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The Lithuanian People's Army (Lithuanian: Lietuvos liaudies kariuomenė) were short-lived armed forces of Lithuania and the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic following the Soviet occupation of Lithuania in June 1940.^[1]^[2]^[3] The army was formed by the Act of 3 July 1940 of the People's Government of Lithuania and replaced the Lithuanian Armed Forces of independent Lithuania.^[1]^[2]^[4]^[3] According to data from 1 June 1940, the army had 28,115 persons – 26,084 soldiers (of which 1,728 were officers), 2,031 civil servants, and with the announcement of the mobilization it was possible to call 120,400 reserve troops.^[1]^[3] The army existed until 30 August 1940 before being transformed into the 29th Rifle Corps of the Red Army.^[1] Many Lithuanian soldiers and officers were repressed by arrests or executions for their anti-Soviet attitude.^[5]^[6]

History

Dismissal and arrests of officers

Following the occupation of Lithuania on 15 June 1940, the army was still formally headed by the Minister of National Defense and the Army Commander. However, in fact, it was directed by employees of the Embassy of the Soviet Union.^[1] The dissolution of the Lithuanian Armed Forces was started: on 19 June, the first four high-ranking officers were fired, and the cavalry was abolished by the end of the month.^[1] At the request of the Special Representative of the Soviet Government to Lithuania Vladimir Dekanozov, Prime Minister Justas Paleckis fired another 17 high-ranking officers from the army on 25 June, including Generals Edvardas Adamkavičius, Vladas Mieželis, Vladas Nagevičius, Klemensas Popeliučka, Mikas Rėklaitis, Kazys Tallat-Kelpša, and Emilis Vymeris.^[1]^[3] By the end of August 1940, 188 officers (9 generals, 24 colonels, 30 lieutenant colonels, 31 majors, 44 captains, 35 lieutenants, and 15 junior lieutenants) and many non-commissioned officers had been replaced, including almost all commanders of divisions, regiments, most battalions, and officers of the General Staff.^[1]^[3] A number of officers were arrested, including officers Konstantinas Dulksnys, Juozas Matusaitis, and Petras Kirlys (who on 6 June 1941 were executed by a firing squad in Moscow following the start of Operation Barbarossa together with the Director of the State Security Department Augustinas Povilaitis and the last Minister of Interior Kazys Skučas).^[1]^[3]

Soldiers of the 9th Infantry Regiment were targeted.^[3] On the personal order of the former Minister of National Defense Kazys Musteikis, the regiment was ordered to ensure the safe departure of President Antanas Smetona abroad on 15 June 1940.^[3] In case of an attack by the Soviet units, the regiment had to resist and, if the enemy proved superior, retreat to Germany.^[3] The regiment started marching towards Vilkaviškis, but was stopped by a delegation sent by the Prime Minister Antanas Merkys which convinced the commander of the regiment Antanas Gaušas to return to the barracks. However, that was enough to attract special attention from the Soviets.^[3] The regiment commander was immediately called to Kaunas and released into the reserve.^[3] Soon on 5 July 1940, the regiment was transferred to the Pabradė military ground and dispersed there: the regiment headquarters, the staff team, engineering units and motor units were transferred to Švenčionėliai, and two companies were left in Marijampolė and Vilkaviškis.^[3] Despite that, soldiers of this regiment remained negative towards the elections of the People's Seimas and adoption of a new Soviet-style Constitution and publicly sang Tautiška giesmė.^[3] Consequently, 31 soldiers were arrested, and commander of the regiment Karolis Dabulevičius was removed from office after serving less than a month.^[3]

Army transformation

The Soviets sought to transform the Lithuanian Armed Forces into the Lithuanian People's Army, which would be very similar to the Red Army.^[1] There was a particular urgency to eliminate the army's ties with the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union; thus all 22 military commanders (there also were the same number of riflemen teams) of 20 counties, Vilnius, and Kaunas were removed or transferred to other positions.^[3] On 2 July 1940, the institution of military chaplains was abolished and the promotion of religion was banned.^[1] On 6 July 1940, the Political Board along with an institution of communist political leaders (politruks) was established to control the activities of all commanders.^[1] The Lithuanian national symbols and shoulder straps were abolished, and a surveillance system was introduced.^[1] According to Stasys Pundzevičius, in order to suppress the national sentiment of the army, the political leadership of the army, through the army commander, demanded that the singing of the Lithuanian national anthem be banned and national flags be removed, while the officers were fired from the army only by the orders of the political leadership based on the pre-prepared lists.^[7] The Soviet propaganda about Lithuania's accession to the Soviet Union was spread in the army, and soldiers were forced to take part in political rallies.^[1]^[8]^[9] Pursuant to the directive of the People's Commissar of Defense of the Soviet Union of 17 August 1940, the Council of People's Commissars of the Lithuanian SSR abolished the Ministry of National Defense of Lithuania by a resolution of 27 August 1940.^[1]

Commanders of the Lithuanian People's Army were: Vincas Vitkauskas (until 12 July 1940), Feliksas Baltušis-Žemaitis (since 12 July 1940), while the Chief of Staff was Stasys Pundzevičius.^[1]

29th Rifle Corps of the Red Army

On 11 July 1940, even before the elections to the People's Seimas, People's Commissar for Defence Semyon Timoshenko announced the creation of the Baltic Military District of the Red Army.^[3] On 14–15 July 1940, the rigged show elections to the People's Seimas were held; one of the elected members was Vincas Vitkauskas.^[10]^[11]^[12] The voters had no choice as 79 candidates were nominated for 79 seats.^[10] According to the falsified official data, 95.1% of all eligible voters participated in the People's Seimas elections, and 99.19% of voters voted for the nominated candidates.^[10] Following the elections, rallies organized by the communists began to demand that the People's Seimas declare Soviet rule in Lithuania and annex Lithuania to the Soviet Union.^[10] On 21 July 1940, the People's Seimas adopted declarations which on the initiative of the Communist Party of Lithuania were included in the agenda of the session, regarding the state system (announced the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic) and Lithuania's accession to the Soviet Union.^[10] The Authorized Commission delivered the Declaration of the People's Seimas on Lithuanian SSR's Accession to the Soviet Union to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.^[10] On 3 August 1940, the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union declared Lithuanian SSR a Soviet republic of the Soviet Union.^[10]

By the resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the Lithuanian SSR of 30 August 1940, implementing the instructions of Moscow, the Lithuanian People's Army was transformed into the 29th Rifle Corps (commander Vincas Vitkauskas) under the Baltic Military District of the Red Army.^[1]^[8]^[13]^[3] According to the same resolution, all armaments, buildings and other property, along with all files and archives, were handed over to the Baltic Military District. The War School of Kaunas was abolished and replaced by Vilnius Infantry Military School.^[3] Military commandants had to be transformed into military commissariats, also under the auspices of the Baltic Military District.^[3] The Soviets from Moscow called for the liquidation of parts and institutions of the Lithuanian Armed Forces as soon as possible.^[3] On 17 October 1940, the Staff of the 29th Rifle Corps received order to complete the dismantling of warehouses, workshops, hospitals, institutions, non-staff teams and other organizational units of the former Lithuanian Army not included in the 29th Rifle Corps.^[3] On 28 October 1940, the last remnants of units and institutions of the Lithuanian Armed Forces that did not enter the 29th Rifle Corps were liquidated.^[3]

Resistance

The work of forming the corps was accompanied by constant arrests of soldiers and officers who openly expressed their dissatisfaction (e.g. by raising the Lithuanian tricolor flag or creating and distributing anti-Soviet posters and leaflets).^[3] The Soviets recognized the hostile attitudes. For example, during the meeting on 25 October 1940 of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania— chaired by Antanas Sniečkus, and attended by representatives of the Baltic Military District, 11th Army, and non-Lithuanian officers of the 29th Rifle Corps—the participants unanimously agreed that anti-Soviet mood prevailed in the 29th Rifle Corps and that the units were "polluted" with hostile elements.^[3] The NKVD believed that the most hostile officers had retreated to the underground and were preparing for more serious anti-Soviet attacks.^[3]

In October 1940, the so-called Bulvičius Group was formed in Kaunas by Vytautas Bulvičius and other anti-Soviet Lithuanian officers mainly from the 29th Rifle Corps, as well as teachers, students, and engineers (e.g. J. Andriūnas, Pranas Dovydaitis, Adolfas Eidimtas, Pranas Gužaitis, Juozas Kilius, J. Sadzevičius, Leonas Žemkalnis).^[14] On 17 November 1940, on the initiative of Colonel Kazys Škirpa, the Lithuanian Activist Front was established in Berlin.^[3]^[5]^[15]^[16] Since the beginning of 1941, the group acted as the Vilnius' headquarters of the Lithuanian Activist Front.^[14] The NKVD tracked down the Bulvičius Group and arrested 16 people; seven were executed in Nizhny Novgorod.^[14]^[17]

At the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union, over 5,000 soldiers from the 29th Rifle Corps in Varėna, Pabradė, and Vilnius joined the anti-Soviet June Uprising and gathered in Vilnius starting 24 June 1940.^[16] Not all Lithuanian pilots of the aviation squadron deployed in Ukmergė complied with the Soviet order to retreat to Gomel in the Byelorussian SSR.^[16] Some Lithuanian officers (e.g. Otto Milaševičius^[18]) shot themselves because they did not have the opportunity to resist with the gun or escape, as they were vigilantly monitored by NKVD and commissioners.^[3] On 24 June 1941, Stasys Pundzevičius was appointed Chief of the Lithuanian Armed Forces by the Provisional Government of Lithuania.^[19] Fewer than 1,500 troops of the 29th Rifle Corps complied with the Soviet order and fully retreated to the Pskov Oblast in the Russian SFSR.^[20] At the end of July 1941, the 29th Rifle Corps was disbanded and the soldiers were divided into other parts of the Red Army.^[20]

16th 'Lithuanian' Rifle Division of the Red Army

On 18 December 1941, by the resolution of the State Defense Committee the 16th 'Lithuanian' Rifle Division was formed in the area of Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod) in the Moscow Military District.^[21]^[22] The nucleus of the unit consisted of Soviet officials and activists who had left the Lithuanian SSR (in 1942, only 1,458 soldiers of the division had previously fought on the Front of the Soviet–German War).^[21] Despite bearing the Lithuanian name, until July 1944 about 60% of its soldiers were Russians and Jews, while the Lithuanians accounted for only 40%.^[21]^[22] According to various sources, at times 50%,^[23] up to 80%,^[24] and even 85%^[25] of the division was Jewish. Due to this, the division was nicknamed "The division with the sixteen Lithuanians".^[25] As the Soviet military wanted to preserve the Lithuanian character of the division, there was a policy of sending Jews to fight and keeping Lithuanians behind the front.^[26] As a result, 90% of the division's casualties were Jews.^[24] The 16th Rifle Division did not live up to Joseph Stalin's expectations.^[27] Its soldiers were considered unreliable, were simply starving, and were not allowed on the front lines, thus there was frustration in the division, and the number of desertions increased.^[27] The Soviet intelligence emphasized in secret reports that the most critical about the Communist Party and the Red Army were Lithuanians.^[27]

In 20 February 1943 – 20 March 1943, the 16th Rifle Division participated in its first battles near Alexeyevka in the Oryol Oblast.^[21]^[22] The pompous escort of the division was attended by Antanas Sniečkus himself.^[27] When the German intelligence learned that the Lithuanians were confronting them, the Germans were playing Maironis' folk song Už Raseinių ant Dubysos (English: Beyond Raseiniai on Dubysa) through the speakers during the breaks between the battles.^[27] The poorly prepared division (poor supply, incompetent commanders, soldiers tired after the long march in harsh conditions, underestimation of the resistance of the Germans) lost about 5,000 out of more than 9,900 soldiers.^[21]^[27]^[22] The Soviet leadership acknowledged that the division was unprepared for the fighting and that it tarnished its name.^[21] Reinforced by the former battalion of discipline and a disciplinary company, the division repulsed attacks of the Germans at the Battle of Kursk (63 soldiers were killed and 136 injured).^[21]^[27]^[22] At the end of 1943, reinforced with artillery, mortars, flamethrowers, the division unsuccessfully attacked the Germans at Ezerische in the Haradok District, and after losing about 1,600 soldiers switched to defense.^[21]^[22] In order to preserve the losing division as a national unit, it was transferred to the 4th Assault Army Reserve and did not take part in the battles.^[21]

On 13 February 1944, Lithuanian officers, serving in the 16th Rifle Division, signed an appeal to the Lithuanian officers remaining in Lithuania in which they urged them not to fight with the approaching Red Army.^[28]^[29] In the case of the Germans lose, the Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force, commanded by Povilas Plechavičius, was planning to militarily confront the returning Red Army in the territory of Lithuania, however it was liquidated sooner due to disagreements with the Germans, and Plechavičius, the headquarters of the armed forces, and some other officers were arrested by the Gestapo and taken to the Salaspils concentration camp.^[30] In July 1944, the 16th Rifle Division entered the territory of Lithuania.^[21] By the end of 1944, it had been supplemented by more than 10,000 men (about 10% of all forcibly mobilized in Lithuania).^[21] Since August 1944, the division participated in the battles near Šiauliai and in the Battle of Memel.^[21] In 1944, it was transferred to Courland (about 3,580 soldiers were killed there).^[21] Soldiers of the division, being in Lithuania and Latvia, deserted when the opportunities arose.^[21] In 1945, the division (following the battle, given the name of Klaipėda) was deployed in Vilnius.^[21]^[27] In 1948, it was transformed into the 44th Separate Rifle Brigade, but in 1950 it became a division again.^[21] In May 1956, it was disbanded.^[21]^[27]

Overall, the 16th Rifle Division proved to be non-combat and unprofessional unit in the Soviet–German War, unable to compensate for the losses with so-called national personnel.^[21]^[22] The division did not become a true military unit, but a propaganda unit.^[21] Despite the requests of the Lithuanian SSR leadership, the division was not completed and strengthened enough to fully take part in the struggle for the retaking of the territory of Lithuania.^[22] Eventually, the division's participation in the World War II was used by the Soviet propaganda for the purposes of the occupation of Lithuania.^[21]^[22]^[31]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Knezys, Stasys. "Lietuvos liaudies kariuomenė" [Lithuanian People's Army]. Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 28 January 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Žodynas - Lietuvos liaudies kariuomenė" [Dictionary - Lithuanian People's Army]. Istorijatau.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 28 January 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa Knezys, Stasys. "Lietuvos kariuomenės naikinimas (1940 m. birželio 15 d.–1941 m.)" [Destruction of the Lithuanian Armed Forces (June 15, 1940–1941)]. Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 29 January 2022.
^ "1940–1946 m. kario prisiminimai: netikėtas istorinis ir literatūrinis atradimas" [1940–1946 warrior memories: an unexpected historical and literary discovery]. Bernardinai.lt (in Lithuanian). 21 May 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Lietuvių dienos" [Lithuanian Days] (PDF). Lietuvių dienos (Lithuanian Days) (in Lithuanian and English). 2 (372): 12–17. February 1987. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
^ Tekorius, Andrius (2020). "Sovietinės represijos prieš Lietuvos kariuomenės karininkus" [The Soviet repressions of the officers of the Lithuanian Army]. Karo Archyvas (in Lithuanian). 35 (1). General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
^ Zubreckas, Alfonsas. "Paskutinis kariuomenės štabo viršininkas" [The last Chief of Staff of the Army]. Xxiamzius.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Kaip buvo sunaikinta mūsų kariuomenė" [How our army was destroyed]. Veidas.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 28 January 2022.
^ "Antano Sniečkaus albume – Lietuvos aneksija ir okupacija" [Antanas Sniečkus' album includes the annexation and occupation of Lithuania]. lrytas.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 28 January 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Tininis, Vytautas. "Liaudies seimas". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 6 February 2022.
^ Surgailis, Gintautas (1992). Lietuvos kariuomenės vadai (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Mintis. p. 183. ISBN 5-417-00513-4.
^ Zabielskas, Vytautas. "Vincas Vitkauskas". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 6 February 2022.
^ Sakalauskas, Tomas (16 July 2020). "Pažyma apie Tarybų Lietuvos liaudies kariuomenės karinių įstaigų ir dalinių fondą Nr. R-222" [Certificate on the Fund of Military Institutions and Units of the Soviet Lithuanian People's Army No. R-222]. Archyvai.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 29 January 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Jakimavičius, Eugenijus; Vabalas, Raimondas. "Bulvičiaus grupė". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 30 January 2022.
^ Brandišauskas, Valentinas. "1941 m. Birželio sukilėliai – tautos didvyriai ar nacių agentai?" [1941 Are the June rebels the nation's heroes or Nazi agents?]. Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 29 January 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Brandišauskas, Valentinas. "Birželio sukilimas" [June uprising]. Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 29 January 2022.
^ Jankauskas, Juozas. "Garbusis karininkas". Xxiamzius.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 30 January 2022.
^ Trimonienė, Rūta. "Aleksandras Milaševičius-Ruonis" (PDF). Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 3 February 2022.
^ Zabielskas, Vytautas. "Stasys Pundzevičius". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 10 February 2022.
^ ^a ^b Knezys, Stasys. "Dvidešimt devintasis teritorinis šaulių korpusas" [Twenty-ninth Territorial Rifle Corps]. Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 30 January 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t "Šešioliktoji lietuviškoji šaulių divizija" [16th Lithuanian Rifle Division]. Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Zizas, Rimantas. "Raudonosios armijos 16-oji lietuviškoji šaulių divizija 1943–1945 m." [16th Lithuanian Rifle Division of the Red Army in 1943–1945]. Lietuviai svetimose kariuomenėse (in Lithuanian). Lithuanian Institute of History: 273–274. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
^ Arad, Yitzhak (1990). Yitzhak Arad (ed.). The Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. Vol. 3. New York City: Macmillan Publishers. p. 896. ISBN 9780028960906.
^ ^a ^b Weinstein, Miriam (2001). Yiddish: A Nation of Words. New York: Ballantine Books. p. 182. ISBN 0-345-44730-1.
^ ^a ^b Eisenberg, Azriel (1981). Witness to the Holocaust. New York City: The Pilgrim Press. p. 472. ISBN 0-8298-0614-8.
^ Lipman, Eliezer. "In the Lithuanian Division". Keidaner.com.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Iškauskas, Česlovas. "16-oji lietuviškoji divizija: J.Stalinas nepasitikėjo lietuviais..." [16th Lithuanian Rifle Division: Stalin did not trust the Lithuanians...]. DELFI (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
^ Petrulis, Juvencijus. "Stasys Krikščikas". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
^ Zizas, Rimantas. "Raudonosios armijos 16-oji lietuviškoji šaulių divizija 1943–1945 m." [16th Lithuanian Rifle Division of the Red Army in 1943–1945]. Lietuviai svetimose kariuomenėse (in Lithuanian). Lithuanian Institute of History: 243–244. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
^ Bubnys, Arūnas. "Vietinė rinktinė" [Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force]. Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
^ Ėmužis, Marius; Terleckas, Antanas (7 December 2020). "Raudonosios Armijos 16-oji lietuviškoji divizija" [16th Lithuanian Division of the Red Army]. Bernardinai.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.

[Vle-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Knezys, Stasys. "Lietuvos liaudies kariuomenė" [Lithuanian People's Army]. Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 28 January 2022.

[Istorijatau-2] "Žodynas - Lietuvos liaudies kariuomenė" [Dictionary - Lithuanian People's Army]. Istorijatau.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 28 January 2022.

[Genocid-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa Knezys, Stasys. "Lietuvos kariuomenės naikinimas (1940 m. birželio 15 d.–1941 m.)" [Destruction of the Lithuanian Armed Forces (June 15, 1940–1941)]. Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 29 January 2022.

[4] "1940–1946 m. kario prisiminimai: netikėtas istorinis ir literatūrinis atradimas" [1940–1946 warrior memories: an unexpected historical and literary discovery]. Bernardinai.lt (in Lithuanian). 21 May 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2022.

[Days-5] "Lietuvių dienos" [Lithuanian Days] (PDF). Lietuvių dienos (Lithuanian Days) (in Lithuanian and English). 2 (372): 12–17. February 1987. Retrieved 29 January 2022.

[6] Tekorius, Andrius (2020). "Sovietinės represijos prieš Lietuvos kariuomenės karininkus" [The Soviet repressions of the officers of the Lithuanian Army]. Karo Archyvas (in Lithuanian). 35 (1). General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania. Retrieved 14 February 2022.

[7] Zubreckas, Alfonsas. "Paskutinis kariuomenės štabo viršininkas" [The last Chief of Staff of the Army]. Xxiamzius.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.

[Veidas-8] "Kaip buvo sunaikinta mūsų kariuomenė" [How our army was destroyed]. Veidas.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 28 January 2022.

[9] "Antano Sniečkaus albume – Lietuvos aneksija ir okupacija" [Antanas Sniečkus' album includes the annexation and occupation of Lithuania]. lrytas.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 28 January 2022.

[LiaudiesSeimas-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Tininis, Vytautas. "Liaudies seimas". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 6 February 2022.

[11] Surgailis, Gintautas (1992). Lietuvos kariuomenės vadai (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Mintis. p. 183. ISBN 5-417-00513-4.

[12] Zabielskas, Vytautas. "Vincas Vitkauskas". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 6 February 2022.

[13] Sakalauskas, Tomas (16 July 2020). "Pažyma apie Tarybų Lietuvos liaudies kariuomenės karinių įstaigų ir dalinių fondą Nr. R-222" [Certificate on the Fund of Military Institutions and Units of the Soviet Lithuanian People's Army No. R-222]. Archyvai.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 29 January 2022.

[BulviciusGroup-14] Jakimavičius, Eugenijus; Vabalas, Raimondas. "Bulvičiaus grupė". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 30 January 2022.

[15] Brandišauskas, Valentinas. "1941 m. Birželio sukilėliai – tautos didvyriai ar nacių agentai?" [1941 Are the June rebels the nation's heroes or Nazi agents?]. Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 29 January 2022.

[JuneUprisingVle-16] Brandišauskas, Valentinas. "Birželio sukilimas" [June uprising]. Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 29 January 2022.

[Jankauskas-17] Jankauskas, Juozas. "Garbusis karininkas". Xxiamzius.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 30 January 2022.

[18] Trimonienė, Rūta. "Aleksandras Milaševičius-Ruonis" (PDF). Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 3 February 2022.

[19] Zabielskas, Vytautas. "Stasys Pundzevičius". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 10 February 2022.

[29Corps-20] Knezys, Stasys. "Dvidešimt devintasis teritorinis šaulių korpusas" [Twenty-ninth Territorial Rifle Corps]. Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 30 January 2022.

[16divizija-21] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t "Šešioliktoji lietuviškoji šaulių divizija" [16th Lithuanian Rifle Division]. Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.

[Zizas-22] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Zizas, Rimantas. "Raudonosios armijos 16-oji lietuviškoji šaulių divizija 1943–1945 m." [16th Lithuanian Rifle Division of the Red Army in 1943–1945]. Lietuviai svetimose kariuomenėse (in Lithuanian). Lithuanian Institute of History: 273–274. Retrieved 11 February 2022.

[23] Arad, Yitzhak (1990). Yitzhak Arad (ed.). The Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. Vol. 3. New York City: Macmillan Publishers. p. 896. ISBN 9780028960906.

[:0-24] Weinstein, Miriam (2001). Yiddish: A Nation of Words. New York: Ballantine Books. p. 182. ISBN 0-345-44730-1.

[:1-25] Eisenberg, Azriel (1981). Witness to the Holocaust. New York City: The Pilgrim Press. p. 472. ISBN 0-8298-0614-8.

[26] Lipman, Eliezer. "In the Lithuanian Division". Keidaner.com.

[Iskauskas-27] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Iškauskas, Česlovas. "16-oji lietuviškoji divizija: J.Stalinas nepasitikėjo lietuviais..." [16th Lithuanian Rifle Division: Stalin did not trust the Lithuanians...]. DELFI (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.

[28] Petrulis, Juvencijus. "Stasys Krikščikas". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.

[Zizas2-29] Zizas, Rimantas. "Raudonosios armijos 16-oji lietuviškoji šaulių divizija 1943–1945 m." [16th Lithuanian Rifle Division of the Red Army in 1943–1945]. Lietuviai svetimose kariuomenėse (in Lithuanian). Lithuanian Institute of History: 243–244. Retrieved 11 February 2022.

[30] Bubnys, Arūnas. "Vietinė rinktinė" [Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force]. Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.

[31] Ėmužis, Marius; Terleckas, Antanas (7 December 2020). "Raudonosios Armijos 16-oji lietuviškoji divizija" [16th Lithuanian Division of the Red Army]. Bernardinai.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.

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 {{Short description|Armed forces of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic}}
 [[File:Unit of the Lithuanian People's Army meeting with members of the People's Seimas in 1940.jpg|thumb|Unit of the army meeting with members of the [[People's Seimas]]]]
-[[File:Soldiers of the Lithuanian People's Army holding the Soviet propaganda posters in 1940.jpg|thumb|Soldiers of the army holding the Soviet propaganda posters]]
+[[File:Soldiers of the Lithuanian People's Army carrying the Soviet propaganda posters in 1940.jpg|thumb|Soldiers of the army carrying Soviet propaganda posters]]
-[[File:Soldiers of the Lithuanian People's Army carrying the Soviet propaganda posters in 1940.jpg|thumb|Soldiers of the army carrying the Soviet propaganda posters]]
 [[File:Delegation of the Lithuanian People's Army attending the session of the People's Seimas in 1940.jpg|thumb|Delegation of the army attending the session of the People's Seimas]]
 [[File:Members of the People's Seimas meeting with soldiers of the Lithuanian People's Army in 1940.jpg|thumb|Members of the People's Seimas meeting with soldiers of the army]]
-The '''Lithuanian People's Army''' ({{lang-lt|Lietuvos liaudies kariuomenė}}) was short-lived [[military|armed forces]] of [[Lithuania]] and the [[Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic]] following the [[Soviet occupation of Lithuania (1940)|Soviet occupation of Lithuania in June 1940]].<ref name="Vle">{{cite web |author-last1=Knezys |author-first1=Stasys |title=Lietuvos liaudies kariuomenė |trans-title=Lithuanian People's Army |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/lietuvos-liaudies-kariuomene/ |website=[[Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija]] |access-date=28 January 2022 |language=lt}}</ref><ref name="Istorijatau">{{cite web |title=Žodynas - Lietuvos liaudies kariuomenė |trans-title=Dictionary - Lithuanian People's Army |url=https://istorijatau.lt/rubrikos/zodynas/lietuvos-liaudies-kariuomene |website=Istorijatau.lt |access-date=28 January 2022 |language=lt}}</ref><ref name="Genocid">{{cite web |author-last1=Knezys |author-first1=Stasys |title=Lietuvos kariuomenės naikinimas (1940 m. birželio 15 d.–1941 m.) |trans-title=Destruction of the Lithuanian Armed Forces (June 15, 1940–1941) |url=http://www.genocid.lt/GRTD/Tremtis/stasys.htm |website=[[Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania]] |access-date=29 January 2022 |language=lt}}</ref> The army was formed by the Act of 3 July 1940 of the [[People's Government of Lithuania]] and replaced the [[Lithuanian Armed Forces]] of independent Lithuania.<ref name="Vle" /><ref name="Istorijatau" /><ref>{{cite web |title=1940–1946 m. kario prisiminimai: netikėtas istorinis ir literatūrinis atradimas |trans-title=1940–1946 warrior memories: an unexpected historical and literary discovery |url=https://www.bernardinai.lt/1940-1946-m-kario-prisiminimai-netiketas-istorinis-ir-literaturinis-atradimas/ |website=Bernardinai.lt |access-date=28 January 2022 |language=lt |date=21 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="Genocid" /> According to data from 1 June 1940, the army had 28,115 persons – 26,084 [[soldier]]s (of which 1,728 were [[Officer (armed forces)|officers]]), 2,031 [[Civil service|civil servants]], and with the announcement of the [[mobilization]] it was possible to call 120,400 reserve troops.<ref name="Vle" /><ref name="Genocid" /> The army existed until 30 August 1940 before being transformed into the [[29th Rifle Corps]] of the [[Red Army]].<ref name="Vle" /> Many Lithuanian soldiers and officers were arrested or executed for their [[Anti-Sovietism|anti-Soviet]] attitude.<ref name="Days">{{cite journal |title=Lietuvių dienos |trans-title=Lithuanian Days |journal=Lietuvių dienos (Lithuanian Days) |date=February 1987 |issue=2(372) |pages=12-17 |url=http://www.spauda.org/lietuviu_dienos/archive/1987/1987-02-15-LIETUVIU-DIENOS.pdf |access-date=29 January 2022 |language=lt, en}}</ref>
+The '''Lithuanian People's Army''' ({{langx|lt|Lietuvos liaudies kariuomenė}}) were short-lived [[military|armed forces]] of [[Lithuania]] and the [[Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic]] following the [[Soviet occupation of Lithuania (1940)|Soviet occupation of Lithuania in June 1940]].<ref name="Vle">{{cite web |author-last1=Knezys |author-first1=Stasys |title=Lietuvos liaudies kariuomenė |trans-title=Lithuanian People's Army |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/lietuvos-liaudies-kariuomene/ |website=[[Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija]] |access-date=28 January 2022 |language=lt}}</ref><ref name="Istorijatau">{{cite web |title=Žodynas - Lietuvos liaudies kariuomenė |trans-title=Dictionary - Lithuanian People's Army |url=https://istorijatau.lt/rubrikos/zodynas/lietuvos-liaudies-kariuomene |website=Istorijatau.lt |access-date=28 January 2022 |language=lt}}</ref><ref name="Genocid">{{cite web |author-last1=Knezys |author-first1=Stasys |title=Lietuvos kariuomenės naikinimas (1940 m. birželio 15 d.–1941 m.) |trans-title=Destruction of the Lithuanian Armed Forces (June 15, 1940–1941) |url=http://www.genocid.lt/GRTD/Tremtis/stasys.htm |website=[[Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania]] |access-date=29 January 2022 |language=lt}}</ref> The army was formed by the Act of 3 July 1940 of the [[People's Government of Lithuania]] and replaced the [[Lithuanian Armed Forces]] of independent Lithuania.<ref name="Vle" /><ref name="Istorijatau" /><ref>{{cite web |title=1940–1946 m. kario prisiminimai: netikėtas istorinis ir literatūrinis atradimas |trans-title=1940–1946 warrior memories: an unexpected historical and literary discovery |url=https://www.bernardinai.lt/1940-1946-m-kario-prisiminimai-netiketas-istorinis-ir-literaturinis-atradimas/ |website=Bernardinai.lt |access-date=28 January 2022 |language=lt |date=21 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="Genocid" /> According to data from 1 June 1940, the army had 28,115 persons – 26,084 [[soldier]]s (of which 1,728 were [[Officer (armed forces)|officers]]), 2,031 [[Civil service|civil servants]], and with the announcement of the [[mobilization]] it was possible to call 120,400 reserve troops.<ref name="Vle" /><ref name="Genocid" /> The army existed until 30 August 1940 before being transformed into the [[29th Rifle Corps]] of the [[Red Army]].<ref name="Vle" /> Many Lithuanian soldiers and officers were [[political repression|repressed]] by arrests or executions for their [[Anti-Sovietism|anti-Soviet]] attitude.<ref name="Days">{{cite journal |title=Lietuvių dienos |trans-title=Lithuanian Days |journal=Lietuvių dienos (Lithuanian Days) |date=February 1987 |volume=2 |issue=372 |pages=12–17 |url=http://www.spauda.org/lietuviu_dienos/archive/1987/1987-02-15-LIETUVIU-DIENOS.pdf |access-date=29 January 2022 |language=lt, en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tekorius |first1=Andrius |title=Sovietinės represijos prieš Lietuvos kariuomenės karininkus |trans-title=The Soviet repressions of the officers of the Lithuanian Army |journal=Karo Archyvas |url=https://journals.lka.lt/journal/ka/article/894/file/pdf |publisher=[[General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania]] |access-date=14 February 2022 |volume=35 |issue=1 |year=2020 |language=lt}}</ref>
 ==History==
 ===Dismissal and arrests of officers===
-Following the occupation of Lithuania on 15 June 1940, the army was still formally headed by the [[Ministry of National Defence (Lithuania)|Minister of National Defense]] and the [[Chief of Defence (Lithuania)|Army Commander]]. However, in fact, it was directed by employees of the Embassy of the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="Vle" /> The dissolution of the Lithuanian Armed Forces was started: on 19 June, the first four high-ranking officers were fired, and the cavalry was abolished by the end of the month.<ref name="Vle" /> At the request of the Special Representative of the Soviet Government to Lithuania [[Vladimir Dekanozov]], Prime Minister [[Justas Paleckis]] fired another 17 high-ranking officers from the army on 25 June, including Generals [[Edvardas Adamkavičius]], [[Vladas Mieželis]], [[Vladas Nagevičius]], [[Klemensas Popeliučka]], [[Mikas Rėklaitis]], [[Kazys Tallat-Kelpša]], and [[Eugenijus Vymeris]].<ref name="Vle" /><ref name="Genocid" /> By the end of August 1940, 188 officers (9 generals, 24 colonels, 30 lieutenant colonels, 31 majors, 44 captains, 35 lieutenants, and 15 junior lieutenants) and many [[non-commissioned officers]] had been replaced, including almost all commanders of divisions, regiments, most battalions, and officers of the [[Defence Staff (Lithuania)|General Staff]].<ref name="Vle" /><ref name="Genocid" /> A number of officers were arrested, including officers [[Konstantinas Dulksnys]], Juozas Matusaitis, and [[Petras Kirlys]] (who on 6 June 1941 were [[Execution by firing squad|executed by a firing squad]] in [[Moscow]] following the start of [[Operation Barbarossa]] together with the Director of the State Security Department [[Augustinas Povilaitis]] and the last Minister of Interior [[Kazys Skučas]]).<ref name="Vle" /><ref name="Genocid" />
+Following the occupation of Lithuania on 15 June 1940, the army was still formally headed by the [[Ministry of National Defence (Lithuania)|Minister of National Defense]] and the [[Chief of Defence (Lithuania)|Army Commander]]. However, in fact, it was directed by employees of the Embassy of the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="Vle" /> The dissolution of the Lithuanian Armed Forces was started: on 19 June, the first four high-ranking officers were fired, and the cavalry was abolished by the end of the month.<ref name="Vle" /> At the request of the Special Representative of the Soviet Government to Lithuania [[Vladimir Dekanozov]], Prime Minister [[Justas Paleckis]] fired another 17 high-ranking officers from the army on 25 June, including Generals [[Edvardas Adamkavičius]], [[Vladas Mieželis]], [[Vladas Nagevičius]], [[Klemensas Popeliučka]], [[Mikas Rėklaitis]], [[Kazys Tallat-Kelpša]], and [[Emilis Vymeris]].<ref name="Vle" /><ref name="Genocid" /> By the end of August 1940, 188 officers (9 generals, 24 colonels, 30 lieutenant colonels, 31 majors, 44 captains, 35 lieutenants, and 15 junior lieutenants) and many [[non-commissioned officers]] had been replaced, including almost all commanders of divisions, regiments, most battalions, and officers of the [[Defence Staff (Lithuania)|General Staff]].<ref name="Vle" /><ref name="Genocid" /> A number of officers were arrested, including officers [[Konstantinas Dulksnys]], Juozas Matusaitis, and [[Petras Kirlys]] (who on 6 June 1941 were [[Execution by firing squad|executed by a firing squad]] in [[Moscow]] following the start of [[Operation Barbarossa]] together with the Director of the State Security Department [[Augustinas Povilaitis]] and the last Minister of Interior [[Kazys Skučas]]).<ref name="Vle" /><ref name="Genocid" />
-Soldiers of the [[9th Infantry Regiment (Lithuania)|9th Infantry Regiment]] were particularly targeted.<ref name="Genocid" /> On the personal order of the former Minister of National Defense [[Kazys Musteikis]], the regiment was ordered to ensure the safe departure of President [[Antanas Smetona]] abroad on 15 June 1940.<ref name="Genocid" /> In case of an attack by the Soviet units, the regiment had to resist and, if the enemy proved superior, retreat to Germany.<ref name="Genocid" /> The regiment started marching towards [[Vilkaviškis]], but was stopped by a delegation sent by the Prime Minister [[Antanas Merkys]] which convinced the commander of the regiment [[Antanas Gaušas]] to return to the barracks. However, that was enough to attract special attention from the Soviets.<ref name="Genocid" /> The regiment commander was immediately called to [[Kaunas]] and released into the reserve.<ref name="Genocid" /> Soon on 5 July 1940, the regiment was transferred to the [[Pabradė]] military ground and dispersed there: the regiment headquarters, the staff team, engineering units and motor units were transferred to [[Švenčionėliai]], and two companies were left in [[Marijampolė]] and [[Vilkaviškis]].<ref name="Genocid" /> Despite that, soldiers of this regiment remained negative towards the elections of the [[People's Seimas]] and adoption of a new Soviet-style Constitution and publicly sang ''[[Tautiška giesmė]]''.<ref name="Genocid" /> Consequently, 31 soldiers were arrested, and commander of the regiment [[Karolis Dabulevičius]] was removed from office after serving less than a month.<ref name="Genocid" />
+Soldiers of the [[9th Infantry Regiment (Lithuania)|9th Infantry Regiment]] were targeted.<ref name="Genocid" /> On the personal order of the former Minister of National Defense [[Kazys Musteikis]], the regiment was ordered to ensure the safe departure of President [[Antanas Smetona]] abroad on 15 June 1940.<ref name="Genocid" /> In case of an attack by the Soviet units, the regiment had to resist and, if the enemy proved superior, retreat to Germany.<ref name="Genocid" /> The regiment started marching towards [[Vilkaviškis]], but was stopped by a delegation sent by the Prime Minister [[Antanas Merkys]] which convinced the commander of the regiment [[Antanas Gaušas]] to return to the barracks. However, that was enough to attract special attention from the Soviets.<ref name="Genocid" /> The regiment commander was immediately called to [[Kaunas]] and released into the reserve.<ref name="Genocid" /> Soon on 5 July 1940, the regiment was transferred to the [[Pabradė]] military ground and dispersed there: the regiment headquarters, the staff team, engineering units and motor units were transferred to [[Švenčionėliai]], and two companies were left in [[Marijampolė]] and [[Vilkaviškis]].<ref name="Genocid" /> Despite that, soldiers of this regiment remained negative towards the elections of the [[People's Seimas]] and adoption of a new Soviet-style Constitution and publicly sang ''[[Tautiška giesmė]]''.<ref name="Genocid" /> Consequently, 31 soldiers were arrested, and commander of the regiment [[Karolis Dabulevičius]] was removed from office after serving less than a month.<ref name="Genocid" />
 ===Army transformation===
@@ Line 28: / Line 27: @@
 The work of forming the corps was accompanied by constant arrests of soldiers and officers who openly expressed their dissatisfaction (e.g. by raising the [[Flag of Lithuania|Lithuanian tricolor flag]] or creating and distributing [[Anti-Sovietism|anti-Soviet]] posters and leaflets).<ref name="Genocid" /> The Soviets recognized the hostile attitudes. For example, during the meeting on 25 October 1940 of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania— chaired by [[Antanas Sniečkus]], and attended by representatives of the Baltic Military District, [[11th Army (Soviet Union)|11th Army]], and non-Lithuanian officers of the 29th Rifle Corps—the participants unanimously agreed that anti-Soviet mood prevailed in the 29th Rifle Corps and that the units were "polluted" with hostile elements.<ref name="Genocid" /> The [[NKVD]] believed that the most hostile officers had retreated to the underground and were preparing for more serious anti-Soviet attacks.<ref name="Genocid" />
-[[File:Lithuanian soldiers, liberated from the former Lithuanian corps of the Red Army, greeted in Vilnius, Lithuania during the June Uprising, 1941.jpg|thumb|left|Lithuanian soldiers, liberated from the 29th Rifle Corps, greeted in Vilnius]]
 [[File:Lithuanian rebels (Lithuanian Activist Front) and soldiers in Vilnius, liberated from the Soviets, following the June Uprising, 1941.png|thumb|Lithuanian insurgents (LAF) and soldiers in [[Cathedral Square, Vilnius]]]]
-In October 1940, the so-called Bulvičius Group was formed in Kaunas by [[Vytautas Bulvičius]] and other anti-Soviet Lithuanian officers mainly from the 29th Rifle Corps, as well as teachers, students, and engineers (e.g. J. Andriūnas, [[Pranas Dovydaitis]], [[Adolfas Eidimtas]], [[Pranas Gužaitis]], [[Juozas Kilius]], J. Sadzevičius, [[Leonas Žemkalnis]]).<ref name="BulviciusGroup">{{cite web |author-last1=Jakimavičius |author-first1=Eugenijus |author-last2=Vabalas |author-first2=Raimondas |title=Bulvičiaus grupė |trans-title=Potato group |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/bulviciaus-grupe/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=30 January 2022 |language=lt}}</ref> On 17 November 1940, on the initiative of Colonel [[Kazys Škirpa]], the [[Lithuanian Activist Front]] was established in [[Berlin]].<ref name="Genocid" /><ref name="Days" /><ref>{{cite web |author-last1=Brandišauskas |author-first1=Valentinas |title=1941 m. Birželio sukilėliai – tautos didvyriai ar nacių agentai? |trans-title=1941 Are the June rebels the nation's heroes or Nazi agents? |url=http://www.genocid.lt/Leidyba/10/liudas.htm |website=Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania |access-date=29 January 2022 |language=lt}}</ref><ref name="JuneUprisingVle">{{cite web |author-last1=Brandišauskas |author-first1=Valentinas |title=Birželio sukilimas |trans-title=June uprising |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/birzelio-sukilimas/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=29 January 2022 |language=lt}}</ref> Since the beginning of 1941, the group acted as the Vilnius' headquarters of the Lithuanian Activist Front.<ref name="BulviciusGroup" /> The [[NKVD]] tracked down the Bulvičius Group and arrested 16 people; seven were executed in [[Nizhny Novgorod]].<ref name="BulviciusGroup" /><ref name="Jankauskas">{{cite web |last1=Jankauskas |first1=Juozas |title=Garbusis karininkas |url=http://www.xxiamzius.lt/numeriai/2008/05/07/atmi_01.html |website=Xxiamzius.lt |access-date=30 January 2022 |language=lt}}</ref>
+In October 1940, the so-called Bulvičius Group was formed in Kaunas by [[Vytautas Bulvičius]] and other anti-Soviet Lithuanian officers mainly from the 29th Rifle Corps, as well as teachers, students, and engineers (e.g. J. Andriūnas, [[Pranas Dovydaitis]], [[Adolfas Eidimtas]], [[Pranas Gužaitis]], [[Juozas Kilius]], J. Sadzevičius, [[Leonas Žemkalnis]]).<ref name="BulviciusGroup">{{cite web |author-last1=Jakimavičius |author-first1=Eugenijus |author-last2=Vabalas |author-first2=Raimondas |title=Bulvičiaus grupė |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/bulviciaus-grupe/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=30 January 2022 |language=lt}}</ref> On 17 November 1940, on the initiative of Colonel [[Kazys Škirpa]], the [[Lithuanian Activist Front]] was established in [[Berlin]].<ref name="Genocid" /><ref name="Days" /><ref>{{cite web |author-last1=Brandišauskas |author-first1=Valentinas |title=1941 m. Birželio sukilėliai – tautos didvyriai ar nacių agentai? |trans-title=1941 Are the June rebels the nation's heroes or Nazi agents? |url=http://www.genocid.lt/Leidyba/10/liudas.htm |website=Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania |access-date=29 January 2022 |language=lt}}</ref><ref name="JuneUprisingVle">{{cite web |author-last1=Brandišauskas |author-first1=Valentinas |title=Birželio sukilimas |trans-title=June uprising |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/birzelio-sukilimas/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=29 January 2022 |language=lt}}</ref> Since the beginning of 1941, the group acted as the Vilnius' headquarters of the Lithuanian Activist Front.<ref name="BulviciusGroup" /> The [[NKVD]] tracked down the Bulvičius Group and arrested 16 people; seven were executed in [[Nizhny Novgorod]].<ref name="BulviciusGroup" /><ref name="Jankauskas">{{cite web |last1=Jankauskas |first1=Juozas |title=Garbusis karininkas |url=http://www.xxiamzius.lt/numeriai/2008/05/07/atmi_01.html |website=Xxiamzius.lt |access-date=30 January 2022 |language=lt}}</ref>
+[[File:Lithuanian soldiers, liberated from the former Lithuanian corps of the Red Army, greeted in Vilnius, Lithuania during the June Uprising, 1941.jpg|thumb|Lithuanian soldiers, liberated from the 29th Rifle Corps, greeted in Vilnius]]
 At the start of the [[Operation Barbarossa|German invasion of the Soviet Union]], over 5,000 soldiers from the 29th Rifle Corps in [[Varėna]], [[Pabradė]], and [[Vilnius]] joined the anti-Soviet [[June Uprising in Lithuania|June Uprising]] and gathered in Vilnius starting 24 June 1940.<ref name="JuneUprisingVle" /> Not all Lithuanian pilots of the aviation squadron deployed in [[Ukmergė]] complied with the Soviet order to retreat to [[Gomel]] in the [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussian SSR]].<ref name="JuneUprisingVle" /> Some Lithuanian officers (e.g. Otto Milaševičius<ref>{{cite web |author-last1=Trimonienė |author-first1=Rūta |title=Aleksandras Milaševičius-Ruonis |url=http://genocid.lt/UserFiles/File/Atmintinos_datos/2019/201909_milasevicius_biog.pdf |website=Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania |access-date=3 February 2022 |language=lt}}</ref>) shot themselves because they did not have the opportunity to resist with the gun or escape, as they were vigilantly monitored by NKVD and commissioners.<ref name="Genocid" /> On 24 June 1941, [[Stasys Pundzevičius]] was appointed Chief of the Lithuanian Armed Forces by the [[Provisional Government of Lithuania]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zabielskas |first1=Vytautas |title=Stasys Pundzevičius |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/stasys-pundzevicius/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=10 February 2022 |language=lt}}</ref> Fewer than 1,500 troops of the 29th Rifle Corps complied with the Soviet order and fully retreated to the [[Pskov Oblast]] in the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]].<ref name="29Corps">{{cite web |author-last1=Knezys |author-first1=Stasys |title=Dvidešimt devintasis teritorinis šaulių korpusas |trans-title=Twenty-ninth Territorial Rifle Corps |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/dvidesimt-devintasis-teritorinis-sauliu-korpusas/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=30 January 2022 |language=lt}}</ref> At the end of July 1941, the 29th Rifle Corps was disbanded and the soldiers were divided into other parts of the Red Army.<ref name="29Corps" />
 ===16th 'Lithuanian' Rifle Division of the Red Army===
 [[File:Lithuanian SSR leadership in the 16th 'Lithuanian' Rifle Division, June 1943.jpg|thumb|Lithuanian SSR leadership in the 16th 'Lithuanian' Rifle Division, including Antanas Sniečkus, Vladas Karvelis, Justas Paleckis, June 1943]]
-On 18 December 1941, by the resolution of the [[State Defense Committee]] the [[16th Rifle Division|16th 'Lithuanian' Rifle Division]] was formed in the area of Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod) in the [[Moscow Military District]].<ref name="16divizija">{{cite web |title=Šešioliktoji lietuviškoji šaulių divizija |trans-title=16th Lithuanian Rifle Division |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/sesioliktoji-lietuviskoji-sauliu-divizija/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=11 February 2022 |language=lt}}</ref><ref name="Zizas">{{cite journal |last1=Zizas |first1=Rimantas |title=Raudonosios armijos 16-oji lietuviškoji šaulių divizija 1943–1945 m. |trans-title=16th Lithuanian Rifle Division of the Red Army in 1943–1945 |url=https://journals.lka.lt/journal/ka/article/700/file/pdf |journal=Lietuviai svetimose kariuomenėse |pages=273-274 |publisher=[[Lithuanian Institute of History]] |access-date=11 February 2022 |language=lt}}</ref> The nucleus of the unit consisted of Soviet officials and activists who had left the Lithuanian SSR (in 1942, only 1,458 soldiers of the division had previously fought on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Front of the Soviet–German War]]).<ref name="16divizija" /> Despite bearing the Lithuanian name, until July 1944 about 60% of its soldiers were [[Russians]] and [[Jews]], while the [[Lithuanians]] accounted for only 40%.<ref name="16divizija" /><ref name="Zizas" /> According to various sources, at times 50%,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Arad|first=Yitzhak|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofho0003unse/page/896/mode/2up?q=Lithuanian|title=The Encyclopedia of the Holocaust|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]]|year=1990|editor-last=Gutman|editor-first=Israel|editor-mask=[[Yitzhak Arad]]|volume=3|location=[[New York City]]|pages=896}}</ref> up to 80%,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Weinstein|first=Miriam|url=https://archive.org/details/yiddish00miri/page/182/mode/2up?q=Lithuanian+division|title=Yiddish: A Nation of Words|publisher=Ballantine Books|year=2001|isbn=0-345-44730-1|location=New York|pages=182}}</ref> and even 85%<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Eisenberg|first=Azriel|url=https://archive.org/details/witnesstoholocau00azri/page/472/mode/2up?q=%22Lithuanian+Division%22|title=Witness to the Holocaust|publisher=[[The Pilgrim Press]]|year=1981|isbn=0-8298-0614-8|location=[[New York City]]|pages=472}}</ref> of the division was Jewish. Due to this, the division was [[Nickname|nicknamed]] "The division with the sixteen Lithuanians".<ref name=":1" /> As the Soviet military wanted to preserve the Lithuanian character of the division, there was a policy of sending Jews to fight and keeping Lithuanians behind the front.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lipman|first=Eliezer|title=In the Lithuanian Division|url=https://keidaner.com/266in-the-lithuanian-division/ |website=Keidaner.com |url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, 90% of the division's casualties were Jews.<ref name=":0" /> The 16th Rifle Division did not live up to [[Joseph Stalin]]'s expectations.<ref name="Iskauskas">{{cite web |last1=Iškauskas |first1=Česlovas |title=16-oji lietuviškoji divizija: J.Stalinas nepasitikėjo lietuviais... |trans-title=16th Lithuanian Rifle Division: Stalin did not trust the Lithuanians... |url=https://www.delfi.lt/archive/ciskauskas-16-oji-lietuviskoji-divizija-jstalinas-nepasitikejo-lietuviais.d?id=60073631 |website=[[DELFI]] |access-date=11 February 2022 |language=lt}}</ref> Its soldiers were considered unreliable, were simply starving, and were not allowed on the front lines, thus there was frustration in the division, and the number of [[Desertion|desertions]] increased.<ref name="Iskauskas" /> The Soviet intelligence emphasized in secret reports that the most critical about the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]] and the Red Army were Lithuanians.<ref name="Iskauskas" />
+On 18 December 1941, by the resolution of the [[State Defense Committee]] the [[16th Rifle Division|16th 'Lithuanian' Rifle Division]] was formed in the area of Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod) in the [[Moscow Military District]].<ref name="16divizija">{{cite web |title=Šešioliktoji lietuviškoji šaulių divizija |trans-title=16th Lithuanian Rifle Division |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/sesioliktoji-lietuviskoji-sauliu-divizija/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=11 February 2022 |language=lt}}</ref><ref name="Zizas">{{cite journal |last1=Zizas |first1=Rimantas |title=Raudonosios armijos 16-oji lietuviškoji šaulių divizija 1943–1945 m. |trans-title=16th Lithuanian Rifle Division of the Red Army in 1943–1945 |url=https://journals.lka.lt/journal/ka/article/700/file/pdf |journal=Lietuviai svetimose kariuomenėse |pages=273–274 |publisher=[[Lithuanian Institute of History]] |access-date=11 February 2022 |language=lt}}</ref> The nucleus of the unit consisted of Soviet officials and activists who had left the Lithuanian SSR (in 1942, only 1,458 soldiers of the division had previously fought on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Front of the Soviet–German War]]).<ref name="16divizija" /> Despite bearing the Lithuanian name, until July 1944 about 60% of its soldiers were [[Russians]] and [[Jews]], while the [[Lithuanians]] accounted for only 40%.<ref name="16divizija" /><ref name="Zizas" /> According to various sources, at times 50%,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Arad|first=Yitzhak|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofho0003unse/page/896/mode/2up?q=Lithuanian|title=The Encyclopedia of the Holocaust|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]]|year=1990|editor-last=Gutman|editor-first=Israel|editor-mask=[[Yitzhak Arad]]|volume=3|location=[[New York City]]|pages=896|isbn=9780028960906}}</ref> up to 80%,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Weinstein|first=Miriam|url=https://archive.org/details/yiddish00miri/page/182/mode/2up?q=Lithuanian+division|title=Yiddish: A Nation of Words|publisher=Ballantine Books|year=2001|isbn=0-345-44730-1|location=New York|pages=182}}</ref> and even 85%<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Eisenberg|first=Azriel|url=https://archive.org/details/witnesstoholocau00azri/page/472/mode/2up?q=%22Lithuanian+Division%22|title=Witness to the Holocaust|publisher=[[The Pilgrim Press]]|year=1981|isbn=0-8298-0614-8|location=[[New York City]]|pages=472}}</ref> of the division was Jewish. Due to this, the division was [[Nickname|nicknamed]] "The division with the sixteen Lithuanians".<ref name=":1" /> As the Soviet military wanted to preserve the Lithuanian character of the division, there was a policy of sending Jews to fight and keeping Lithuanians behind the front.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lipman|first=Eliezer|title=In the Lithuanian Division|url=https://keidaner.com/266in-the-lithuanian-division/ |website=Keidaner.com }}</ref> As a result, 90% of the division's casualties were Jews.<ref name=":0" /> The 16th Rifle Division did not live up to [[Joseph Stalin]]'s expectations.<ref name="Iskauskas">{{cite web |last1=Iškauskas |first1=Česlovas |title=16-oji lietuviškoji divizija: J.Stalinas nepasitikėjo lietuviais... |trans-title=16th Lithuanian Rifle Division: Stalin did not trust the Lithuanians... |url=https://www.delfi.lt/archive/ciskauskas-16-oji-lietuviskoji-divizija-jstalinas-nepasitikejo-lietuviais.d?id=60073631 |website=[[DELFI]] |access-date=11 February 2022 |language=lt}}</ref> Its soldiers were considered unreliable, were simply starving, and were not allowed on the front lines, thus there was frustration in the division, and the number of [[Desertion|desertions]] increased.<ref name="Iskauskas" /> The Soviet intelligence emphasized in secret reports that the most critical about the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]] and the Red Army were Lithuanians.<ref name="Iskauskas" />
-[[File:16th Rifle Division of the Red Army participating in fighting in the Oryol Oblast in the summer of 1943.jpg|thumb|left|Soldiers of the 16th Rifle Division participating in fighting in the Oryol Oblast in the summer of 1943]]
+[[File:16th Rifle Division of the Red Army participating in fighting in the Oryol Oblast in the summer of 1943.jpg|thumb|Soldiers of the 16th Rifle Division participating in fighting in the Oryol Oblast in the summer of 1943]]
-In 20 February 1943 – 20 March 1943, the 16th Rifle Division participated in its first battles near Alexeyevka in the [[Oryol Oblast]].<ref name="16divizija" /><ref name="Zizas" /> The pompous escort of the division was attended by Antanas Sniečkus himself.<ref name="Iskauskas" /> When the [[Abwehr|German intelligence]] learned that the Lithuanians were confronting them, the Germans were playing [[Maironis]]' folk song ''Už Raseinių ant Dubysos'' ({{lang-en|Beyond [[Raseiniai]] on [[Dubysa]]}}) through the speakers during the breaks between the battles.<ref name="Iskauskas" /> The poorly prepared division (poor supply, incompetent commanders, soldiers tired after the long march in harsh conditions, underestimation of the resistance of the Germans) lost about 5,000 out of more than 9,900 soldiers.<ref name="16divizija" /><ref name="Iskauskas" /><ref name="Zizas" /> The Soviet leadership acknowledged that the division was unprepared for the fighting and that it tarnished its name.<ref name="16divizija" /> Reinforced by the former battalion of discipline and a disciplinary company, the division repulsed attacks of the Germans at the [[Battle of Kursk]] (63 soldiers were killed and 136 injured).<ref name="16divizija" /><ref name="Iskauskas" /><ref name="Zizas" /> At the end of 1943, reinforced with artillery, [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]], [[flamethrower]]s, the division unsuccessfully attacked the Germans at Ezerische in the [[Haradok District]], and after losing about 1,600 soldiers switched to defense.<ref name="16divizija" /><ref name="Zizas" /> In order to preserve the losing division as a national unit, it was transferred to the [[Reserve Army (Soviet_Union)#4th Reserve Army|4th Assault Army Reserve]] and did not take part in the battles.<ref name="16divizija" />
+In 20 February 1943 – 20 March 1943, the 16th Rifle Division participated in its first battles near Alexeyevka in the [[Oryol Oblast]].<ref name="16divizija" /><ref name="Zizas" /> The pompous escort of the division was attended by Antanas Sniečkus himself.<ref name="Iskauskas" /> When the [[Abwehr|German intelligence]] learned that the Lithuanians were confronting them, the Germans were playing [[Maironis]]' folk song ''Už Raseinių ant Dubysos'' ({{langx|en|Beyond [[Raseiniai]] on [[Dubysa]]}}) through the speakers during the breaks between the battles.<ref name="Iskauskas" /> The poorly prepared division (poor supply, incompetent commanders, soldiers tired after the long march in harsh conditions, underestimation of the resistance of the Germans) lost about 5,000 out of more than 9,900 soldiers.<ref name="16divizija" /><ref name="Iskauskas" /><ref name="Zizas" /> The Soviet leadership acknowledged that the division was unprepared for the fighting and that it tarnished its name.<ref name="16divizija" /> Reinforced by the former battalion of discipline and a disciplinary company, the division repulsed attacks of the Germans at the [[Battle of Kursk]] (63 soldiers were killed and 136 injured).<ref name="16divizija" /><ref name="Iskauskas" /><ref name="Zizas" /> At the end of 1943, reinforced with artillery, [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]], [[flamethrower]]s, the division unsuccessfully attacked the Germans at Ezerische in the [[Haradok District]], and after losing about 1,600 soldiers switched to defense.<ref name="16divizija" /><ref name="Zizas" /> In order to preserve the losing division as a national unit, it was transferred to the [[Reserve Army (Soviet_Union)#4th Reserve Army|4th Assault Army Reserve]] and did not take part in the battles.<ref name="16divizija" />
 [[File:16th Rifle Division of the Red Army marching through the village of Stoniškiai, Lithuanian SSR in October 1944.jpg|thumb|Soldiers of the 16th Rifle Division marching through the village of [[Stoniškiai]] in October 1944]]
-On 13 February 1944, Lithuanian officers, serving in the 16th Rifle Division, signed an appeal to the Lithuanian officers remaining in Lithuania in which they urged them not to fight with the approaching Red Army.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Petrulis |first1=Juvencijus |title=Stasys Krikščikas |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/stasys-krikscikas/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=11 February 2022 |language=lt}}</ref><ref name="Zizas2">{{cite journal |last1=Zizas |first1=Rimantas |title=Raudonosios armijos 16-oji lietuviškoji šaulių divizija 1943–1945 m. |trans-title=16th Lithuanian Rifle Division of the Red Army in 1943–1945 |url=https://journals.lka.lt/journal/ka/article/700/file/pdf |journal=Lietuviai svetimose kariuomenėse |pages=243-244 |publisher=Lithuanian Institute of History |access-date=11 February 2022 |language=lt}}</ref> In the case of the Germans lose, the [[Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force]], commanded by [[Povilas Plechavičius]], was planning to militarily confront the returning Red Army in the territory of Lithuania, however it was liquidated sooner due to disagreements with the Germans, and Plechavičius, the headquarters of the armed forces, and some other officers were arrested by the [[Gestapo]] and taken to the [[Salaspils camp|Salaspils concentration camp]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bubnys |first1=Arūnas |title=Vietinė rinktinė |trans-title=Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/vietine-rinktine/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=11 February 2022 |language=lt}}</ref> In July 1944, the 16th Rifle Division entered the territory of Lithuania.<ref name="16divizija" /> By the end of 1944, it had been supplemented by more than 10,000 men (about 10% of all forcibly mobilized in Lithuania).<ref name="16divizija" /> Since August 1944, the division participated in the battles near [[Šiauliai]] and in the [[Battle of Memel]].<ref name="16divizija" /> In 1944, it was transferred to [[Courland]] (about 3,580 soldiers were killed there).<ref name="16divizija" /> Soldiers of the division, being in Lithuania and [[Latvia]], deserted when the opportunities arose.<ref name="16divizija" /> In 1945, the division (following the battle, given the name of [[Klaipėda]]) was deployed in Vilnius.<ref name="16divizija" /><ref name="Iskauskas" /> In 1948, it was transformed into the 44th Separate Rifle Brigade, but in 1950 it became a division again.<ref name="16divizija" /> In May 1956, it was disbanded.<ref name="16divizija" /><ref name="Iskauskas" />
+On 13 February 1944, Lithuanian officers, serving in the 16th Rifle Division, signed an appeal to the Lithuanian officers remaining in Lithuania in which they urged them not to fight with the approaching Red Army.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Petrulis |first1=Juvencijus |title=Stasys Krikščikas |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/stasys-krikscikas/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=11 February 2022 |language=lt}}</ref><ref name="Zizas2">{{cite journal |last1=Zizas |first1=Rimantas |title=Raudonosios armijos 16-oji lietuviškoji šaulių divizija 1943–1945 m. |trans-title=16th Lithuanian Rifle Division of the Red Army in 1943–1945 |url=https://journals.lka.lt/journal/ka/article/700/file/pdf |journal=Lietuviai svetimose kariuomenėse |pages=243–244 |publisher=Lithuanian Institute of History |access-date=11 February 2022 |language=lt}}</ref> In the case of the Germans lose, the [[Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force]], commanded by [[Povilas Plechavičius]], was planning to militarily confront the returning Red Army in the territory of Lithuania, however it was liquidated sooner due to disagreements with the Germans, and Plechavičius, the headquarters of the armed forces, and some other officers were arrested by the [[Gestapo]] and taken to the [[Salaspils camp|Salaspils concentration camp]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bubnys |first1=Arūnas |title=Vietinė rinktinė |trans-title=Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/vietine-rinktine/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=11 February 2022 |language=lt}}</ref> In July 1944, the 16th Rifle Division entered the territory of Lithuania.<ref name="16divizija" /> By the end of 1944, it had been supplemented by more than 10,000 men (about 10% of all forcibly mobilized in Lithuania).<ref name="16divizija" /> Since August 1944, the division participated in the battles near [[Šiauliai]] and in the [[Battle of Memel]].<ref name="16divizija" /> In 1944, it was transferred to [[Courland]] (about 3,580 soldiers were killed there).<ref name="16divizija" /> Soldiers of the division, being in Lithuania and [[Latvia]], deserted when the opportunities arose.<ref name="16divizija" /> In 1945, the division (following the battle, given the name of [[Klaipėda]]) was deployed in Vilnius.<ref name="16divizija" /><ref name="Iskauskas" /> In 1948, it was transformed into the 44th Separate Rifle Brigade, but in 1950 it became a division again.<ref name="16divizija" /> In May 1956, it was disbanded.<ref name="16divizija" /><ref name="Iskauskas" />
 Overall, the 16th Rifle Division proved to be non-combat and unprofessional unit in the Soviet–German War, unable to compensate for the losses with so-called national personnel.<ref name="16divizija" /><ref name="Zizas" /> The division did not become a true military unit, but a propaganda unit.<ref name="16divizija" /> Despite the requests of the Lithuanian SSR leadership, the division was not completed and strengthened enough to fully take part in the struggle for the [[Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)|retaking of the territory of Lithuania]].<ref name="Zizas" /> Eventually, the division's participation in the [[World War II]] was used by the [[Propaganda in the Soviet Union|Soviet propaganda]] for the purposes of the occupation of Lithuania.<ref name="16divizija" /><ref name="Zizas" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ėmužis |first1=Marius |last2=Terleckas |first2=Antanas |title=Raudonosios Armijos 16-oji lietuviškoji divizija |trans-title=16th Lithuanian Division of the Red Army |url=https://www.bernardinai.lt/tinklalaide-ko-tyli-istorikai-raudonosios-armijos-16-oji-lietuviskoji-divizija/ |website=[[Bernardinai.lt]] |access-date=11 February 2022 |language=lt |date=7 December 2020}}</ref>
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 [[Category:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic]]
-[[Category:Lithuania in World War II]]
+[[Category:Military history of Lithuania during World War II]]
 [[Category:1940 in Lithuania]]
 [[category:1940 in the Soviet Union]]
-[[Category:Military history of Lithuania]]
 [[Category:Military units and formations established in 1940]]
 [[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1940]]