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{{short description|Visual artist who makes cartoons}}
[[Image:cartoonist.jpg|framed|right|A cartoonist at work.]]
{{for|people who make animated cartoons|Animator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox occupation
|name = Cartoonist
|image = Jack Elrod.jpg
|caption = Cartoonist [[Jack Elrod (cartoonist)|Jack Elrod]] at work on a [[Sunday comics|Sunday page]] of the ''[[Mark Trail]]'' [[comic strip]]
| type = Art [[profession]]
| employment_field = [[Publishing]]
| related_occupation = [[Editorial cartoonist]]<br />[[Comics creator]]
}}
A '''cartoonist''' is a [[visual artist]] who specializes in both drawing and writing<ref name="Guide"/> [[cartoon]]s (individual images) or [[comics]] (sequential images). Cartoonists differ from [[comics writer]]s or '''comics illustrators'''/'''artists'''<!--'Comics artist', 'Comic artist', 'Comic book artist', 'Comic strip artist', 'Comics illustrator', 'Comic illustrator', 'Comic book illustrator', and 'Comic strip illustrator' redirect here--> in that they produce both the literary and graphic components of the work as part of their practice.


Cartoonists may work in a variety of formats, including [[book]]lets, [[comic strip]]s, [[comic book]]s, [[editorial cartoons]], [[graphic novel]]s, [[User guide|manuals]], [[gag cartoon]]s, [[storyboards]], [[posters]], [[shirts]], [[books]], [[advertisements]], [[greeting cards]], [[magazines]], [[newspapers]], [[webcomic]]s, and [[video game packaging]].
A '''cartoonist''' is an [[artist]] who specializes in drawing [[cartoon]]s. The term can also be applied to those who produce [[comic book]]s, [[anime]], [[manga]], as well as [[comic strip creator]]s and those working in [[animation]]. Those artists whose work is said to have a "cartoony" style are also called cartoonists.


==Terminology==
A cartoonist traditionally sketches the picture out roughly in [[pencil]] first, before going over the sketches in black ink, using either [[brush]]es or metal nibbed [[pen]]s. Cartoonists whose work is intended for online publication increasingly work in [[digital media]].
<!--'Cartooning' redirects here-->
{{see also|Comics creator}}
A cartoonist's discipline encompasses both authorial and drafting disciplines<ref name="Guide">{{cite book
|last1 = Lyga
|first1 = Allyson A. W.
|author2-link = Barry Lyga
|last2 = Lyga
|first2 = Barry
|year = 2004
|title = Graphic Novels in your Media Center: A Definitive Guide
|edition = 1st
|publisher = Libraries Unlimited
|page = 161
|isbn = 1-59158-142-7
|url = https://archive.org/details/graphicnovelsiny00lyga
}}</ref> (see [[interdisciplinary arts]]). The terms "comics illustrator", "comics artist", or "comic book artist" refer to the picture-making portion of the discipline of '''cartooning'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--><ref>{{cite web
|last = Rojahn
|first = Margaret
|date = May 4, 2022
|title = 10 Reactions To Neal Adams's Passing From The Comics' Community
|url = https://screenrant.com/twitter-reactions-neal-adams-passing-comic-book-community/
|publisher = [[Screen Rant]]
|website = screenrant.com
}}</ref> (see [[illustrator]]). While every "cartoonist" might be considered a "comics illustrator", "comics artist", or a "comic book artist", not every "comics illustrator", "comics artist", or a "comic book artist" is a "cartoonist".


Ambiguity might arise when illustrators and writers share each other's duties in authoring a work.<ref>''Contemporary Literary Criticism'', Volume 195, Gale, 2005, p. 167: "(Full name [[Neil Richard Gaiman]]) English [[graphic novelist]]".</ref>
Large comic book publishers (such as [[Marvel Comics|Marvel]] or [[DC comics|DC]]) utilize teams of cartoonists to produce the art (typically one doing the pencil work and another doing the inking, with the coloring added digitally by [[colorist]]s). When a consistent artistic style is wanted among different cartoonists (such as [[Archie Comics]]), character model sheets may be used as reference.


==History==
Traditional animation houses employ specialized cartoonists, called "inbetweeners", to draw the motions connecting the broad movements of a character.


===Editorial cartoons===
==See also==
{{main|Editorial cartoon}}
*[[List of cartoonists]]
The English [[satire|satirist]] and [[editorial cartoonist]] [[William Hogarth]], who emerged in the 18th century, poked fun at contemporary politics and customs; illustrations in such style are often referred to as "Hogarthian".<ref>[http://www.britishmuseumshoponline.org/invt/brimus068?stylecat=art_prints The British Museum. Beer Street, William Hogarth - Fine Art Print] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100303011009/http://www.britishmuseumshoponline.org/invt/brimus068?stylecat=art_prints |date=3 March 2010 }} Retrieved 11 April 2010.</ref> Following the work of Hogarth, [[Political cartoon|editorial/political cartoons]] began to develop in England in the latter part of the 18th century under the direction of its great exponents, [[James Gillray]] and [[Thomas Rowlandson]], both from London. Gillray explored the use of the medium for lampooning and [[caricature]], calling the king ([[George III]]), prime ministers and generals to account, and has been referred to as the father of the political cartoon.<ref>{{cite news|title=Satire, sewers and statesmen: why James Gillray was king of the cartoon|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/mar/21/satire-sewers-and-statesmen-james-gillray-king-of-cartoon|agency=[[The Guardian]]|date=16 June 2015}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
[[File:Benjamin Franklin - Join or Die.jpg|left|thumb|[[Benjamin Franklin]]'s ''[[Join, or Die]]'' (May 9, 1754), credited as the first cartoon published in an American newspaper]]

====Origin in the U.S.====
While never a professional cartoonist, [[Benjamin Franklin]] is credited with the first cartoon published in ''[[The Pennsylvania Gazette]]'' on May 9, 1754: ''[[Join, or Die]]'', depicting the American colonies as segments of a snake.{{sfn|Hess|Northrop|2011|p=24}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia {{!}} "Join, or Die," Pennsylvania Gazette, 9 May 1754|url=https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/cartoons-and-cartoonists/15961_ca_object_representations_media_105404_original-2/|access-date=24 October 2021|website=philadelphiaencyclopedia.org}}</ref> In the 19th century, professional cartoonists such as [[Thomas Nast]], whose work appeared in ''[[Harper's Weekly]]'', introduced other familiar American political symbols, such as the [[Republican Party (United States)#Name and symbols|Republican elephant]].{{sfn|Hess|Northrop|2011|p=24}}
{{Clear}}

===Comic strips===
{{main|Comic strip}}
{{Comics navbar}}
[[Comic strip]]s received widespread distribution to mainstream newspapers by [[Print syndication|syndicates]].<ref name="www.comicsreporter.com">{{Cite web | title = The Comics Reporter | url = http://www.comicsreporter.com/index.php/all_about_comics/all_about/76/ | access-date = 17 November 2009 }}</ref>

Calum MacKenzie, in his preface to the exhibition catalog, ''The Scottish Cartoonists'' (Glasgow Print Studio Gallery, 1979) defined the selection criteria:
:The difference between a cartoonist and an illustrator was the same as the difference between a comedian and a comedy actor—the former both deliver their own lines and take full responsibility for them, the latter could always hide behind the fact that it was not his entire creation.<ref>MacKenzie, Calum. ''The Scottish Cartoonists''. Glasgow Print Studio Gallery, 1979.{{page needed|date=September 2023}}</ref>

Many strips were the work of two people although only one signature was displayed. Shortly after [[Frank Willard]] began ''[[Moon Mullins]]'' in 1923, he hired [[Ferd Johnson]] as his assistant. For decades, Johnson received no credit. Willard and Johnson traveled about [[Florida]], Maine, [[Los Angeles]], and Mexico, drawing the strip while living in hotels, apartments and farmhouses. At its peak of popularity during the 1940s and 1950s, the strip ran in 350 newspapers. According to Johnson, he had been doing the strip solo for at least a decade before Willard's death in 1958: "They put my name on it then. I had been doing it about 10 years before that because Willard had heart attacks and strokes and all that stuff. The minute my name went on that thing and his name went off, 25 papers dropped the strip. That shows you that, although I had been doing it ten years, the name means a lot."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-09-28-li-526-story.html|title=Toon Talk : Two Comic-Strip Artists Discuss the Craft They Love|date=28 September 1989|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Comics|Cartoon}}
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Comics creator]]
*[[Daily comic strip]]
*[[Editorial cartoonist]]
*[[Editorial cartoonist]]
*[[Comic strip creator]]
*[[Female comics creators]]
*[[Glossary of comics terminology]]
*[[Comic book creator]]
*[[List of cartoonists]]
*[[List of newspaper comic strips]]
*[[List of manga artists]]
*[[Mangaka]]
*[[Mangaka]]
*[[Penciller]]
*[[Sunday comics]]
*[[Sunday strip]]
*[[Webcomic]]
'''Societies and organizations'''
*[[Association of American Editorial Cartoonists]]
*[[Association of Illustrators]]
*[[Cartoonists Rights Network International]]
*[[Indian Institute of Cartoonists]]
*[[National Cartoonists Society]]
*[[Society of Illustrators of Los Angeles]]
*[[Society of Children's Book Writers and Illustrators]]
*[[Society of Illustrators]]
*[[Society of Illustrators of Los Angeles]]
{{Colend}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|25em}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book|last1= Hess|first1= Stephen|last2 = Northrop|first2 = Sandy|title= American Political Cartoons: The Evolution of a National Identity, 1754-2010|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=04VY36Q_OxAC|year= 2011|publisher = TransactionPublishers
|isbn= 978-1-4128-1119-4}}

==Further reading==
* Steve Edgell, Tim Pilcher, Brad Brooks, ''The Complete Cartooning Course: Principles, Practices, Techniques'' (London: Barron's, 2001).


==External links==
==External links==
{{wiktionary|Cartoonist}}
* [http://www.cartoon-crn.com/index.htm Cartoonists Rights Network]
{{commons category|Cartoonists}}
[[Category:Art and design workers]]

[[Category:Cartoonists|*Cartoonist]]
'''Societies and organizations'''
*[http://www.procartoonists.org/ Professional Cartoonists' Organisation (UK)]
*[http://www.reuben.org/ National Cartoonists Society]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070701020627/http://editorialcartoonists.com/ Association of American Editorial Cartoonists]
*[http://www.societyillustrators.org/ Society of Illustrators]
*[http://www.scbwi.org/ Society of Children's Book Writers and Illustrators]
*[http://www.si-la.org/ Society of Illustrators of Los Angeles]
*[http://www.theaoi.com/ The Association of Illustrators]
*[http://www.illustratorspartnership.org/ The Illustrators Partnership of America]
*[http://www.illustrationquebec.com/ AIIQ - l’Association des Illustrateurs et Illustratrices du Québec]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061205043129/http://allianceofillustrators.org/ Colorado Alliance of Illustrators]
*[http://www.archaeologists.net/groups/graphics Institute For Archaeologists Graphics Archaeology Group]
*[http://www.gnsi.org/ Guild of Natural Science Illustrators]
*[http://www.gnsinw.org/ Guild of Natural Science Illustrators-Northwest]
*[http://www.illustratorsaustralia.com/ Illustrators Australia]
*[http://www.cartoonists.org.au/ Australian Cartoonists Association]

{{Comics}}
{{Pens}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Cartoonists| ]]
[[ja:&#28459;&#30011;&#23478;]]
[[Category:Comic strip cartoonists|*]]
[[simple:Cartoonist]]
[[Category:Comics creators| ]]
[[zh:&#28459;&#30011;&#23478;]]
[[Category:Visual arts occupations]]
[[Category:Comics]]
[[Category:Cartooning]]

Latest revision as of 08:44, 30 October 2024

For people who make animated cartoons, see Animator.

Cartoonist
Cartoonist Jack Elrod at work on a Sunday page of the Mark Trail comic strip
Occupation
Occupation type
Art profession
Description
Fields of
employment
Publishing
Related jobs
Editorial cartoonist
Comics creator

A cartoonist is a visual artist who specializes in both drawing and writing[1] cartoons (individual images) or comics (sequential images). Cartoonists differ from comics writers or comics illustrators/artists in that they produce both the literary and graphic components of the work as part of their practice.

Cartoonists may work in a variety of formats, including booklets, comic strips, comic books, editorial cartoons, graphic novels, manuals, gag cartoons, storyboards, posters, shirts, books, advertisements, greeting cards, magazines, newspapers, webcomics, and video game packaging.

Terminology

[edit]
See also: Comics creator

A cartoonist's discipline encompasses both authorial and drafting disciplines[1] (see interdisciplinary arts). The terms "comics illustrator", "comics artist", or "comic book artist" refer to the picture-making portion of the discipline of cartooning[2] (see illustrator). While every "cartoonist" might be considered a "comics illustrator", "comics artist", or a "comic book artist", not every "comics illustrator", "comics artist", or a "comic book artist" is a "cartoonist".

Ambiguity might arise when illustrators and writers share each other's duties in authoring a work.[3]

History

[edit]

Editorial cartoons

[edit]
Main article: Editorial cartoon

The English satirist and editorial cartoonist William Hogarth, who emerged in the 18th century, poked fun at contemporary politics and customs; illustrations in such style are often referred to as "Hogarthian".[4] Following the work of Hogarth, editorial/political cartoons began to develop in England in the latter part of the 18th century under the direction of its great exponents, James Gillray and Thomas Rowlandson, both from London. Gillray explored the use of the medium for lampooning and caricature, calling the king (George III), prime ministers and generals to account, and has been referred to as the father of the political cartoon.[5]

Benjamin Franklin's Join, or Die (May 9, 1754), credited as the first cartoon published in an American newspaper

Origin in the U.S.

[edit]

While never a professional cartoonist, Benjamin Franklin is credited with the first cartoon published in The Pennsylvania Gazette on May 9, 1754: Join, or Die, depicting the American colonies as segments of a snake.[6][7] In the 19th century, professional cartoonists such as Thomas Nast, whose work appeared in Harper's Weekly, introduced other familiar American political symbols, such as the Republican elephant.[6]

Comic strips

[edit]
Main article: Comic strip
Comics
Speech balloon
Comics studies
Methods
Media formats
Comics by country and culture
Community
icon Comics portal

Comic strips received widespread distribution to mainstream newspapers by syndicates.[8]

Calum MacKenzie, in his preface to the exhibition catalog, The Scottish Cartoonists (Glasgow Print Studio Gallery, 1979) defined the selection criteria:

The difference between a cartoonist and an illustrator was the same as the difference between a comedian and a comedy actor—the former both deliver their own lines and take full responsibility for them, the latter could always hide behind the fact that it was not his entire creation.[9]

Many strips were the work of two people although only one signature was displayed. Shortly after Frank Willard began Moon Mullins in 1923, he hired Ferd Johnson as his assistant. For decades, Johnson received no credit. Willard and Johnson traveled about Florida, Maine, Los Angeles, and Mexico, drawing the strip while living in hotels, apartments and farmhouses. At its peak of popularity during the 1940s and 1950s, the strip ran in 350 newspapers. According to Johnson, he had been doing the strip solo for at least a decade before Willard's death in 1958: "They put my name on it then. I had been doing it about 10 years before that because Willard had heart attacks and strokes and all that stuff. The minute my name went on that thing and his name went off, 25 papers dropped the strip. That shows you that, although I had been doing it ten years, the name means a lot."[10]

See also

[edit]

Societies and organizations

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Lyga, Allyson A. W.; Lyga, Barry (2004). Graphic Novels in your Media Center: A Definitive Guide (1st ed.). Libraries Unlimited. p. 161. ISBN 1-59158-142-7.
  2. ^ Rojahn, Margaret (4 May 2022). "10 Reactions To Neal Adams's Passing From The Comics' Community". screenrant.com. Screen Rant.
  3. ^ Contemporary Literary Criticism, Volume 195, Gale, 2005, p. 167: "(Full name Neil Richard Gaiman) English graphic novelist".
  4. ^ The British Museum. Beer Street, William Hogarth - Fine Art Print Archived 3 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 11 April 2010.
  5. ^ "Satire, sewers and statesmen: why James Gillray was king of the cartoon". The Guardian. 16 June 2015.
  6. ^ a b Hess & Northrop 2011, p. 24.
  7. ^ "Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia | "Join, or Die," Pennsylvania Gazette, 9 May 1754". philadelphiaencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  8. ^ "The Comics Reporter". Retrieved 17 November 2009.
  9. ^ MacKenzie, Calum. The Scottish Cartoonists. Glasgow Print Studio Gallery, 1979.[page needed]
  10. ^ "Toon Talk : Two Comic-Strip Artists Discuss the Craft They Love". Los Angeles Times. 28 September 1989.

Works cited

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Steve Edgell, Tim Pilcher, Brad Brooks, The Complete Cartooning Course: Principles, Practices, Techniques (London: Barron's, 2001).
[edit]
Look up Cartoonist in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cartoonists.

Societies and organizations

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