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{{Infobox medical condition (new)
{{DiseaseDisorder infobox |
Name = Xanthinuria |
| name =
ICD10 = {{ICD10|E|79|8|e|70}} |
| image = Xanthin - Xanthine.svg
ICD9 = {{ICD9|277.2}} |
| caption = [[Xanthine]]
ICDO = |
| pronounce =
Image = xanthine.png |
| field =
Caption = The structure of xanthine. |
| synonyms =
OMIM = 278300 |
| symptoms =
| complications =
⚫
OMIM_mult = {{OMIM2|603592}} |
MedlinePlus = |
| onset =
| duration =
⚫
eMedicineSubj = ped |
| types =
⚫
eMedicineTopic = 2452 |
DiseasesDB = 14194 |
| causes =
| risks =
DiseasesDB_mult = {{DiseasesDB2|29821}} |
MeshName = |
| diagnosis =
MeshNumber = |
| differential =
| prevention =
| treatment =
| medication =
| prognosis =
| frequency =
| deaths =
}}
}}
'''Xanthinuria''' is a rare [[genetic disorder]] that causes a deficiency of [[xanthine oxidase]], an enzyme necessary for converting [[xanthine]] to [[uric acid]].


'''Xanthinuria''', also known as '''xanthine oxidase deficiency''', is a rare [[genetic disorder]] causing the accumulation of [[xanthine]]. It is caused by a deficiency of the [[enzyme]] [[xanthine oxidase]].
⚫
Sufferers have unusually high concentrations of xanthine in their blood and urine, which can lead to health problems such as [[renal failure]] and xanthine kidney stones, one of the rarest types of kidney stones.

It was first formally characterized in 1954.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Dent CE, Philpot GR | title = Xanthinuria, an inborn error (or deviation) of metabolism| journal = [[The Lancet|Lancet]]| year = 1954| volume = 266| issue = 6804| pages= 182–5 |pmid=13118765 | doi =10.1016/S0140-6736(54)91257-X }}</ref>

==Presentation==
⚫
Affected people have unusually high concentrations of xanthine in their blood and urine, which can lead to health problems such as [[renal failure]] and xanthine kidney stones, one of the rarest types of kidney stones.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

==Causes==
Type I xanthinuria can be caused by a deficiency of [[xanthine oxidase]], which is an enzyme necessary for converting [[xanthine]] to [[uric acid]].<ref name="pmid9153281">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ichida K, Amaya Y, Kamatani N, Nishino T, Hosoya T, Sakai O |title=Identification of two mutations in human xanthine dehydrogenase gene responsible for classical type I xanthinuria |journal=[[J. Clin. Invest.]] |volume=99 |issue=10 |pages=2391–7 |year=1997 |pmid=9153281 |pmc=508078 |doi=10.1172/JCI119421}}</ref> Type II xanthinuria and [[molybdenum cofactor deficiency]] lack one or two other enzyme activities in addition to xanthine oxidase.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Ichida K, Amaya Y, Kamatani N, Nishino T, Hosoya T, Sakai O | title = Identification of two mutations in human xanthine dehydrogenase gene responsible for classical type I xanthinuria | journal = J Clin Invest | volume = 99 | issue = 10| pages = 2391–7 | pmid = 9153281 | doi = 10.1172/JCI119421 | pmc = 508078 | date = May 1997 }}</ref>
==Diagnosis==
{{Empty section|date=October 2024}}


==Treatment==
==Treatment==
There is no specific treatment beyond maintaining a high fluid intake and avoiding foods that are high in purine.
There is no specific treatment beyond maintaining a high fluid intake and avoiding foods that are high in [[purine]].{{cn|date=October 2024}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
<div class="references-small">
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite journal
* {{cite journal|author1=Kojima T. |author2=Nishina T. |author3=Kitamura M. |author4=Hosoya T. |author5=Nishioka K. | title = Biochemical studies on the purine metabolism of four cases with hereditary xanthinuria| journal= Clin Chim Acta| year= 1984| volume = 137| issue = 2| pages= 189–98| pmid = 6423323| doi = 10.1016/0009-8981(84)90179-7}}
| author = Kojima T., Nishina T., Kitamura M., Hosoya T., Nishioka K.
* {{cite journal| author = Hille R.| title = Structure and Function of Xanthine Oxidoreductase| journal= [[European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry]]| year = 2006| volume = 2006| issue = 10| pages= 1905–2095| doi = 10.1002/ejic.200600087}}{{refend}}
| title = Biochemical studies on the purine metabolism of four cases with hereditary xanthinuria
| journal= [[Clin Chim Acta.]]
| year= 1984
| volume = 137
| issue = 2
| pages= 189-98
| id = PMID 6423323}}
*{{cite journal
| author = Ichida K., Amaya Y., Kamatani N., et al.
| title = Identification of two mutations in human xanthine dehydrogenase gene responsible for classical type I xanthinuria
| journal= [[Journal of Clinical Investigation]]
| year= 1997
| volume = 99
| issue = 10
| pages= 2391-2397
| id = PMID 9153281}}
*{{cite journal
| author = Dent C. E., Philpot G. R.
| title = Xanthinuria, an inborn error (or deviation) of metabolism
| journal = [[The Lancet]]
| year = 1954
| volume = 266
| issue = 6804
| pages= 182-5
| doi = }}
*{{cite journal
| author = Hille R.
| title = Structure and Function of Xanthine Oxidoreductase
| journal= [[European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry]]
| year = 2006
| volume = 2006
| issue = 10
| pages= 1905-2095
| doi = 10.1002/ejic.200600087}}</div>


==External links==
== External links ==
{{Medical resources
* {{GPnotebook|644546576}}
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|E|79|8|e|70}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|277.2}}
| ICDO =
| OMIM = 278300
⚫
| OMIM_mult = {{OMIM|603592||none}}
| MedlinePlus =
⚫
| eMedicineSubj = ped
⚫
| eMedicineTopic = 2452
| DiseasesDB = 14194
| SNOMED CT = 190919008
}}
* {{RareDiseases|5621|Xanthinuria}}


{{Purine, pyrimidine, porphyrin, bilirubin metabolic pathology}}
[[Category:Genetic disorders]]
{{Purinergics}}


[[Category:Inborn errors of purine-pyrimidine metabolism]]
[[de:Xanthinurie]]

Latest revision as of 20:20, 30 October 2024

Xanthinuria
Xanthine
SpecialtyEndocrinology Edit this on Wikidata

Xanthinuria, also known as xanthine oxidase deficiency, is a rare genetic disorder causing the accumulation of xanthine. It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme xanthine oxidase.

It was first formally characterized in 1954.[1]

Presentation

[edit]

Affected people have unusually high concentrations of xanthine in their blood and urine, which can lead to health problems such as renal failure and xanthine kidney stones, one of the rarest types of kidney stones.[citation needed]

Causes

[edit]

Type I xanthinuria can be caused by a deficiency of xanthine oxidase, which is an enzyme necessary for converting xanthine to uric acid.[2] Type II xanthinuria and molybdenum cofactor deficiency lack one or two other enzyme activities in addition to xanthine oxidase.[3]

Diagnosis

[edit]

Treatment

[edit]

There is no specific treatment beyond maintaining a high fluid intake and avoiding foods that are high in purine.[citation needed]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Dent CE, Philpot GR (1954). "Xanthinuria, an inborn error (or deviation) of metabolism". Lancet. 266 (6804): 182–5. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(54)91257-X. PMID 13118765.
  2. ^ Ichida K, Amaya Y, Kamatani N, Nishino T, Hosoya T, Sakai O (1997). "Identification of two mutations in human xanthine dehydrogenase gene responsible for classical type I xanthinuria". J. Clin. Invest. 99 (10): 2391–7. doi:10.1172/JCI119421. PMC 508078. PMID 9153281.
  3. ^ Ichida K, Amaya Y, Kamatani N, Nishino T, Hosoya T, Sakai O (May 1997). "Identification of two mutations in human xanthine dehydrogenase gene responsible for classical type I xanthinuria". J Clin Invest. 99 (10): 2391–7. doi:10.1172/JCI119421. PMC 508078. PMID 9153281.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
[edit]
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