at the time of the event, the costliest [[storm]] in [[Australia]]n history.<ref name="NRMA">National Roads and Motorists' Association (2004), 5.</ref><ref name="NSWG">New South Wales Government (2007).</ref> The hailstorm, which [[meteorology|meteorologists]] suggest may have been a [[supercell]], struck the [[New South Wales]] capital of [[Sydney]] during the afternoon of [[March 18]], [[1990]], causing severe damage in a corridor through the [[Greater Western Sydney|greater western]] and [[Northern Beaches (Sydney)|northern beaches]] regions of the city.<ref name="AN114">Andrews, ''et al.'' (1997), 114.</ref>


The storm spawned in the [[Southern Tablelands]] region of the state in the early afternoon, before reaching the [[Liverpool]] area—the location of the most severe damage—just over two hours later.{{sf|Andrews 113}} The cell, which moved at an average [[velocity]] of {{convert|44|km/h|mph|0|lk=on}}, produced hail up to {{convert|8|cm|in|1|lk=on}} in [[diameter]] as well as violent [[wind]]s and heavy [[rain]]fall.
The storm spawned in the [[Southern Tablelands]] region of the state in the early afternoon, before reaching the [[Liverpool]] area—the location of the most severe damage—just over two hours later.<ref name="AN113">Andrews, ''et al.'' (1997), 113.</ref> The cell, which moved at an average speed of {{convert|44|km/h|mph|0|lk=on}}, produced hail up to {{convert|8|cm|in|1|lk=on}} in [[diameter]] as well as violent [[wind]]s and heavy [[rain]]fall.<ref name="AN113"/>


[[Insurance|Insured]] damages caused by the storm were over [[Australian dollar|A$]]314 million, with the total damage bill (including uninsured damages) estimated to be around A$450 million, both in 1990 figures.<ref name="AN115">Andrews, ''et al.'' (1997), 115.</ref><ref name="Isln">Heidorn (n.d.)</ref><ref name="DQLD">Department of Emergency Services, Queensland (2005).</ref> The cell affected 130 [[postcodes]] of Sydney, although 20% of insured damages occurred in just two.<ref name="AN118">Andrews, ''et al.'' (1997), 118.</ref><ref name="Hunt150">Hunter (1998), 150.</ref> In addition to 25 injuries caused by the event, over 14,000 homes and 9,000 cars incurred damage from the hailstones, wind and rain.<ref name="EMA6">Emergency Management Australia (2006).</ref>
*384mil ($) dmg
*# of postcodes
*offshore @ 4:40.


==Conditions and climatology==
==Conditions and climatology==
The severe [[thunderstorm]] season for [[Sydney]] is generally considered to be between the months of X and Y, with a peak in Z.{{rfact}} During this time, conditions along the east coast of [[Australia]] are highly conducive for the formation of [[hail]]stones within these severe thunderstorms. The variation of air temperature in the [[atmosphere]] with warm and [[humid]] air close to the ground and colder air above it causes [[instability]], and the cold upper atmosphere temperatures allow the [[precipitation]] to fall in solid form as hailstones.<ref name="WH93">Whitaker (2005), 93.</ref>
The severe [[thunderstorm]] season for [[Sydney]] is generally considered to be between the months of X and Y, with a peak in Z.{{fact}} During this time, conditions along the east coast of [[Australia]] are highly conducive for the formation of [[hail]]stones within these severe thunderstorms. The variation of air temperature in the [[atmosphere]] with warm and [[humid]] air close to the ground and colder air above it causes [[instability]], and the cold upper atmosphere temperatures allow the [[precipitation]] to fall in solid form as hailstones.<ref name="WH93">Whitaker (2005), 93.</ref>


{conditions on the day}
{conditions on the day}
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| journal = Natural Hazards
| journal = Natural Hazards
| publisher = Kluwer Academic
| publisher = Kluwer Academic
| location = The Netherlands
| location = [[The Netherlands]]
| volume = 16
| volume = 16
| pages = pp. 113—125
| pages = pp. 113—125
Line 52: Line 48:
| author=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]
| author=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]
| date=n.d.
| date=n.d.
| publisher=Commonwealth of Australia
| publisher=[[Commonwealth of Australia]]
| accessdate=2007-12-15
| accessdate=2007-12-15
}}
}}
*{{cite book
*{{cite book
| author = Griffiths, D., Mitchell, E.
| author = Griffiths, David, Mitchell, Ewan
| title = Report on the Sydney hailstorm: March 1990
| title = Report on the Sydney hailstorm: March 1990
| year = 1993
| year = 1993
| publisher = Bureau of Meteorology
| publisher = Bureau of Meteorology
| location = [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]
}}
}}
*{{cite book
*{{cite book
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| year = 2005
| year = 2005
| publisher = Reed New Holland
| publisher = Reed New Holland
| location = Sydney, Australia
| location = [[Sydney]], [[Australia]]
| isbn = 1 877069 04 3
| isbn = 1 877069 04 3
| pages = pp. 45, 93
| pages = pp. 45, 93
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*http://www.riskfrontiers.com/nhq/Nhq6-1tables.htm
*http://www.riskfrontiers.com/nhq/Nhq6-1tables.htm
*http://www.ga.gov.au/hazards/severeweather/historic.jsp
*http://www.ga.gov.au/hazards/severeweather/historic.jsp
*http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&client=opera&rls=en&hs=ylu&q=%22The+thunderstorm+produced+a+swathe+of+hailstones+from+Camden%22&btnG=Search
*http://72.14.235.104/search?q=cache:YRwVoUKeszQJ:www.ema.gov.au/ema/emadisasters.nsf/00ed8726e14caddfca256d09001da856/3c6456737588d735ca256d3300057bf3%3FOpenDocument+http://www.ema.gov.au/ema/emadisasters.nsf/c85916e930b93d50ca256d050020cb1f/3c6456737588d735ca256d3300057bf3%3FOpenDocument&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&client=opera
*http://www.benfieldhrc.org/activities/issues4/pages/alt_pers.htm
*http://www.benfieldhrc.org/activities/issues4/pages/alt_pers.htm
*http://www.nrma.com.au/pub/nrma/home/media/safeashouses_qld.pdf
*http://www.nrma.com.au/pub/nrma/home/media/safeashouses_qld.pdf
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*http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/10005482/ABSTRACT?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 <-- check
*http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/10005482/ABSTRACT?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 <-- check
*http://www.infocus.sl.nsw.gov.au/res/resdesc.cfm?res_code=1356&sres=1
*http://www.infocus.sl.nsw.gov.au/res/resdesc.cfm?res_code=1356&sres=1
*http://www.riskfrontiers.com/newsletter_images/rfnewsV5I3_March06_new.pdf

<nowiki>
<nowiki>
[[Category:1990 in Australia]]
[[Category:1990 in Australia]]

Latest revision as of 00:30, 30 October 2024

If you have arrived at this page via a search engine, this author's contributions or a link, it should be noted this is a Wikipedia article in progress. It may be incomplete and some facts at this time may be wrong or not reliably referenced. It should not be treated as definitive information until it has been placed in the article mainspace. Please do not waste your time correcting spelling and links.
User:Daniel/Sandbox/1990 Sydney hailstorm
Meteorological history
Formed1:30pm, March 18, 1990
Southern Tablelands region
Dissipated5:10pm, March 18, 1990
West of Palm Beach, offshore
Duration3 hours, 40 minutes
Overall effects
Injuries25
DamageInsured: A$314 million
Total: A$450 million (est.)
Areas affectedWestern and northern Sydney

The 1990 Sydney hailstorm was, at the time of the event, the costliest storm in Australian history.[1][2] The hailstorm, which meteorologists suggest may have been a supercell, struck the New South Wales capital of Sydney during the afternoon of March 18, 1990, causing severe damage in a corridor through the greater western and northern beaches regions of the city.[3]

The storm spawned in the Southern Tablelands region of the state in the early afternoon, before reaching the Liverpool area—the location of the most severe damage—just over two hours later.[4] The cell, which moved at an average speed of 44 kilometres per hour (27 mph), produced hail up to 8 centimetres (3.1 in) in diameter as well as violent winds and heavy rainfall.[4]

Insured damages caused by the storm were over A$314 million, with the total damage bill (including uninsured damages) estimated to be around A$450 million, both in 1990 figures.[5][6][7] The cell affected 130 postcodes of Sydney, although 20% of insured damages occurred in just two.[8][9] In addition to 25 injuries caused by the event, over 14,000 homes and 9,000 cars incurred damage from the hailstones, wind and rain.[10]

Conditions and climatology

[edit]

The severe thunderstorm season for Sydney is generally considered to be between the months of X and Y, with a peak in Z.[citation needed] During this time, conditions along the east coast of Australia are highly conducive for the formation of hailstones within these severe thunderstorms. The variation of air temperature in the atmosphere with warm and humid air close to the ground and colder air above it causes instability, and the cold upper atmosphere temperatures allow the precipitation to fall in solid form as hailstones.[11]

{conditions on the day}

Progression of the storm

[edit]

Aftermath

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ National Roads and Motorists' Association (2004), 5.
  2. ^ New South Wales Government (2007).
  3. ^ Andrews, et al. (1997), 114.
  4. ^ a b Andrews, et al. (1997), 113.
  5. ^ Andrews, et al. (1997), 115.
  6. ^ Heidorn (n.d.)
  7. ^ Department of Emergency Services, Queensland (2005).
  8. ^ Andrews, et al. (1997), 118.
  9. ^ Hunter (1998), 150.
  10. ^ Emergency Management Australia (2006).
  11. ^ Whitaker (2005), 93.

References

[edit]
  • Andrews, Kylie, Blong, Russell (August 29, 1997). "March 1990 Hailstorm Damage in Sydney, Australia". Natural Hazards. 16. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic: pp. 113—125. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Bureau of Meteorology (n.d.). "The Sydney Hailstorm - 18 March 1990". Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
  • Griffiths, David, Mitchell, Ewan (1993). Report on the Sydney hailstorm: March 1990. Melbourne, Australia: Bureau of Meteorology.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Whitaker, Richard (2005). Australia's Natural Disasters. Sydney, Australia: Reed New Holland. pp. pp. 45, 93. ISBN 1 877069 04 3. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)

[[Category:1990 in Australia]] [[Category:1990 meteorology]] [[Category:1990 natural disasters]] [[Category:Natural disasters in Australia]]

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