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{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| image = Hibiscus waimeae (Limahuli Garden and Preserve).JPG
| image = Hibiscus waimeae (Limahuli Garden and Preserve).JPG
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| status_system = TNC
| status_system = TNC
| status_ref = <ref name="natureserve">{{Cite web
| status_ref = <ref name="natureserve">{{Cite web
| publisher =NatureServe
| publisher = NatureServe
| title = ''Hibiscus waimeae''
| title = ''Hibiscus waimeae''
| work = NatureServe Explorer
| work = NatureServe Explorer
| url = http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Hibiscus+waimeae+
| url = http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Hibiscus+waimeae+
| accessdate = 2009-11-18}}</ref>
| access-date = 2009-11-18
}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| genus = Hibiscus
| genus = Hibiscus
| species = waimeae
| species = waimeae
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| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision =
| subdivision =
*''H. w. hannerae'' <small>([[Otto Degener|O.Deg]] & I.Deg.) D.Bates</small><ref name="hannerae">{{cite web |url=http://www.ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=6265 |title=''Hibiscus waimeae'' subsp. ''hannerae'' |work=Meet the Plants |publisher=[[National Tropical Botanical Garden]] |accessdate=2009-11-18}}</ref>
*''H. w. hannerae'' <small>([[Otto Degener|O.Deg]] & I.Deg.) D.Bates</small><ref name="hannerae">{{cite web |url=https://ntbg.org/database/plants/detail/hibiscus-waimeae-ssp-hannerae |title=''Hibiscus waimeae'' subsp. ''hannerae'' |work=Meet the Plants |publisher=[[National Tropical Botanical Garden]] |access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref>
*''H. w. waimeae''
*''H. w. waimeae''
}}
}}


[[File:Hibiscus waimeae subsp. hannerae (5187564629).jpg|thumb|left|''H. waimeae'' subsp. ''hannerae'' flower]]
[[File:Hibiscus waimeae subsp. hannerae (5187564629).jpg|thumb|right|''H. waimeae'' subsp. ''hannerae'' flower]]
'''''Hibiscus waimeae''''' ('''white Kauai rosemallow''', {{langx|haw|'''koki{{okina}}o ke{{okina}}oke{{okina}}o'''}}, or {{lang|haw|'''koki{{okina}}o kea'''|italic=yes}}) is a species of [[flowering plant]] within the [[okra]] family, [[Malvaceae]], that is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the island of [[Kauai|Kaua{{okina}}i]] in [[Hawaii]].<ref name="natureserve"/>
'''''Hibiscus waimeae''''' ('''white Kauai rosemallow''', {{lang-haw|'''koki{{okina}}o ke{{okina}}oke{{okina}}o'''}}, or {{lang|haw|'''koki{{okina}}o kea'''|italic=yes}}) is a species of [[flowering plant]] in the [[okra]] family, [[Malvaceae]], that is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the island of [[Kauai|Kaua{{okina}}i]] in [[Hawaii]].<ref name="natureserve"/> It is a small gray-barked [[tree]], reaching a height of {{convert|6|-|10|m|ft}}<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.hibiscus.org.au/part3.htm |first=Warren Lambert |last=Wagner |author2=Derral R. Herbst |author3=S. H. Sohmer |title=Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaiʻi |volume=Volume 1 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-1152-5 |year=1990 |page=888 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328040229/http://www.hibiscus.org.au/part3.htm |archivedate=2010-03-28 }}</ref> and a trunk diameter of {{convert|0.3|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="CFTH">{{cite document |url=http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/trees/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Hibiscus_arnottianus.pdf |title=Kokiʻo keʻokeʻo, native white hibiscus |first=Elbert L. |last=Little Jr. |author2=Roger G. Skolmen |publisher=[[United States Forest Service]] |year=1989}}</ref> The [[flower]]s last for a single day, starting out white and fading to pink in the afternoon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/hib-waim.htm |title=Hibiscus waimeae |work=Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa |accessdate=2009-11-18}}</ref> ''H. arnottianus'' of [[Oahu|O{{okina}}ahu]] and [[Molokai|Moloka{{okina}}i]] and ''H. waimeae'' are the only [[Hawaiian hibiscus]]es that have white flowers.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-OESYDpr6wC |title=Growing Native Hawaiian Plants: A How-to Guide for the Gardener |first=Heidi Leianuenue |last=Bornhorst |publisher=Bess Press |edition=2nd |isbn=978-1-57306-207-7 |year=2005 |page=36}}</ref> ''H. waimeae'' inhabits [[Hawaiian tropical rainforests#Coastal mesic forests|coastal mesic]], [[Hawaiian tropical rainforests#Mixed mesic forests|mixed mesic]], and [[Hawaiian tropical rainforests#Wet forests|wet forests]] at elevations of {{convert|250|–|1200|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="natureserve"/>


== Etymology ==
⚫
''H. waimeae'' subsp. ''waimeae'' can be found in the western and southwestern parts of the island, where it grows in the [[Waimea Canyon State Park|Waimea Canyon]] area and valleys that face the ocean.<ref name="waimeae">{{cite web |url=http://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=6271 |title=''Hibiscus waimeae'' subsp. ''waimeae'' |work=Meet the Plants |publisher=[[National Tropical Botanical Garden]] |accessdate=2009-11-18}}</ref> ''H. waimeae'' subsp. ''hannerae'' is rarer (listed as [[Endangered Species Act|endangered]] by the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service|USFWS]]) and can be found in the northwestern part of the island<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hbmp.hawaii.edu/hbmp/printpage.asp?spp=PDMAL0H181 |title=''Hibiscus waimeae'' ssp. ''hannerae'' |work=The Hawaiʻi Biodiversity & Mapping Program |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi |accessdate=2009-11-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918164245/http://hbmp.hawaii.edu/hbmp/printpage.asp?spp=PDMAL0H181 |archivedate=2009-09-18 }}</ref> where it grows in the Hanakapi{{okina}}ai, Limahuli, and Kalihi Wai valleys.<ref name="hannerae"/>
Hibiscus refers to the Greek word {{lang|el|ibiscos}} meaning mallow, and ''waimeae'' is derived from Waimea Canyon, where the ''hibiscus waimeae'' is found. The ''hibiscus waimeae'' is also known in Hawaiian as {{lang|haw|koki{{okina}}o kea}}. {{lang|haw|Koki{{okina}}o}} is the [[Hawaiian language]] word for hibiscus and {{lang|haw|kea}} is the Hawaiian word for white.<ref>{{Cite dictionary |entry=kea |dictionary=Wehewehe Wikiwiki |url=https://hilo.hawaii.edu/wehe/?q=kea|access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref>

== Description ==
It is a small gray-barked [[tree]], reaching on average a height of {{convert|6|-|10|m|ft}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Wagner|first=Warren Lambert|url=http://www.hibiscus.org.au/part3.htm|title=Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaiʻi|author2=Derral R. Herbst|author3=S. H. Sohmer|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-8248-1152-5|volume=1|page=888|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328040229/http://www.hibiscus.org.au/part3.htm|archive-date=2010-03-28}}</ref> and an average trunk diameter of {{convert|0.3|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="CFTH">{{cite book |last=Little |first=Elbert L. Jr |author2=Roger G. Skolmen |year=1989 |section=Kokiʻo keʻokeʻo, native white hibiscus |section-url=http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/trees/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Hibiscus_arnottianus.pdf |title=Common Forest Trees of Hawaii (Native and Introduced) |publisher=[[United States Forest Service]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825172942/http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/trees/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Hibiscus_arnottianus.pdf |archive-date=August 25, 2015}}</ref> Around 1/8 inches long, the fuzzy brown seeds of the ''hibiscus waimeae'' plant are enclosed in protective oblong pods.<ref name=":2" />

The ''hibiscus waimeae'' plant blooms year-round, though it may experience brief periods without bloom, particularly in the cooler seasons. The [[flower]]s last for a single day, starting out white and fading to pink in the afternoon.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/hib-waim.htm |title=Hibiscus waimeae |work=Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa |access-date=2009-11-18}}</ref> Though flowers bloom and close over the course of one day, the plant itself can live longer than 5 years.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Native Plants Hawaii - Viewing Plant: Hibiscus waimeae subsp. waimeae|url=http://nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Hibiscus_waimeae_waimeae|access-date=2022-01-23|website=nativeplants.hawaii.edu}}</ref>

''H. arnottianus'' of [[Oahu|O{{okina}}ahu]] and [[Molokai|Moloka{{okina}}i]] and ''H. waimeae'' are the only [[Hawaiian hibiscus]]es that have white flowers.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-OESYDpr6wC |title=Growing Native Hawaiian Plants: A How-to Guide for the Gardener |first=Heidi Leianuenue |last=Bornhorst |publisher=Bess Press |edition=2nd |isbn=978-1-57306-207-7 |year=2005 |page=36}}</ref> Producing a sweet-smelling flower, the ''hibiscus waimeae'' plant is also one of only two hibiscus species to have a fragrance.<ref name=":0" />

== Distribution and habitat ==
''H. waimeae'' inhabits [[Hawaiian tropical rainforests#Coastal mesic forests|coastal mesic]], [[Hawaiian tropical rainforests#Mixed mesic forests|mixed mesic]], and [[Hawaiian tropical rainforests#Wet forests|wet forests]] at elevations of {{convert|250|–|1200|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="natureserve" />

⚫
''H. waimeae'' subsp. ''waimeae'' can be found in the western and southwestern parts of the island, where it grows in the [[Waimea Canyon State Park|Waimea Canyon]] area and valleys that face the ocean.<ref name="waimeae">{{cite web |url=http://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=6271 |title=''Hibiscus waimeae'' subsp. ''waimeae'' |work=Meet the Plants |publisher=[[National Tropical Botanical Garden]] |access-date=2009-11-18}}</ref> ''H. waimeae'' subsp. ''hannerae'' is rarer (listed as [[Endangered Species Act|endangered]] by the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service|USFWS]]) and can often be found in the northwestern part of the island<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hbmp.hawaii.edu/hbmp/printpage.asp?spp=PDMAL0H181 |title=''Hibiscus waimeae'' ssp. ''hannerae'' |work=The Hawaiʻi Biodiversity & Mapping Program |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi |access-date=2009-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918164245/http://hbmp.hawaii.edu/hbmp/printpage.asp?spp=PDMAL0H181 |archive-date=2009-09-18 }}</ref> where it grows in the Hanakapi{{okina}}ai, [[Limahuli Garden and Preserve|Limahuli]], and Kalihi Wai valleys.<ref name="hannerae"/>

== Uses ==
''Hibiscus waimeae,'' like many hibiscus species, are popularly placed in the hair or tucked behind the ear. It is also commonly used to make [[Lei (garland)|leis]], which are garlands typically made of strung together flowers and used in many different types of celebrations.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Kokio Kea|url=https://hawaiiannativeplants.com/ourplants/kokio-kea/|access-date=2022-01-23|website=hawaiiannativeplants.com}}</ref>

The plant was primarily grown around homes and used as decoration by Native Hawaiians, though it is said that ''H. waimeae'' flowers were also eaten by men and boys as a laxative.<ref name=":1" />

== Cultivation ==
Due to the easily hybridized nature of Hibiscus plants, it is recommended that seeds are hand pollinated after removal from their pods. ''H. waimeae'' can be propagated via seeds, [[Cutting (plant)|cutting]], [[Layering|air layering]], and [[grafting]].<ref name=":2" />


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Endemic flora of Hawaii]]
[[Category:Endemic flora of Hawaii]]
[[Category:Trees of Hawaii]]
[[Category:Trees of Hawaii]]


{{Hibisceae-stub}}
{{Hibisceae-stub}}

Latest revision as of 17:07, 30 October 2024

Hibiscus waimeae
Hibiscus waimeae subsp. hannerae

Imperiled  (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Genus: Hibiscus
Species:
H. waimeae
Binomial name
Hibiscus waimeae
Subspecies
  • H. w. hannerae (O.Deg & I.Deg.) D.Bates[2]
  • H. w. waimeae
H. waimeae subsp. hannerae flower

Hibiscus waimeae (white Kauai rosemallow, Hawaiian: kokiʻo keʻokeʻo, or kokiʻo kea) is a species of flowering plant within the okra family, Malvaceae, that is endemic to the island of Kauaʻi in Hawaii.[1]

Etymology

[edit]

Hibiscus refers to the Greek word ibiscos meaning mallow, and waimeae is derived from Waimea Canyon, where the hibiscus waimeae is found. The hibiscus waimeae is also known in Hawaiian as kokiʻo kea. Kokiʻo is the Hawaiian language word for hibiscus and kea is the Hawaiian word for white.[3]

Description

[edit]

It is a small gray-barked tree, reaching on average a height of 6–10 metres (20–33 ft)[4] and an average trunk diameter of 0.3 m (0.98 ft).[5] Around 1/8 inches long, the fuzzy brown seeds of the hibiscus waimeae plant are enclosed in protective oblong pods.[6]

The hibiscus waimeae plant blooms year-round, though it may experience brief periods without bloom, particularly in the cooler seasons. The flowers last for a single day, starting out white and fading to pink in the afternoon.[6] Though flowers bloom and close over the course of one day, the plant itself can live longer than 5 years.[7]

H. arnottianus of Oʻahu and Molokaʻi and H. waimeae are the only Hawaiian hibiscuses that have white flowers.[8] Producing a sweet-smelling flower, the hibiscus waimeae plant is also one of only two hibiscus species to have a fragrance.[7]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

H. waimeae inhabits coastal mesic, mixed mesic, and wet forests at elevations of 250–1,200 m (820–3,940 ft).[1]

H. waimeae subsp. waimeae can be found in the western and southwestern parts of the island, where it grows in the Waimea Canyon area and valleys that face the ocean.[9] H. waimeae subsp. hannerae is rarer (listed as endangered by the USFWS) and can often be found in the northwestern part of the island[10] where it grows in the Hanakapiʻai, Limahuli, and Kalihi Wai valleys.[2]

Uses

[edit]

Hibiscus waimeae, like many hibiscus species, are popularly placed in the hair or tucked behind the ear. It is also commonly used to make leis, which are garlands typically made of strung together flowers and used in many different types of celebrations.[11]

The plant was primarily grown around homes and used as decoration by Native Hawaiians, though it is said that H. waimeae flowers were also eaten by men and boys as a laxative.[11]

Cultivation

[edit]

Due to the easily hybridized nature of Hibiscus plants, it is recommended that seeds are hand pollinated after removal from their pods. H. waimeae can be propagated via seeds, cutting, air layering, and grafting.[6]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Hibiscus waimeae". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. Retrieved 2009-11-18.[permanent dead link‍]
  2. ^ a b "Hibiscus waimeae subsp. hannerae". Meet the Plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2021-06-24.
  3. ^ "kea". Wehewehe Wikiwiki. Retrieved 2022-01-23.
  4. ^ Wagner, Warren Lambert; Derral R. Herbst; S. H. Sohmer (1990). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaiʻi. Vol. 1. University of Hawaii Press. p. 888. ISBN 978-0-8248-1152-5. Archived from the original on 2010-03-28.
  5. ^ Little, Elbert L. Jr; Roger G. Skolmen (1989). "Kokiʻo keʻokeʻo, native white hibiscus" (PDF). Common Forest Trees of Hawaii (Native and Introduced). United States Forest Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 25, 2015.
  6. ^ a b c "Hibiscus waimeae". Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database. University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. Retrieved 2009-11-18.
  7. ^ a b "Native Plants Hawaii - Viewing Plant: Hibiscus waimeae subsp. waimeae". nativeplants.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 2022-01-23.
  8. ^ Bornhorst, Heidi Leianuenue (2005). Growing Native Hawaiian Plants: A How-to Guide for the Gardener (2nd ed.). Bess Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-57306-207-7.
  9. ^ "Hibiscus waimeae subsp. waimeae". Meet the Plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2009-11-18.
  10. ^ "Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae". The Hawaiʻi Biodiversity & Mapping Program. University of Hawaiʻi. Archived from the original on 2009-09-18. Retrieved 2009-11-18.
  11. ^ a b "Kokio Kea". hawaiiannativeplants.com. Retrieved 2022-01-23.
[edit]

Media related to Hibiscus waimeae at Wikimedia Commons


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