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{{Short description |Finnish author, poet, journalist, historian, and rector (1818–1898)}}
{{Short description |Finnish author, poet, journalist, historian, and rector (1818–1898)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox writer <!-- For more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]]. -->
{{Infobox writer <!-- For more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]]. -->
| name = Zachris Topelius
| name = Zachris Topelius
| image = Zacharias Topelius porträtt.jpg
| image = Zacharias Topelius porträtt.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| alt =
| caption =
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| pseudonym =
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| birth_name = Zacharias Topelius
| birth_name = Zacharias Topelius
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1818|01|14}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1818|01|14}}
| birth_place = Kuddnäs, near [[Nykarleby]], [[Russian Empire]] (now Finland)
| birth_place = Kuddnäs, near [[Nykarleby]], [[Grand Duchy of Finland]], [[Russian Empire]] (now Finland)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1898|03|12|1818|01|14}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1898|03|12|1818|01|14}}
| death_place = [[Sipoo]], [[Grand Duchy of Finland]], Russian Empire (now Finland)
| death_place = [[Sipoo]], [[Grand Duchy of Finland]], Russian Empire (now Finland)
| resting_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = {{plainlist|
| occupation = {{plainlist|
* Historian
* Historian
* Poet
* Poet
}}
}}
| language = Swedish
| language = Swedish
| nationality = Finnish
| nationality = Finnish
| ethnicity =
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'''Zachris Topelius''' ({{IPA-sv|ˈsǎkːrɪs tɔˈpěːlɪɵs}}, {{IPA-sv|ˈsɑkris toˈpeːliʉs|fi}}; 14 January 1818{{snd}}12 March 1898) was a Finnish author, poet, journalist, historian, and [[Rector (academia)|rector]] of the [[University of Helsinki]] who wrote [[historical novel|novels related to Finnish history]] in Swedish.
'''Zacharias Topelius''' ({{IPA|sv-fi|sɑˈkɑːriɑs toˈpeːliʉs}}; 14 January 1818{{snd}}12 March 1898) was a Finnish author, poet, journalist, historian, and [[Rector (academia)|rector]] of the [[University of Helsinki]] who wrote [[Historical novel|novels related to Finnish history]]. He wrote his works exclusively in Swedish, although they were translated early on into Finnish.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffinland00geor |title=A History of Finland's Literature |date=1998 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-4189-3 |editor-last=Schoolfield |editor-first=George C. |series=Histories of Scandinavian Literature |location=Lincoln |pages=xvii |quote=In the full flush of nationalistic enthusiasm Finnish literary histories were written largely without reference to what had happened and was happening in the other tongue, save for the work of such giants as Johan Ludvig Runeberg and Zachris Topelius: because of their role in national life, and thanks to early and excellent translation, they were regarded as essential parts of Finnish-language literature, albeit they wrote entirely in Swedish. |url-access=registration}}</ref>


==Given name==
==Given name==
[[Zacharias (given name)|Zacharias]] is his baptismal name, and this is used on the covers of his printed works. However, "he himself most often used the abbreviation Z. or the form Zachris, even in official contexts", as explained in the National Biography of Finland. Zachris is therefore the preferred form used in recent academic literature about him.<ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/title/100-faces-from-finland-a-biographical-kaleidoscope/oclc/461943526?referer=di&ht=edition ''100 faces from Finland'' by Ulpu Marjomaa, (Helsinki: Finnish literature society, 2000)]</ref>
[[Zacharias (given name)|Zacharias]] is his baptismal name, and this is used on the covers of his printed works. However, "he himself most often used the abbreviation Z. or the form Zachris ({{IPA|sv-fi|ˈsɑkris}}), even in official contexts", as explained in the ''National Biography of Finland''. Zachris is therefore the preferred form used in recent academic literature about him.<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/461943526 ''100 faces from Finland'' by Ulpu Marjomaa, (Helsinki: Finnish literature society, 2000)]</ref>


The Finnish form of Topelius' first name is Sakari(as) ({{IPA|fi|ˈsɑkɑri(ɑs)}}).
Other spellings used are Sakari and Sakarias.


==Life and career==
==Life and career==
===Early life===
===Early life===


The original name of the Topelius family was the Finnish name Toppila, which had been Latinized to Toppelius by the author's grandfather's grandfather and later changed to Topelius. Topelius was born at Kuddnäs, near [[Nykarleby]] in [[Ostrobothnia (region)|Ostrobothnia]], the son of a physician of the same name ({{ill|Zacharias Topelius the Elder|fi|Zacharias Topelius vanhempi}}), who was distinguished as the earliest collector of Finnish folk-songs.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Topelius, Zakris|last=Gosse|first=Edmund William|author-link=Edmund Gosse|volume=27|page=49}}</ref> As a child he heard his mother, Katarina Sofia Calamnius, sing the songs of the Finnish-Swedish poet [[Frans Michael Franzén|Franzén]]. At the age of eleven, he was sent to school in [[Oulu]] and boarded with relatives in the possession of a lending library, where he nurtured his fantasy with the reading of novels.
The original name of the Topelius family was the Finnish name Toppila, which had been Latinized to Toppelius by the author's grandfather's grandfather and later changed to Topelius. Topelius was born at Kuddnäs, near [[Nykarleby]] in [[Ostrobothnia (region)|Ostrobothnia]], the son of a physician of the same name ({{ill|Zacharias Topelius the Elder|fi|Zacharias Topelius vanhempi}}), who was distinguished as the earliest collector of Finnish folk songs.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Topelius, Zakris|last=Gosse|first=Edmund William|author-link=Edmund Gosse|volume=27|page=49}}</ref> His grandfather, [[Mikael Toppelius]], was a painter noted for his murals and altarpieces in churches in Ostrobothnia.{{Sfn|Schoolfield|1998|p=334}}

As a child, he heard his mother, Katarina Sofia Calamnius, sing the songs of the Finnish-Swedish poet [[Frans Michael Franzén]]. At the age of eleven, he was sent to school in [[Oulu]] and boarded with relatives in the possession of a lending library, where he nurtured his imagination with the reading of novels. He was given a Christian upbringing that came to characterize his entire life.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boije |first=Erika|chapter=Inledning|title=Zacharias Topelius, Religiösa skrifter och psalmer|editor=Magnus Nylund|id=ZTS XIX, SSLS 867|location=Helsinki|publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|chapter-url=https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:sls-8085-1609135499|year=2022|language=sv}}</ref>


===Study in Helsinki===
===Study in Helsinki===


⚫
[[File:Johan Ludvig Runeberg and Zacharias Topelius, 1863.jpg|thumb|150px|Together with [[Johan Ludvig Runeberg]] in 1863]]
⚫
He came to Helsingfors, [[Helsinki]] in 1831 and became a member of the circle of young nationalist men surrounding [[Johan Ludvig Runeberg]], in whose home he stayed for some time. Topelius became a student at the [[University of Helsinki|Imperial Alexander University of Finland]] in 1833, received his master's degree (''cand. philol.'') in 1840, the [[Licentiate (degree)|Licentiate]] degree in history in 1844 and his PhD in 1847, having defended a dissertation titled ''De modo matrimonia jungendi apud fennos quondam vigente'' ("About the custom of marriage among the ancient Finns"). Besides history, his academic studies had for periods been devoted both to Theology and Medicine. He was secretary of {{ill|Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica|fi}} 1842–1846, was employed by the university library 1846–1861, and taught History, Statistics and Swedish at the school {{ill|Helsingfors lyceum|fi}} during the same period.

⚫
He came to [[Helsinki]] in 1831 and became a member of the circle of young nationalist men surrounding [[Johan Ludvig Runeberg]], at whose home he stayed for some time. Topelius became a student at the [[University of Helsinki|Imperial Alexander University of Finland]] in 1833, received his master's degree (''cand. philol.'') in 1840, the [[Licentiate (degree)|Licentiate]] degree in history in 1844 and his PhD in 1847, having defended a dissertation titled ''De modo matrimonia jungendi apud fennos quondam vigente'' ("About the custom of marriage among the ancient Finns"). Besides history, his academic studies had for periods been devoted both to Theology and Medicine. He was secretary of {{ill|Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica|fi}} 1842–1846, was employed by the university library 1846–1861, and taught History, Statistics and Swedish at the school {{ill|Helsingfors lyceum|fi}} during the same period.


===Becoming a professor===
===Becoming a professor===
⚫
Through the intervention of a friend, {{ill|Fredrik Cygnæus|fi}}, Topelius was named professor extraordinary of the History of Finland at the University in 1854. He was made first ordinary professor of Finnish, Russian and Nordic history in 1863, and exchanged this chair for the one in general history in 1876. He was [[Rector (academia)|rector]] of the university from 1875 until 1878, when he retired as Emeritus Professor and received the title of ''verkligt statsråd'' (Finnish: todellinen valtioneuvos, Russian: действительный статский советник; literally "state councillor", a Russian honorary title).


⚫
Through the intervention of a friend, [[Fredrik Cygnaeus]], Topelius was named professor extraordinary of the History of Finland at the university in 1854. He was made first ordinary professor of Finnish, Russian and Nordic history in 1863, and exchanged this chair for the one in general history in 1876. He was [[Rector (academia)|rector]] of the university from 1875 until 1878, when he retired as Emeritus Professor and received the title of ''verkligt statsråd'' (Finnish: todellinen valtioneuvos, Russian: действительный статский советник; literally "state councillor", a Russian honorary title).
⚫
===Focus on writing===
⚫
[[File:Johan Ludvig Runeberg and Zacharias Topelius, 1863.jpg|thumb|150px|Together with [[Johan Ludvig Runeberg]] in 1863]]


⚫
[[File:Albert Edelfelt - Illustration of Adalmina’s Pearl - A II 1519-11 - Finnish National Gallery.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Albert Edelfelt]]'s illustration of ''Adalmina's Pearl'', a fairy tale by Topelius{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}]]
⚫
Quite early in his career he began to distinguish himself as a lyric poet, with the three successive volumes of his ''Heather Blossoms'' (1845–54). The earliest of his historical romances was ''The Duchess of Finland'', published in 1850. He was also editor-in-chief of the {{ill|Helsingfors Tidningar|fi}} from 1841 to 1860. In 1878, Topelius was allowed to withdraw from his professional duties, but this did not sever his connection with the university; it gave him, however, more leisure for his abundant and various literary enterprises. Of all the multifarious writings of Topelius, in prose and verse, that which has enjoyed the greatest popularity is his ''Tales of a Barber-Surgeon'', episodes of historical fiction from the days of [[Gustavus II]]. Adolphus to those of [[Gustavus III]]., treated in the manner of [[Sir Walter Scott]]; the five volumes of this work appeared between 1853 and 1867. Topelius attempted to write drama, too, enjoying most success with his tragedy ''Regina von Emmeritz'' (1854). Topelius aimed at the cultivation of a strong Finnish patriotism.<ref name="EB1911"/> He wrote a poem which [[Jean Sibelius]] used for a composition with a political statement, ''[[Islossningen i Uleå älv]]''.


⚫
===Focus on writing===
⚫
[[File:Albert Edelfelt - Illustration of Adalmina’s Pearl - A II 1519-11 - Finnish National Gallery.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Albert Edelfelt]]'s illustration of ''Adalmina's Pearl'', a fairy tale by Topelius.<ref>[https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Literature/AdalminasPearl Adalmina's Pearl – TV Tropes]</ref>]]

⚫
Together with the composer [[Friedrich Pacius]], he wrote the [[libretto]] (in the style of [[Romantic nationalism]]) to the first Finnish opera: ''Kaarle-kuninkaan metsästys ([[Kung Karls jakt]])''. Topelius initially thought of writing a trivial entertainment, but having heard extracts from the opera project at a concert in 1851, he realized that Pacius was writing a grand opera on the theme of salvation, following the early Romantic style of [[Carl Maria von Weber]]'s ''[[Der Freischütz]]'' (1821) and ''[[Oberon (Weber)|Oberon]]'' (1826). Topelius wrote the libretto in Swedish (though it was translated later by others), but its subject is emphatically Finnish. He also wrote the libretto for ''Prinsessan av Cypern'', set by [[Prinsessan av Cypern (Pacius)|Fredrik Pacius]] and [[Prinsessan av Cypern|Lars-Erik Larsson]].


[[File:Koivu ja tähti.jpg|thumb|150px|The first page of Finnish-language ''The Birch and the Star'' (Koivu ja tähti) from 1893]]
[[File:Koivu ja tähti.jpg|thumb|150px|The first page of Finnish-language ''The Birch and the Star'' (Koivu ja tähti) from 1893]]


⚫
Quite early in his career he began to distinguish himself as a lyric poet, with the three successive volumes of his ''Heather Blossoms'' (1845–54). The earliest of his historical romances was ''The Duchess of Finland'', published in 1850. He was also editor-in-chief of the {{ill|Helsingfors Tidningar|fi}} from 1841 to 1860. In 1878, Topelius was allowed to withdraw from his professional duties, but this did not sever his connection with the university; it gave him, however, more leisure for his abundant and various literary enterprises. Of all the multifarious writings of Topelius, in prose and verse, that which has enjoyed the greatest popularity is his ''Tales of a Barber-Surgeon'', episodes of historical fiction from the days of [[Gustavus II]] Adolphus to those of [[Gustavus III]], treated in the manner of [[Sir Walter Scott]]; the five volumes of this work appeared between 1853 and 1867. Topelius attempted to write drama, too, enjoying the most success with his tragedy ''Regina von Emmeritz'' (1854). Topelius aimed at the cultivation of a strong Finnish patriotism.<ref name="EB1911"/> He wrote a poem which [[Jean Sibelius]] used for a composition with a political statement, ''[[Islossningen i Uleå älv]]''.
Many of his works employed esoterical allegories harking to ancient mysteries and perhaps Rosicrucian and alchemical themes, but on the other hand some of his short works examined the effects of the strong industrialisation of Finnish society.

⚫
Together with the composer [[Friedrich Pacius]], he wrote the [[libretto]] (in the style of [[Romantic nationalism]]) to the first Finnish opera: ''Kaarle-kuninkaan metsästys'' (Swedish: ''[[Kung Karls jakt]]'', English: ''King Charles' Hunt)''. Topelius initially thought of writing a trivial entertainment, but having heard extracts from the opera project at a concert in 1851, he realized that Pacius was writing a grand opera on the theme of salvation, following the early Romantic style of [[Carl Maria von Weber]]'s ''[[Der Freischütz]]'' (1821) and ''[[Oberon (Weber)|Oberon]]'' (1826). Topelius wrote the libretto in Swedish (though it was translated later by others), but its subject is emphatically Finnish. He also wrote the libretto for ''Prinsessan av Cypern'', set by [[Prinsessan av Cypern (Pacius)|Fredrik Pacius]] and [[Prinsessan av Cypern (Larsson)|Lars-Erik Larsson]].

⚫
[[File:Topelius Grave 001.JPG|thumb|150px|left|Grave of Topelius at [[Hietaniemi Cemetery]] with 1905 sculpture ''Towards the Light'' by [[Walter Runeberg]]]]


===Death===
===Death===
Line 79: Line 84:
According to tradition, the modern [[flag of Finland]] was based on a design by Topelius in about 1860.<ref>{{cite book|last=Inglefield|first=Eric|title=Flags|page=53|publisher=Ward Lock|date=1978}}</ref>
According to tradition, the modern [[flag of Finland]] was based on a design by Topelius in about 1860.<ref>{{cite book|last=Inglefield|first=Eric|title=Flags|page=53|publisher=Ward Lock|date=1978}}</ref>


There was a [[Topelius, Minnesota|small Finnish American village]] named after Topelius platted in 1901 in Otter Tail County, Minnesota, US.
There was a [[Topelius, Minnesota|small Finnish American village]] named after Topelius, platted in 1901 in [[Otter Tail County]], Minnesota, US.


==Selected works==
==Selected works==
* ''[[The Tomten in Åbo Castle]]'', 1849 ({{lang-sv|Tomtegubben i Åbo slott}}, {{lang-fi|Turun linnan tonttu-ukko}})
* ''[[The Tomten in Åbo Castle]]'', 1849 ({{langx|sv|Tomtegubben i Åbo slott}}, {{langx|fi|Turun linnan tonttu-ukko}})
* ''[[Sov du lilla vide ung]]'', 1869 (''Trollsländan'')
* ''[[Sov du lilla vide ung]]'', 1869 (''Trollsländan'')
* ''[[Nu så kommer julen]]'', 1857
* ''Boken om vårt land'', 1875 (''Maamme-kirja'', Book of Our Land)
* ''Boken om vårt land'', 1875 (''Maamme-kirja'', Book of Our Land)
* ''Vinterqvällar'', 1881 (''Talvi-iltain tarinoita'')
* ''Vinterqvällar'', 1881 (''Talvi-iltain tarinoita'')
Line 99: Line 105:
|Zacharias Topelius by Edelfelt.jpeg|Portrait by [[Albert Edelfelt]], 1889
|Zacharias Topelius by Edelfelt.jpeg|Portrait by [[Albert Edelfelt]], 1889
|Zachris Topelius by Maria Wik - Arppeanum - DSC05095.JPG|Portrait by [[Maria Wiik]], 1890
|Zachris Topelius by Maria Wik - Arppeanum - DSC05095.JPG|Portrait by [[Maria Wiik]], 1890
⚫
|Topelius Grave 001.JPG|Grave of Topelius at [[Hietaniemi Cemetery]] with 1905 sculpture ''Towards the Light'' by [[Walter Runeberg]]
|Topelius ja lapset 2.JPG|''Topelius and Children'' by [[Ville Vallgren]] in Helsinki, 1932
|Topelius ja lapset 2.JPG|''Topelius and Children'' by [[Ville Vallgren]] in Helsinki, 1932
}}
}}
Line 116: Line 121:
== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==


* {{SLS Q|Q113518858}}
* {{SLS Q|Q113518858|ref=none}}
* {{SLS Q|Q113529966}}
* {{SLS Q|Q113529966|ref=none}}
* {{SLS Q|Q113526353|ref=none}}

* {{SLS Q|Q113526353}}
* {{SLS Q|Q113526987|ref=none}}
* {{SLS Q|Q113526987}}
* {{SLS Q|Q113527033|ref=none}}
* {{SLS Q|Q113527033}}
* {{SLS Q|Q113519071|ref=none}}
⚫
* {{SLS Q|Q113528410|ref=none}}

* {{SLS Q|Q113519071}}

⚫
* {{SLS Q|Q113528410}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
Line 137: Line 139:
* [http://www.topelius.fi/ Zacharias Topelius skrifter]
* [http://www.topelius.fi/ Zacharias Topelius skrifter]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070224013520/http://www.nykarlebyvyer.nu/SIDOR/TEXTER/PROSA/NF/topelinf.htm Topelius i Nordisk familjebok]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070224013520/http://www.nykarlebyvyer.nu/SIDOR/TEXTER/PROSA/NF/topelinf.htm Topelius i Nordisk familjebok]
* [http://runeberg.org/nfci/0196.html Nordisk familjebok, vol. 29, col. 352ff]
* [https://runeberg.org/nfci/0196.html Nordisk familjebok, vol. 29, col. 352ff]
* {{BLF|2854|Zacharias Topelius}}
* {{BLF|2854|Zacharias Topelius}}
;Books in Swedish, Finnish and English
;Books in Swedish, Finnish and English
* [http://runeberg.org/authors/topelius.html Works by Zacharias Topelius] at [[Project Runeberg]]
* [https://runeberg.org/authors/topelius.html Works by Zacharias Topelius] at [[Project Runeberg]]
* {{Gutenberg author | id=Topelius,+Zacharias}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=6545}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Topelius}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Topelius}}
* {{Librivox author |id=4406}}
* {{Librivox author |id=4406}}
;Lyrics
;Lyrics
* [http://runeberg.org/topesang/a0019.html ''En liten fågel'']
* [https://runeberg.org/topesang/a0019.html ''En liten fågel'']
* [http://runeberg.org/topesang/a0147.html ''Du är min ro'']
* [https://runeberg.org/topesang/a0147.html ''Du är min ro'']
;Audio
;Audio
* [https://www.loc.gov/jukebox/artists/detail/id/5430 ''En liten fågel''] on [[Victor Talking Machine Company|Victor Records]]
* [https://www.loc.gov/jukebox/artists/detail/id/5430 ''En liten fågel''] on [[Victor Talking Machine Company|Victor Records]]
Line 152: Line 154:


{{Lutheran hymnody}}
{{Lutheran hymnody}}
{{Romanticism}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Topelius, Zachris}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Topelius, Zachris}}
[[Category:Zacharias Topelius| ]]
[[Category:1818 births]]
[[Category:1818 births]]
[[Category:1898 deaths]]
[[Category:1898 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Nykarleby]]
[[Category:People from Nykarleby]]
[[Category:People from Vaasa Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)]]
[[Category:People from Vaasa Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)]]
[[Category:19th-century Finnish historians]]
[[Category:Historians from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Finnish poets in Swedish]]
[[Category:Finnish poets in Swedish]]
[[Category:Finnish writers in Swedish]]
[[Category:Poets from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Writers from Ostrobothnia (region)]]
[[Category:Writers from Ostrobothnia (region)]]
[[Category:19th-century Finnish poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Finnish poets]]
[[Category:Finnish male poets]]
[[Category:Finnish male poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Finnish writers]]
[[Category:Finnish male writers]]
[[Category:Burials at Hietaniemi Cemetery]]
[[Category:Burials at Hietaniemi Cemetery]]
[[Category:19th-century male writers]]
[[Category:19th-century male writers]]

Latest revision as of 12:24, 30 October 2024

Zachris Topelius
BornZacharias Topelius
(1818-01-14)14 January 1818
Kuddnäs, near Nykarleby, Grand Duchy of Finland, Russian Empire (now Finland)
Died12 March 1898(1898-03-12) (aged 80)
Sipoo, Grand Duchy of Finland, Russian Empire (now Finland)
Occupation
  • Historian
  • Poet
LanguageSwedish
NationalityFinnish

Zacharias Topelius (Finland Swedish pronunciation: [sɑˈkɑːriɑs toˈpeːliʉs]; 14 January 1818 – 12 March 1898) was a Finnish author, poet, journalist, historian, and rector of the University of Helsinki who wrote novels related to Finnish history. He wrote his works exclusively in Swedish, although they were translated early on into Finnish.[1]

Given name

[edit]

Zacharias is his baptismal name, and this is used on the covers of his printed works. However, "he himself most often used the abbreviation Z. or the form Zachris (Finland Swedish pronunciation: [ˈsɑkris]), even in official contexts", as explained in the National Biography of Finland. Zachris is therefore the preferred form used in recent academic literature about him.[2]

The Finnish form of Topelius' first name is Sakari(as) (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈsɑkɑri(ɑs)]).

Life and career

[edit]

Early life

[edit]

The original name of the Topelius family was the Finnish name Toppila, which had been Latinized to Toppelius by the author's grandfather's grandfather and later changed to Topelius. Topelius was born at Kuddnäs, near Nykarleby in Ostrobothnia, the son of a physician of the same name (Zacharias Topelius the Elder [fi]), who was distinguished as the earliest collector of Finnish folk songs.[3] His grandfather, Mikael Toppelius, was a painter noted for his murals and altarpieces in churches in Ostrobothnia.[4]

As a child, he heard his mother, Katarina Sofia Calamnius, sing the songs of the Finnish-Swedish poet Frans Michael Franzén. At the age of eleven, he was sent to school in Oulu and boarded with relatives in the possession of a lending library, where he nurtured his imagination with the reading of novels. He was given a Christian upbringing that came to characterize his entire life.[5]

Study in Helsinki

[edit]
Together with Johan Ludvig Runeberg in 1863

He came to Helsinki in 1831 and became a member of the circle of young nationalist men surrounding Johan Ludvig Runeberg, at whose home he stayed for some time. Topelius became a student at the Imperial Alexander University of Finland in 1833, received his master's degree (cand. philol.) in 1840, the Licentiate degree in history in 1844 and his PhD in 1847, having defended a dissertation titled De modo matrimonia jungendi apud fennos quondam vigente ("About the custom of marriage among the ancient Finns"). Besides history, his academic studies had for periods been devoted both to Theology and Medicine. He was secretary of Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica [fi] 1842–1846, was employed by the university library 1846–1861, and taught History, Statistics and Swedish at the school Helsingfors lyceum [fi] during the same period.

Becoming a professor

[edit]

Through the intervention of a friend, Fredrik Cygnaeus, Topelius was named professor extraordinary of the History of Finland at the university in 1854. He was made first ordinary professor of Finnish, Russian and Nordic history in 1863, and exchanged this chair for the one in general history in 1876. He was rector of the university from 1875 until 1878, when he retired as Emeritus Professor and received the title of verkligt statsråd (Finnish: todellinen valtioneuvos, Russian: действительный статский советник; literally "state councillor", a Russian honorary title).

Albert Edelfelt's illustration of Adalmina's Pearl, a fairy tale by Topelius[citation needed]

Focus on writing

[edit]
The first page of Finnish-language The Birch and the Star (Koivu ja tähti) from 1893

Quite early in his career he began to distinguish himself as a lyric poet, with the three successive volumes of his Heather Blossoms (1845–54). The earliest of his historical romances was The Duchess of Finland, published in 1850. He was also editor-in-chief of the Helsingfors Tidningar [fi] from 1841 to 1860. In 1878, Topelius was allowed to withdraw from his professional duties, but this did not sever his connection with the university; it gave him, however, more leisure for his abundant and various literary enterprises. Of all the multifarious writings of Topelius, in prose and verse, that which has enjoyed the greatest popularity is his Tales of a Barber-Surgeon, episodes of historical fiction from the days of Gustavus II Adolphus to those of Gustavus III, treated in the manner of Sir Walter Scott; the five volumes of this work appeared between 1853 and 1867. Topelius attempted to write drama, too, enjoying the most success with his tragedy Regina von Emmeritz (1854). Topelius aimed at the cultivation of a strong Finnish patriotism.[3] He wrote a poem which Jean Sibelius used for a composition with a political statement, Islossningen i Uleå älv.

Together with the composer Friedrich Pacius, he wrote the libretto (in the style of Romantic nationalism) to the first Finnish opera: Kaarle-kuninkaan metsästys (Swedish: Kung Karls jakt, English: King Charles' Hunt). Topelius initially thought of writing a trivial entertainment, but having heard extracts from the opera project at a concert in 1851, he realized that Pacius was writing a grand opera on the theme of salvation, following the early Romantic style of Carl Maria von Weber's Der Freischütz (1821) and Oberon (1826). Topelius wrote the libretto in Swedish (though it was translated later by others), but its subject is emphatically Finnish. He also wrote the libretto for Prinsessan av Cypern, set by Fredrik Pacius and Lars-Erik Larsson.

Grave of Topelius at Hietaniemi Cemetery with 1905 sculpture Towards the Light by Walter Runeberg

Death

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Topelius died in his manor house in Koivuniemi, Sipoo, Finland, where he wrote his greatest works.[6] He is buried in the Hietaniemi Cemetery in Helsinki.[7]

Legacy

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According to tradition, the modern flag of Finland was based on a design by Topelius in about 1860.[8]

There was a small Finnish American village named after Topelius, platted in 1901 in Otter Tail County, Minnesota, US.

Selected works

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Educational offices
Preceded by Rector of Imperial Alexander University
1875–1878 		Succeeded by

References

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  1. ^ Schoolfield, George C., ed. (1998). A History of Finland's Literature. Histories of Scandinavian Literature. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. xvii. ISBN 978-0-8032-4189-3. In the full flush of nationalistic enthusiasm Finnish literary histories were written largely without reference to what had happened and was happening in the other tongue, save for the work of such giants as Johan Ludvig Runeberg and Zachris Topelius: because of their role in national life, and thanks to early and excellent translation, they were regarded as essential parts of Finnish-language literature, albeit they wrote entirely in Swedish.
  2. ^ 100 faces from Finland by Ulpu Marjomaa, (Helsinki: Finnish literature society, 2000)
  3. ^ a b  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gosse, Edmund William (1911). "Topelius, Zakris". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 49.
  4. ^ Schoolfield 1998, p. 334.
  5. ^ Boije, Erika (2022). "Inledning". In Magnus Nylund (ed.). Zacharias Topelius, Religiösa skrifter och psalmer (in Swedish). Helsinki: Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. ZTS XIX, SSLS 867.
  6. ^ Liukkonen, Petri. "Zachris Topelius". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015.
  7. ^ "Hietaniemen hautausmaa – merkittäviä vainajia" (PDF). Helsingin seurakuntayhtymä. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  8. ^ Inglefield, Eric (1978). Flags. Ward Lock. p. 53.
  9. ^ Topelius, Zacharias (1881). Whisperings in the Wood, trans. of Läsning för barn by Albert Alberg.
  10. ^ "Review of Whisperings in the Wood translated from the Swedish of Z. Topelius by Albert Alberg". Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art. 52 (1351): 362–363. 17 September 1881.

Further reading

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zachris Topelius.
Wikisource has the text of a 1905 New International Encyclopedia article about "Zachris Topelius".
Swedish language pages
Books in Swedish, Finnish and English
Lyrics
Audio
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