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Alter: template type. Add: pmc, pmid, issue, volume, journal, year, doi, date, title, authors 1-2. Changed bare reference to CS1/2. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:Taxonbars with automatically added original combinations | #UCB_Category 1383/4153
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| taxon = Tenodera sinensis
| taxon = Tenodera sinensis
| display_parents = 4
| display_parents = 4
| authority = (Saussure, 1871)
| authority = ([[Henri Louis Frédéric de Saussure|Saussure]], 1871)
| synonyms =
| synonyms =
*''Tenodera aridifolia sinensis'' <small>(Saussure, 1871)</small>
*''Tenodera aridifolia sinensis'' <small>(Saussure, 1871)</small>
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}}
}}


The '''Chinese mantis''' (''Tenodera sinensis'') is a species of [[mantis]] native to Asia and the nearby islands. In 1896 this species was accidentally introduced by a nurseryperson at [[Mount Airy, Philadelphia|Mt. Airy]] near [[Philadelphia]], United States.<ref name=blatchley1920>{{cite book|last=Blatchley|first=Willis Stanley |title=Orthoptera of northeastern America: with especial reference to the faunas of Indiana and Florida|url=https://archive.org/details/orthopteraofnort00blat|year=1920|publisher=The Nature Publishing Company|pages=[https://archive.org/details/orthopteraofnort00blat/page/122 122]–123}}</ref> ''Tenodera sinensis'' often is erroneously referred to as ''Tenodera aridifolia sinensis'' because it was at first [[Species description|described]] as a subspecies of ''[[Tenodera aridifolia]]'', but ''Tenodera sinensis'' is now established as a full species.<ref>Ehrmann, R. 2002. Mantodea: Gottesanbeterinnen der Welt. Natur und Tier, Münster</ref>
The '''Chinese mantis''' ('''''Tenodera sinensis''''') is a species of [[mantis]] native to Asia and the nearby islands. In 1896, this species was accidentally introduced by a nursery tender at [[Mount Airy, Philadelphia|Mt. Airy]] near [[Philadelphia]], United States.<ref name=blatchley1920>{{cite book|last=Blatchley|first=Willis Stanley |title=Orthoptera of northeastern America: with especial reference to the faunas of Indiana and Florida|url=https://archive.org/details/orthopteraofnort00blat|year=1920|publisher=The Nature Publishing Company|pages=[https://archive.org/details/orthopteraofnort00blat/page/122 122]–123}}</ref> ''Tenodera sinensis'' often is erroneously referred to as ''Tenodera aridifolia sinensis'' because it was at first [[Species description|described]] as a subspecies of ''[[Tenodera aridifolia]]'', but ''Tenodera sinensis'' is now established as a full species.<ref>Ehrmann, R. 2002. Mantodea: Gottesanbeterinnen der Welt. Natur und Tier, Münster</ref>


''Tenodera sinensis'' feeds primarily on other insects, though adult females sometimes catch small [[vertebrate]]s. For example, they have been documented as feeding on hornets, spiders, grasshoppers, katydids, small reptiles, amphibians, and even [[hummingbird]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdwatchersdigest.com/site/backyardbirds/hummingbirds/mantis-hummer.aspx?sc=birdwireJul2005|title = Praying Mantis: Hummingbird Predator|date = 17 April 2015}}</ref> Like most mantids, they are known to be [[cannibalism|cannibalistic]]. One study found that cannibalism occurs in up to 50% of matings.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2016.0656|doi=10.1098/rspb.2016.0656|title=Sexual cannibalism increases male material investment in offspring: Quantifying terminal reproductive effort in a praying mantis|year=2016|last1=Brown|first1=William D.|last2=Barry|first2=Katherine L.|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=283|issue=1833|pmid=27358366|pmc=4936037}}</ref> These mantids have been observed eating the larvae of [[Danaus (genus)|monarch butterflies]], while discarding the entrails.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2013/01/25/chinese-mantis-guts-its-toxic-caterpillar-prey/|title = Chinese Mantis Guts Its Toxic Caterpillar Prey|date = 25 January 2013}}</ref>
''Tenodera sinensis'' feeds primarily on other insects, though adult females sometimes catch small [[vertebrate]]s. For example, they have been observed feeding on hornets, spiders, grasshoppers, katydids, small reptiles, amphibians, and even [[hummingbird]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdwatchersdigest.com/site/backyardbirds/hummingbirds/mantis-hummer.aspx |title=Praying Mantis Makes Meal of a Hummer |date=2005-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212115752/http://www.birdwatchersdigest.com/site/backyardbirds/hummingbirds/mantis-hummer.aspx |archive-date=2005-12-12}}</ref> Like most mantids, they are known to be [[cannibalism|cannibalistic]]. One study found that cannibalism occurs in up to 50% of matings.<ref>{{Cite journal|url= |doi=10.1098/rspb.2016.0656|title=Sexual cannibalism increases male material investment in offspring: Quantifying terminal reproductive effort in a praying mantis|year=2016|last1=Brown|first1=William D.|last2=Barry|first2=Katherine L.|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=283|issue=1833|pmid=27358366|pmc=4936037}}</ref> These mantids have been observed eating the larvae of [[Danaus (genus)|monarch butterflies]], while discarding the entrails.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2013/01/25/chinese-mantis-guts-its-toxic-caterpillar-prey/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127191348/http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2013/01/25/chinese-mantis-guts-its-toxic-caterpillar-prey/|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 27, 2013|title = Chinese Mantis Guts Its Toxic Caterpillar Prey|date = 25 January 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Tenodera sinensis eats male Libellula luctuosa.jpg|thumb|Eating a [[Widow skimmer]] in [[Warrenville, Illinois]]]]
[[File:Tenodera sinensis eats male Libellula luctuosa.jpg|thumb|Eating a [[Widow skimmer]] in [[Warrenville, Illinois]]]]
[[File:Mantis catches grasshopper.webm|thumb|thumbtime=3|A Chinese mantis catches a [[differential grasshopper]]]]

==Description==
==Description==
[[File:Tenodera sinensis yellow spot.JPG|thumb|right|Brown sub-adult female Chinese mantis. The spot between the legs is yellow, compared with the orange of ''[[Tenodera angustipennis]]'']]
[[File:Tenodera sinensis yellow spot.JPG|thumb|right|Brown sub-adult female Chinese mantis. The spot between the legs is yellow, compared with the orange of ''[[Tenodera angustipennis]].'']]
The Chinese mantis is a long, slender, brown and green [[praying mantis]]. It is typically longer than other [[praying mantis]] species reaching just over {{convert|11|cm|in|abbr=on}}, and is the largest mantis species in North America (spread throughout the Northeast United States). Its color can vary from overall green to brown with a green lateral stripe on the borders of the front wings in the brown color form. In low light the eyes of the mantis appear black, but in daylight appear to be clear, matching the color of the head. Chinese mantids look similar to another mantis species that has been introduced to the United States, the [[narrow-winged mantid]] (''[[Tenodera angustipennis]]''). ''Tenodera sinensis'' and ''[[Tenodera angustipennis]]'' are similar in appearance, however you can tell them apart by locating a spot in between their front legs. If it is yellow then it is a Chinese mantis but if it is orange then it is a [[Tenodera angustipennis|narrow-winged mantis]]. The female can produce several semi-spherical oothecae, roughly {{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on|1}} in diameter, containing up to 400 eggs. The [[ootheca]]e are often affixed to vegetation such as bushes and small trees.
The Chinese mantis is a long, slender, brown and green [[praying mantis]]. It is typically longer than other [[praying mantis]] species, reaching just over {{convert|11|cm|in|abbr=on}}, and is the largest mantis species in North America (spread throughout the Northeast United States). Its color can vary from overall green to brown with a green lateral stripe on the borders of the front wings in the brown color form. In low light, the eyes of the mantis appear black, but in daylight appear to be clear, matching the color of the head. Chinese mantids look similar to another mantis species that has been introduced to the United States, the [[narrow-winged mantid]] (''[[Tenodera angustipennis]]''). ''Tenodera sinensis'' and ''[[Tenodera angustipennis]]'' are similar in appearance; however, it is possible to tell them apart by locating a spot in between their front legs, as the spot is yellow in the Chinese mantis but orange in the [[Tenodera angustipennis|narrow-winged mantis]]. The female can produce several semi-spherical [[ootheca]]e, roughly {{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on|1}} in diameter, containing up to 300 eggs.<ref name=blatchley1920/> The oothecae are often affixed to vegetation such as bushes and small trees.
[[File:Mantis ootheca in Marine Park (91115).jpg|thumb|''Tenodera sinensis'' ootheca]]
[[File:Mantis ootheca in Marine Park (91115).jpg|thumb|''Tenodera sinensis'' [[ootheca]]]]


==Native range==
==Native range==
This mantis is native to China, Japan, the Korean Peninsula, Micronesia and Thailand.<ref name=TexasA&MUniversity/> Japanese 'Oo-kamakiri' ("large mantis") is known as ''[[Tenodera aridifolia]]'', but this species can be considered ''T. sinensis''.
This mantis is native to China, Japan, the Korean Peninsula, Micronesia, and Thailand.<ref name=TexasA&MUniversity/> Populations of ''T. sinensis'' in Japan are sympatric with ''[[Tenodera aridifolia]]'', the Japanese giant mantis, of which ''T. sinensis'' was formerly considered a subspecies.

=== Invasive status ===
The Chinese mantis is regarded by some experts as [[Invasive species|invasive]] in various regions of the United States, particularly where the native [[Carolina mantis]] (''Stagmomantis carolina'') is found.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maryland Insects - Invasive Species |url=https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/wildlife/insects/html/invasive.html |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=msa.maryland.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Invasive Mantis Species {{!}} Brandywine Conservancy and Museum of Art |url=https://www.brandywine.org/conservancy/blog/invasive-mantis-species |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=www.brandywine.org}}</ref> While commonly sold for [[pest control]], it is said that Chinese mantids lack effectiveness in pest management. As [[ambush predator]]s, they attack anything within reach that they can subdue, but they do not actively hunt for insect pests.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese Mantid |url=https://entomology.ces.ncsu.edu/biological-control-information-center/beneficial-predators/chinese-mantid/ |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=entomology.ces.ncsu.edu |language=en}}</ref> Their non-selective predatory behavior and significant size has led to documented attacks on [[beneficial insect]]s such as pollinators, small birds, mammals, frogs, and snakes. As a result, the Chinese mantis can alter [[food web]]s and affect the dynamics of local insect populations.


==Growth==
==Growth==
First [[instar]] [[Nymph (biology)|nymphs]] that eat less take a longer time to molt to the next instar and are smaller at the second instar than first instar nymphs that have been fed more.<ref>{{ cite news | first1=K. | last1=Duss | first2=L E | last2=Hurd | title=Food limitation reduces body length in mantid nymphs, Tenodera sinensis Saussure (Mantodea: Mantidae): Implications for fitness | journal=Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington Vol. 1 (1884-1889) Through Vol. 24 (1922) | year=1997 | volume=99 | publisher=Washington, etc. :Entomological Society of Washington | pages=490–493 | issn=0013-8797 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16213161#page/504/mode/1up }}</ref>
Chinese mantises hatch in the spring, eat, grow, and molt through the summer, and lay eggs at the end of summer. When it gets too cold, they die, only living around a year long.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chinese Mantis|url=https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/chinese-mantis|access-date=2021-09-29|website=Missouri Department of Conservation|language=en}}</ref> First [[instar]] [[Nymph (biology)|nymphs]] that eat less take a longer time to molt to the next instar and are smaller at the second instar than first instar nymphs that have been fed more.<ref>{{ cite news | first1=K. | last1=Duss | first2=L E | last2=Hurd | title=Food limitation reduces body length in mantid nymphs, Tenodera sinensis Saussure (Mantodea: Mantidae): Implications for fitness | journal=Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington | year=1997 | volume=99 | publisher=Washington, etc. :Entomological Society of Washington | pages=490–493 | issn=0013-8797 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16213161#page/504/mode/1up }}</ref>


==Captivity==
==Captivity==
''Tenodera sinensis'' is a common pet for mantis enthusiasts, and oothecae can be purchased from plant nurseries across the US. They are notable for quickly adapting to the presence of humans. They can become tame enough to perch on one's hand and even be hand-fed.
''Tenodera sinensis'' is a common pet for mantis enthusiasts, and oothecae can be purchased from plant nurseries across the US.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese Mantis |url=https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/chinese-mantis |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=Missouri Department of Conservation |language=en}}</ref>

===Care===
The Chinese mantis should be kept in a terrarium roughly three times its body size. The Chinese mantis is an aggressive carnivore that will tackle and eat large insects. In captivity the Chinese mantis' diet can consist primarily of [[cockroaches]], [[moths]], [[butterfly|butterflies]], [[grasshopper]]s, and [[crickets]]. As a first instar, Chinese mantids can be fed ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]'' and other similarly sized insects in captivity. As they grow larger, mantids will accept [[House fly|house flies]], [[blue bottle fly|blue bottle flies]], moths, small roaches and crickets.

Water should be provided by gently misting the enclosure on a daily basis. The enclosure must have proper aeration to prevent the growth of mold. In the terrarium, mantids require sticks and other foliage for climbing and molting. Mantids will thrive in temperatures ranging from 20 to 38&nbsp;°C.


== Predators ==
== Predators ==
The Chinese mantis is preyed on by other mantises, birds, and the [[Asian giant hornet]] in its native range. The female mantis specifically preys on male mantises. She often kills and eats her male partner after mating, providing nutrition for her offspring.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Making a meal of it: Praying mantis cannibalism explained|url=https://phys.org/news/2016-06-meal-mantis-cannibalism.html|access-date=2021-09-29|website=phys.org|language=en}}</ref> [[Sexual cannibalism]] is a strange phenomenon not yet completely understood by scientists.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prokop|first1=Pavol|last2=Maxwell|first2=Michael R.|date=2016-02-10|title=Female predatory response to conspecific males and heterospecific prey in the praying mantis Mantis religiosa: evidence for discrimination of conspecific males|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10164-016-0458-8|journal=Journal of Ethology|language=en|volume=34|issue=2|pages=139–146|doi=10.1007/s10164-016-0458-8|s2cid=15224163|issn=0289-0771}}</ref>
The Chinese mantis is preyed on by other mantises, birds, and the [[Asian giant hornet]] in its native range.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NUzqYtjBZ44</ref>

== Similar species ==
The [[European mantis]] (''Mantis religiosa'') and the [[Carolina mantis]] (''Stagmomantis carolina'') are both smaller mantises closely resembling the Chinese mantis.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Chinese Mantis|url=https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/chinese-mantis|access-date=2021-09-20|website=Missouri Department of Conservation|language=en}}</ref> The European mantis is anywhere from tan to green in color and about 7.5 cm (3 in) long.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-12-09|title=European Mantis|url=https://www.colorado.edu/cumuseum/2020/12/09/european-mantis|access-date=2021-09-24|website=Museum of Natural History|language=en}}</ref> The Carolina mantis, on the other hand, is only 6 cm (2.5 in) in length and varies more in color.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Carolina Mantid {{!}} NC State Extension Publications|url=https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/carolina-mantid|access-date=2021-09-24|website=content.ces.ncsu.edu|language=en-US}}</ref>


== Culture ==
== Culture ==
There are two martial arts styles created to mimic the movements of the Chinese mantis. Developed in the [[Shandong]] province of China in the mid-1600s, [[Northern Praying Mantis (martial art)|Praying Mantis kung-fu]] is based on the quick movements and techniques of the Chinese mantis. An unrelated style of [[kung fu]] that was developed by the [[Hakka]] people in [[Southern China]] is known as [[Southern Praying Mantis]].
There are two martial arts styles created to mimic the movements of the Chinese mantis. Developed in the [[Shandong]] province of China in the mid-17th century, [[Northern Praying Mantis (martial art)|Praying Mantis kung-fu]] is based on the quick movements and techniques of the Chinese mantis. An unrelated style of [[kung fu]] that was developed by the [[Hakka people]] in [[Southern China]] is known as [[Southern Praying Mantis]].


Master Mantis, one of the supporting characters in the 2008 [[Dreamworks Animation]] film franchise ''[[Kung Fu Panda (franchise)|Kung Fu Panda]]'' is a Chinese Mantis and one of the members of the Furious Five.
Master Mantis, one of the supporting characters in the 2008 [[Dreamworks Animation]] film franchise ''[[Kung Fu Panda]]'', is a Chinese mantis and one of the members of the Furious Five.


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
Line 50: Line 53:
File:Prayingmantismeal.jpg|Adult female ''Tenodera sinensis'' eating a [[Tettigoniidae|long-horned grasshopper]]
File:Prayingmantismeal.jpg|Adult female ''Tenodera sinensis'' eating a [[Tettigoniidae|long-horned grasshopper]]
File:Brown sub-adult female Chinese Mantis on hand1243.JPG|Sub-adult female in hand
File:Brown sub-adult female Chinese Mantis on hand1243.JPG|Sub-adult female in hand
File:Chinese mantis on wall.jpg|Adult female on a wall
</gallery>
</gallery>


Line 59: Line 63:


==External links==
==External links==
{{commonscat|Tenodera sinensis}}
{{commons category|Tenodera sinensis}}
*{{inaturalist taxon|71034}}
*{{inaturalist taxon|71034}}


Latest revision as of 07:18, 30 October 2024

Chinese mantis
Adult male
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Mantodea
Family: Mantidae
Subfamily: Tenoderinae
Tribe: Tenoderini
Genus: Tenodera
Species:
T. sinensis
Binomial name
Tenodera sinensis
(Saussure, 1871)
Synonyms
  • Tenodera aridifolia sinensis (Saussure, 1871)
  • Mantis mandarinea
    (Saussure, 1871)[1]
  • Paratenodera sinensis
    (Saussure, 1871)[2]

The Chinese mantis (Tenodera sinensis) is a species of mantis native to Asia and the nearby islands. In 1896, this species was accidentally introduced by a nursery tender at Mt. Airy near Philadelphia, United States.[2] Tenodera sinensis often is erroneously referred to as Tenodera aridifolia sinensis because it was at first described as a subspecies of Tenodera aridifolia, but Tenodera sinensis is now established as a full species.[3]

Tenodera sinensis feeds primarily on other insects, though adult females sometimes catch small vertebrates. For example, they have been observed feeding on hornets, spiders, grasshoppers, katydids, small reptiles, amphibians, and even hummingbirds.[4] Like most mantids, they are known to be cannibalistic. One study found that cannibalism occurs in up to 50% of matings.[5] These mantids have been observed eating the larvae of monarch butterflies, while discarding the entrails.[6]

Eating a Widow skimmer in Warrenville, Illinois
A Chinese mantis catches a differential grasshopper

Description

[edit]
Brown sub-adult female Chinese mantis. The spot between the legs is yellow, compared with the orange of Tenodera angustipennis.

The Chinese mantis is a long, slender, brown and green praying mantis. It is typically longer than other praying mantis species, reaching just over 11 cm (4.3 in), and is the largest mantis species in North America (spread throughout the Northeast United States). Its color can vary from overall green to brown with a green lateral stripe on the borders of the front wings in the brown color form. In low light, the eyes of the mantis appear black, but in daylight appear to be clear, matching the color of the head. Chinese mantids look similar to another mantis species that has been introduced to the United States, the narrow-winged mantid (Tenodera angustipennis). Tenodera sinensis and Tenodera angustipennis are similar in appearance; however, it is possible to tell them apart by locating a spot in between their front legs, as the spot is yellow in the Chinese mantis but orange in the narrow-winged mantis. The female can produce several semi-spherical oothecae, roughly 2 cm (0.8 in) in diameter, containing up to 300 eggs.[2] The oothecae are often affixed to vegetation such as bushes and small trees.

Tenodera sinensis ootheca

Native range

[edit]

This mantis is native to China, Japan, the Korean Peninsula, Micronesia, and Thailand.[1] Populations of T. sinensis in Japan are sympatric with Tenodera aridifolia, the Japanese giant mantis, of which T. sinensis was formerly considered a subspecies.

Invasive status

[edit]

The Chinese mantis is regarded by some experts as invasive in various regions of the United States, particularly where the native Carolina mantis (Stagmomantis carolina) is found.[7][8] While commonly sold for pest control, it is said that Chinese mantids lack effectiveness in pest management. As ambush predators, they attack anything within reach that they can subdue, but they do not actively hunt for insect pests.[9] Their non-selective predatory behavior and significant size has led to documented attacks on beneficial insects such as pollinators, small birds, mammals, frogs, and snakes. As a result, the Chinese mantis can alter food webs and affect the dynamics of local insect populations.

Growth

[edit]

Chinese mantises hatch in the spring, eat, grow, and molt through the summer, and lay eggs at the end of summer. When it gets too cold, they die, only living around a year long.[10] First instar nymphs that eat less take a longer time to molt to the next instar and are smaller at the second instar than first instar nymphs that have been fed more.[11]

Captivity

[edit]

Tenodera sinensis is a common pet for mantis enthusiasts, and oothecae can be purchased from plant nurseries across the US.[12]

Predators

[edit]

The Chinese mantis is preyed on by other mantises, birds, and the Asian giant hornet in its native range. The female mantis specifically preys on male mantises. She often kills and eats her male partner after mating, providing nutrition for her offspring.[13] Sexual cannibalism is a strange phenomenon not yet completely understood by scientists.[14]

Similar species

[edit]

The European mantis (Mantis religiosa) and the Carolina mantis (Stagmomantis carolina) are both smaller mantises closely resembling the Chinese mantis.[15] The European mantis is anywhere from tan to green in color and about 7.5 cm (3 in) long.[16] The Carolina mantis, on the other hand, is only 6 cm (2.5 in) in length and varies more in color.[17]

Culture

[edit]

There are two martial arts styles created to mimic the movements of the Chinese mantis. Developed in the Shandong province of China in the mid-17th century, Praying Mantis kung-fu is based on the quick movements and techniques of the Chinese mantis. An unrelated style of kung fu that was developed by the Hakka people in Southern China is known as Southern Praying Mantis.

Master Mantis, one of the supporting characters in the 2008 Dreamworks Animation film franchise Kung Fu Panda, is a Chinese mantis and one of the members of the Furious Five.

[edit]
  • Adult male
    Adult male
  • Adult female
    Adult female
  • Adult at rest
    Adult at rest
  • Adult female Tenodera sinensis eating a long-horned grasshopper
    Adult female Tenodera sinensis eating a long-horned grasshopper
  • Sub-adult female in hand
    Sub-adult female in hand
  • Adult female on a wall
    Adult female on a wall

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-10-13. Retrieved 2014-01-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Texas A&M University
  2. ^ a b c Blatchley, Willis Stanley (1920). Orthoptera of northeastern America: with especial reference to the faunas of Indiana and Florida. The Nature Publishing Company. pp. 122–123.
  3. ^ Ehrmann, R. 2002. Mantodea: Gottesanbeterinnen der Welt. Natur und Tier, Münster
  4. ^ "Praying Mantis Makes Meal of a Hummer". 2005-12-12. Archived from the original on 2005-12-12.
  5. ^ Brown, William D.; Barry, Katherine L. (2016). "Sexual cannibalism increases male material investment in offspring: Quantifying terminal reproductive effort in a praying mantis". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 283 (1833). doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.0656. PMC 4936037. PMID 27358366.
  6. ^ "Chinese Mantis Guts Its Toxic Caterpillar Prey". 25 January 2013. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013.
  7. ^ "Maryland Insects - Invasive Species". msa.maryland.gov. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
  8. ^ "The Invasive Mantis Species | Brandywine Conservancy and Museum of Art". www.brandywine.org. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
  9. ^ "Chinese Mantid". entomology.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
  10. ^ "Chinese Mantis". Missouri Department of Conservation. Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  11. ^ Duss, K.; Hurd, L E (1997). "Food limitation reduces body length in mantid nymphs, Tenodera sinensis Saussure (Mantodea: Mantidae): Implications for fitness". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Vol. 99. Washington, etc. :Entomological Society of Washington. pp. 490–493. ISSN 0013-8797.
  12. ^ "Chinese Mantis". Missouri Department of Conservation. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  13. ^ "Making a meal of it: Praying mantis cannibalism explained". phys.org. Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  14. ^ Prokop, Pavol; Maxwell, Michael R. (2016-02-10). "Female predatory response to conspecific males and heterospecific prey in the praying mantis Mantis religiosa: evidence for discrimination of conspecific males". Journal of Ethology. 34 (2): 139–146. doi:10.1007/s10164-016-0458-8. ISSN 0289-0771. S2CID 15224163.
  15. ^ "Chinese Mantis". Missouri Department of Conservation. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
  16. ^ "European Mantis". Museum of Natural History. 2020-12-09. Retrieved 2021-09-24.
  17. ^ "Carolina Mantid | NC State Extension Publications". content.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-09-24.
[edit]
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