Pattern-of-life analysis: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Method of surveillance}} |
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'''Pattern-of-life analysis''' is a method of [[surveillance]] specifically used for documenting or understanding a subject's (or many subjects') habits. This information can then be potentially used to predict future actions by the subject(s) being observed. This form of observation can, and is, generally done without the consent of the subject, with motives including but not limited to [[Signals intelligence|security]], [[Personalized retargeting|profit]], scientific research, regular censuses, and [[traffic analysis]]. Unlike these specific areas of surveillance, pattern-of-life analysis is not limited to one medium and can encompass anything in an individual's (or system of individuals') life from their internet browsing habits, to a record of instances of choices made in order to determine a statistical 'favorite'. |
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[[File:Surveillance quevaal.jpg|thumb|Surveillance cameras track everyday movement in cities all across the world.]] |
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'''Pattern-of-life analysis''' is a method of [[surveillance]] that documents or understands the habits of a person or population. Motives may include [[Signals intelligence|security]], [[normal profit|profit]], scientific research, regular censuses, and [[traffic analysis]]. The data of interest may reflect anything in a person or persons' life: their travels, purchases, internet browsing habits, choices, and so forth. The data is used to predict a subject's future action or to detect anomalous behavior. |
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==Notable examples== |
== Notable examples == |
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=== Esri's use of ArcGIS === |
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[[Esri]] is an international supplier of [[Geographic Information System]] (GIS) software, web GIS and [[geodatabase]] management applications. Esri uses the name [[ArcGIS]] to refer to its suite of GIS software products, which operate on desktop, server, and mobile platforms. The term GIS describes any [[information]] system that integrates, stores, edits, analyzes, shares and displays geographic information for informing [[decision making]]. With this technology, the company's goal is to unify information of a subject's life habits and their geographical whereabouts with statistics related to [[Improvised explosive device|IED]] casualties in an effort to predict and prevent another IED incident from happening. In one presentation used at an Esri Federal User Conference, it states: "Exploitation of a cell's network enables a commander with the right tools to get 'Left of Boom' [i.e. before an IED or bomb detonates]."<ref>{{cite web|title=Using ArcGIS for intelligence analysis|url=http://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/feduc11/papers/tech/feduc-using-arcgis-for-intelligence-analysis.pdf|accessdate=11 April 2014|last1=Mason|first1=Tony|last2=Foss|first2=Suzanne|last3=Lam|first3=Vinh}}</ref> |
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=== MARINA === |
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[[MARINA]] is an NSA database and analysis toolset for intercepted Internet metadata (DNI in NSA terminology). The database stores metadata up to a year. According to documents leaked by Edward Snowden: "The Marina metadata application tracks a user's browser experience, gathers contact information/content and develops summaries of target" and "[o]f the more distinguishing features, Marina has the ability to look back on the last 365 days' worth of DNI metadata seen by the Sigint collection system, regardless whether or not it was tasked for collection." [Emphasis in original NSA document.] The stored metadata is mainly used for pattern-of-life analysis. US persons are not exempt because metadata is not considered data by US law (section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Margaret|title=Taxonomy of the Snowden disclosures|journal=Wash. & Lee L. Rev.}}</ref> {{fact|date=July 2017}} |
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MARINA's phone counterpart is [[MAINWAY]]. |
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=== Wide-Area Motion Imagery === |
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[[Wide-Area Motion Imagery (WAMI)|Wide-area motion imagery (WAMI)]] generates high-resolution images to enable tracking and recording of vehicle and pedestrian movements over city-sized areas. Pattern of life (POL) or behavior pattern describes a recurrent (e.g., normalcy) way of acting by an individual or group toward a given object or in a given situation. Usually, one has a specific POL, and this POL is repeatable. Full motion video or WAMI data with extracted tracks can be used for POL analysis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=1691331|title=Pattern of life from WAMI objects tracking based on context-aware tracking and information network models|last1=Gao|first1=J.|last2=Ling|first2=Haibin|accessdate=23 May 2013|last3=Blasch|first3=Erik|last4=Pham|first4=Khanh|last5=Wang|first5=Zhonghai|last6=Chen|first6=Genshe|date=23 May 2013 |volume=8745 |pages=528–536 |doi=10.1117/12.2015612 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spie.org/x94023.xml?highlight=x2410&ArticleID=x94023|title=Context-aware tracking with wide-area motion imagery|last1=Gao|first1=J.|last2=Ling|first2=Haibin|accessdate=7 June 2013|last3=Blasch|first3=Erik}}</ref> |
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* [[Database]] |
* [[Database]] |
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* [[Information privacy]] |
* [[Information privacy]] |
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* [[MARINA]] |
* [[MARINA]] |
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* [[Mass surveillance]] |
* [[Mass surveillance]] |
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* [[Social network analysis]] |
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* [[Telecommunications data retention]] |
* [[Telecommunications data retention]] |
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* [[Traffic analysis]] |
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== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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== Further reading == |
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* R. Craddock, D. Watson, and W. Saunders, "Generic Pattern of Life and behaviour analysis," ''2016 IEEE International Multi-Disciplinary Conference on Cognitive Methods in Situation Awareness and Decision Support (CogSIMA)'', 2016, pp. 152–158, {{doi|10.1109/COGSIMA.2016.7497803}}. |
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[[Category:Surveillance]] |
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[[Category:Information]] |
[[Category:Information]] |
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Latest revision as of 18:52, 30 October 2024
Pattern-of-life analysis is a method of surveillance that documents or understands the habits of a person or population. Motives may include security, profit, scientific research, regular censuses, and traffic analysis. The data of interest may reflect anything in a person or persons' life: their travels, purchases, internet browsing habits, choices, and so forth. The data is used to predict a subject's future action or to detect anomalous behavior.
Notable examples
[edit]Esri's use of ArcGIS
[edit]Esri is an international supplier of Geographic Information System (GIS) software, web GIS and geodatabase management applications. Esri uses the name ArcGIS to refer to its suite of GIS software products, which operate on desktop, server, and mobile platforms. The term GIS describes any information system that integrates, stores, edits, analyzes, shares and displays geographic information for informing decision making. With this technology, the company's goal is to unify information of a subject's life habits and their geographical whereabouts with statistics related to IED casualties in an effort to predict and prevent another IED incident from happening. In one presentation used at an Esri Federal User Conference, it states: "Exploitation of a cell's network enables a commander with the right tools to get 'Left of Boom' [i.e. before an IED or bomb detonates]."[1]
MARINA
[edit]MARINA is an NSA database and analysis toolset for intercepted Internet metadata (DNI in NSA terminology). The database stores metadata up to a year. According to documents leaked by Edward Snowden: "The Marina metadata application tracks a user's browser experience, gathers contact information/content and develops summaries of target" and "[o]f the more distinguishing features, Marina has the ability to look back on the last 365 days' worth of DNI metadata seen by the Sigint collection system, regardless whether or not it was tasked for collection." [Emphasis in original NSA document.] The stored metadata is mainly used for pattern-of-life analysis. US persons are not exempt because metadata is not considered data by US law (section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act).[2] [citation needed]
MARINA's phone counterpart is MAINWAY.
Wide-Area Motion Imagery
[edit]Wide-area motion imagery (WAMI) generates high-resolution images to enable tracking and recording of vehicle and pedestrian movements over city-sized areas. Pattern of life (POL) or behavior pattern describes a recurrent (e.g., normalcy) way of acting by an individual or group toward a given object or in a given situation. Usually, one has a specific POL, and this POL is repeatable. Full motion video or WAMI data with extracted tracks can be used for POL analysis.[3][4]
See also
[edit]- Database
- Information privacy
- Location-based service
- MARINA
- Mass surveillance
- Social network analysis
- Telecommunications data retention
- Traffic analysis
References
[edit]- ^ Mason, Tony; Foss, Suzanne; Lam, Vinh. "Using ArcGIS for intelligence analysis" (PDF). Retrieved 11 April 2014.
- ^ Hu, Margaret. "Taxonomy of the Snowden disclosures". Wash. & Lee L. Rev.
- ^ Gao, J.; Ling, Haibin; Blasch, Erik; Pham, Khanh; Wang, Zhonghai; Chen, Genshe (23 May 2013). "Pattern of life from WAMI objects tracking based on context-aware tracking and information network models". pp. 528–536. doi:10.1117/12.2015612. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
- ^ Gao, J.; Ling, Haibin; Blasch, Erik. "Context-aware tracking with wide-area motion imagery". Retrieved 7 June 2013.
Further reading
[edit]- R. Craddock, D. Watson, and W. Saunders, "Generic Pattern of Life and behaviour analysis," 2016 IEEE International Multi-Disciplinary Conference on Cognitive Methods in Situation Awareness and Decision Support (CogSIMA), 2016, pp. 152–158, doi:10.1109/COGSIMA.2016.7497803.