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{{short description|Wikipedia list article}}
{{Short description|none}}
{{cleanup|reason=Many sections need to be filled in or if too hard to fill in, delete the section header|date=October 2018}}
{{cleanup|reason=Many sections need to be filled in or if too hard to fill in, delete the section header|date=October 2018}}
{{wiktionary|red dwarf}}
{{wiktionary|red dwarf}}
{{commons category|Red dwarfs}}
{{commons category|Red dwarfs}}
This is a list of exceptional [[red dwarf]] [[star]]s.
This is a list of exceptional [[red dwarf]]s.


==List of titleholding red dwarf stars==
==List of titleholding red dwarf stars==
Line 25: Line 25:
|| Originally listed in a 1763 catalog that was published posthumously by Abbé Nicolas Louis de Lacaille.
|| Originally listed in a 1763 catalog that was published posthumously by Abbé Nicolas Louis de Lacaille.
{{see|#List of the earliest red dwarfs discovered}}
{{see|#List of the earliest red dwarfs discovered}}
|| <ref>{{citation | first1=Ken | last1=Croswell |date=July 2003 | page=32 | title=The Brightest Red Dwarf | journal=Sky & Telescope | url=http://www.kencroswell.com/thebrightestreddwarf.html | accessdate=2019-08-31 | postscript=. }}</ref>
|| <ref>{{citation | first1=Ken | last1=Croswell |date=July 2003 | page=32 | title=The Brightest Red Dwarf | journal=Sky & Telescope | url=http://www.kencroswell.com/thebrightestreddwarf.html | access-date=2019-08-31 | postscript=. }}</ref>
|-
|-
|| First discovered with planet(s)
|| First discovered with planet(s)
Line 33: Line 33:
|| {{see also|List of exoplanet firsts}}
|| {{see also|List of exoplanet firsts}}
The Jovian planet was the first discovered around a red dwarf.
The Jovian planet was the first discovered around a red dwarf.
|| <ref name=PopSci-199809-77pp79>{{cite magazine |journal= Popular Science |date= September 1998 |author= Marietta DiChristina |title= Other Worlds |pages= 77–79 }}</ref><ref name=1998A&A...338L..67D>{{cite journal |title= The closest extrasolar planet: A giant planet around the M4 dwarf Gl 876 |authors= Xavier Delfosse, Thierry Forveille, Michel Mayor, Christian Perrier, Dominique Naef, Didier Queloz |publicationdate= October 1998 |journal= Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume= 338 |pages= L67–L70 |bibcode= 1998A&A...338L..67D |arxiv= astro-ph/9808026 |date= 4 August 1998 }}</ref>
|| <ref name=PopSci-199809-77pp79>{{cite magazine |journal= Popular Science |date= September 1998 |author= Marietta DiChristina |title= Other Worlds |pages= 77–79 }}</ref><ref name=1998A&A...338L..67D>{{cite journal |bibcode=1998A&A...338L..67D |last1=Delfosse |first1=Xavier |last2=Forveille |first2=Thierry |last3=Mayor |first3=Michel |last4=Perrier |first4=Christian |last5=Naef |first5=Dominique |last6=Queloz |first6=Didier |title=The closest extrasolar planet. A giant planet around the M4 dwarf GL 876 |journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] |volume=338 |pages=L67–L70 |year=1998 |arxiv=astro-ph/9808026 }}</ref>
|-
|-
|| First discovered with giant planet(s)
|| First discovered with giant planet(s)
Line 60: Line 60:
!| Data
!| Data
!width=100%| Notes
!width=100%| Notes
!|
!| References
|-
|-
|| {{nowrap|Least voluminous}}
|| {{nowrap|Least voluminous}}
|| {{nowrap|[[EBLM J0555-57Ab]]}}
|| [[EBLM J0555-57Ab]]
|| 2017
|| 2017
|| [[radius|r]]= {{convert|59000|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|| [[radius|r]]= {{convert|59000|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|| <!-- Notes --> {{see|#List of least voluminous red dwarfs}}
|| <!-- Notes --> {{see|#List of least voluminous red dwarfs}}
|| <ref>{{Cite journal |last=von Boetticher |first=Alexander |last2=Triaud |first2=Amaury H. M. J. |last3=Queloz |first3=Didier |last4=Gill |first4=Sam |last5=Lendl |first5=Monika |last6=Delrez |first6=Laetitia |last7=Anderson |first7=David R. |last8=Cameron |first8=Andrew Collier |last9=Faedi |first9=Francesca |last10=Gillon |first10=Michaël |last11=Chew |first11=Yilen Gómez Maqueo |last12=Hebb |first12=Leslie |last13=Hellier |first13=Coel |last14=Jehin |first14=Emmanuël |last15=Maxted |first15=Pierre F. L. |date=August 2017 |title=The EBLM project III. A Saturn-size low-mass star at the hydrogen-burning limit |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/1706.08781 |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=604 |pages=L6 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201731107 |issn=0004-6361|arxiv=1706.08781 }}</ref>
|| <ref name=cnet-2017-07-11/><ref name=Cambridge-2017-smallest-ever-star-discovered-by-astronomers/><ref name=2017arXiv170608781V/>
|-
|-
|| {{nowrap|Most voluminous}}
|| {{nowrap|Most voluminous}}
||Sz74
||[[AU Microscopii]]<!-- Star -->
||2017
|| 2009<!-- Date of title acquisition -->
|| {{val|3.13|0.72}}
|| 0.84 {{Solar radius}}<!-- Data -->
|| <!-- Notes --> {{see|#List of most voluminous red dwarfs}}
|| <!-- Notes --> {{see|#List of most voluminous red dwarfs}}
||<ref name=Alcalá_et_al_2017>{{citation
||<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Plavchan|first=Peter|last2=Werner|first2=M. W.|last3=Chen|first3=C. H.|last4=Stapelfeldt|first4=K. R.|last5=Su|first5=K. Y. L.|last6=Stauffer|first6=J. R.|last7=Song|first7=I.|date=May 2009|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=698|issue=2|pages=1068–1094|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1068|issn=0004-637X|title=New Debris Disks Around Young, Low-Mass Stars Discovered with Thespitzer Space Telescope|bibcode=2009ApJ...698.1068P|arxiv=0904.0819}}</ref><!-- Refs -->
| title=X-shooter spectroscopy of young stellar objects in Lupus. Accretion properties of class II and transitional objects
| last1=Alcalá | first1=J. M. | last2=Manara | first2=C. F.
| last3=Natta | first3=A. | last4=Frasca | first4=A.
| last5=Testi | first5=L. | last6=Nisini | first6=B.
| last7=Stelzer | first7=B. | last8=Williams | first8=J. P.
| last9=Antoniucci | first9=S. | last10=Biazzo | first10=K.
| last11=Covino | first11=E. | last12=Esposito | first12=M.
| last13=Getman | first13=F. | last14=Rigliaco | first14=E.
| display-authors=1 | journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics
| volume=600 | id=A20 | pages=42 | postscript=.
| date=April 2017 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201629929
| arxiv=1612.07054 | bibcode=2017A&A...600A..20A | s2cid=119211262 }}</ref>
|-
|-
|| {{nowrap|Least massive}}
|| {{nowrap|Least massive}}
Line 81: Line 93:
|| 67.54±12.79 {{Jupiter mass}}<!-- Data -->
|| 67.54±12.79 {{Jupiter mass}}<!-- Data -->
|| <!-- Notes --> {{see|#List of least massive red dwarfs}}
|| <!-- Notes --> {{see|#List of least massive red dwarfs}}
||<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Filippazzo|first=Joseph C.|last2=Rice|first2=Emily L.|last3=Faherty|first3=Jacqueline|last4=Cruz|first4=Kelle L.|last5=Gordon|first5=Mollie M. Van|last6=Looper|first6=Dagny L.|date=September 2015|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=810|issue=2|pages=158|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/810/2/158|issn=0004-637X|title=Fundamental Parameters and Spectral Energy Distributions of Young and Field Age Objects with Masses Spanning the Stellar to Planetary Regime|bibcode=2015ApJ...810..158F|arxiv=1508.01767}}</ref><!-- Refs -->
||<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Filippazzo|first1=Joseph C.|last2=Rice|first2=Emily L.|last3=Faherty|first3=Jacqueline|author3-link=Jackie Faherty|last4=Cruz|first4=Kelle L.|last5=Gordon|first5=Mollie M. Van|last6=Looper|first6=Dagny L.|date=September 2015|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=810|issue=2|page=158|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/810/2/158|issn=0004-637X|title=Fundamental Parameters and Spectral Energy Distributions of Young and Field Age Objects with Masses Spanning the Stellar to Planetary Regime|bibcode=2015ApJ...810..158F|arxiv=1508.01767|s2cid=89611607}}</ref><!-- Refs -->
|-
|-
|| {{nowrap|Most massive}}
|| {{nowrap|Most massive}}
|| <!-- Star -->
|| <!-- Star -->[[Kepler-80]]
|| 2012
|| <!-- Date of title acquisition -->
|| <!-- Data -->
|| 0.73 {{Solar mass}}<!-- Data -->
|| <!-- Notes --> {{see|#List of most massive red dwarfs}}
|| <!-- Notes --> {{see|#List of most massive red dwarfs}}
|| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Pierre-Yves |date=2023 |title=Planet Kepler-80 b |url=https://exoplanet.eu/catalog/kepler_80_b--1160/ |access-date=2023-11-01 |work=[[Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]] |language=en}}</ref>
|| <!-- Refs -->
|-
|-
|| {{nowrap|Least distant}}
|| {{nowrap|Least distant}}
Line 99: Line 111:
|-
|-
|| {{nowrap|Most distant}}
|| {{nowrap|Most distant}}
||[[UDF 2457]]<!-- Star -->
||[[Hubble Ultra-Deep Field|UDF 3561]]<!-- Star -->
|| 2010<!-- Date of title acquisition -->
|| 2010<!-- Date of title acquisition -->
|| 59,000 [[Light-year|ly]]
|| 202,000 [[Light-year|ly]]
(18,000 [[Parsec|pc]])<!-- Data -->
(62,000 [[Parsec|pc]])<!-- Data -->
|| <!-- Notes --> {{see|#List of furthest red dwarfs}}
|| <!-- Notes --> {{see|#List of furthest red dwarfs}}
|| <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kilic|first1=Mukremin|last2=Gianninas|first2=Alexandros|last3=von Hippel|first3=Ted|title=Moving Objects in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field |date=2013-08-19|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/774/1/88|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|language=en|volume=774|issue=1|page=88|doi=10.1088/0004-637x/774/1/88|arxiv=1307.5067 |bibcode=2013ApJ...774...88K |s2cid=118470451 |issn=0004-637X}}</ref><!-- Refs -->
|| {{cite web
|title=As far as the Hubble can see
|author=Sangeeta Malhotra
|publisher=[[Arizona State University]]
|url=http://malhotra.asu.edu/Welcome_files/ASY-HI1105.pdf
|accessdate=2010-10-28}}</ref><!-- Refs -->
|-
|-
|| {{nowrap|Least luminous}}
|| {{nowrap|Least luminous}}
Line 126: Line 133:
|-
|-
|| {{nowrap|Dimmest}}
|| {{nowrap|Dimmest}}
|| <!-- Star -->
|| <!-- Star -->[[UDF 2457]]
||
|| <!-- Date of title acquisition -->
|| [[Apparent magnitude|V]]= 25
|| <!-- Data -->
|| <!-- Notes --> {{see|#List of dimmest red dwarfs}}
|| <!-- Notes --> {{see|#List of dimmest red dwarfs}}
|| <ref>{{Cite web |title=SKY-MAP.ORG - Interactive Sky Map |url=http://www.wikisky.org/?ra=3.5441034&de=-27.80278&zoom=15&show_grid=1&show_constellation_lines=1&show_constellation_boundaries=1&show_const_names=1&show_galaxies=1&show_box=1&box_ra=3.5441034&box_de=-27.80278&box_width=50&box_height=50&img_source=IMG_all |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=www.wikisky.org}}</ref>
|| <!-- Refs -->
|-
|-
|| {{nowrap|Brightest}}
|| {{nowrap|Brightest}}
|| {{nowrap|[[Lacaille 8760]]}}
|| [[Lacaille 8760]]
|| <!-- Date of title acquisition -->
|| <!-- Date of title acquisition -->
|| [[apparent magnitude|V]]= 6.69
|| [[apparent magnitude|V]]= 6.69
|| {{see|#List of brightest red dwarfs}}
|| {{see|#List of brightest red dwarfs}}
Also called ''AX Microscopii''. This is the 24th closest star to the Sun, and also intrinsically luminous for red dwarfs, having spectral class M0.
Also called ''AX Microscopii''. This is the 24th closest star to the Sun, and also intrinsically luminous for red dwarfs, having spectral class M0.
|| <ref name=SandT-200207-pp38>{{cite magazine |url= http://kencroswell.com/thebrightestreddwarf.html |title= The Brightest Red Dwarf |author= Ken Croswell |date= July 2002 |page= 38 |journal= Sky and Telescope }}</ref><ref name=SandT-2013-Lalande21185>{{cite magazine |url= http://www.skyandtelescope.com/wp-content/uploads/Lalande+21185+Sidebar.pdf |title= Lalande 21185: The Brightest Red Dwarf for the Rest of Us |year= 2013 |author= David Tytell }}</ref>
|| <ref name=SandT-200207-pp38/><ref name=SandT-2013-Lalande21185/>
|-
|-
|| {{nowrap|Youngest}}
|| {{nowrap|Youngest}}
|| ''See [[T Tauri star]]''
|| <!-- Star -->
|| <!-- Date of title acquisition -->
|| <!-- Date of title acquisition -->
|| <!-- Data -->
|| <!-- Data -->
Line 148: Line 155:
|-
|-
|| {{nowrap|Oldest}}
|| {{nowrap|Oldest}}
|| ''See [[Subdwarf#Cool_(red/pink)_subdwarfs|cool subdwarfs]]''
|| <!-- Star -->
|| <!-- Date of title acquisition -->
|| <!-- Date of title acquisition -->
|| <!-- Data -->
|| <!-- Data -->
|| <!-- Notes --> {{see|#List of oldest red dwarfs}}
|| <!-- Notes --> {{see|#List of oldest red dwarfs}}
|| <!-- Refs -->
|| <!-- Refs -->
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 168: Line 175:
|| Named for being the closest neighbouring star to Earth's Sun
|| Named for being the closest neighbouring star to Earth's Sun
|| Lies within the [[Alpha Centauri]] star system
|| Lies within the [[Alpha Centauri]] star system
|| <ref name=2007MNSSA..66..244G>{{cite journal |title= The Discovery of the Nearest Star |author= I.S. Glass |journal= Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of South Africa |volume= 66 |number= 11 and 12 |pages= 244–262 |publicationdate= December 2007 |bibcode= 2007MNSSA..66..244G |year= 2007 }}</ref>
|| <ref name=2007MNSSA..66..244G>{{cite journal |title= The Discovery of the Nearest Star |author= I.S. Glass |journal= Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of South Africa |volume= 66 |number= 11 and 12 |pages= 244–262 |publication-date= December 2007 |bibcode= 2007MNSSA..66..244G |year= 2007 }}</ref>
|-
|-
|| {{nowrap|[[Barnard's Star]]}}
|| {{nowrap|[[Barnard's Star]]}}
Line 178: Line 185:
|| Named for its discoverer, [[George van Biesbroeck]]
|| Named for its discoverer, [[George van Biesbroeck]]
|| Was once the least luminous, and, lowest mass, known star.
|| Was once the least luminous, and, lowest mass, known star.
|| <ref name=1953PASP...65...73V>{{cite journal |title= Stars Nearer than Five Parsecs |author= Peter van de Kamp |date= April 1953 |doi= 10.1086/126538 |bibcode= 1953PASP...65...73V |journal= Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |volume= 65 |number= 383 |pages= 73–77 }}</ref>
|| <ref name=1953PASP...65...73V>{{cite journal |title= Stars Nearer than Five Parsecs |author= Peter van de Kamp |date= April 1953 |doi= 10.1086/126538 |bibcode= 1953PASP...65...73V |journal= Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |volume= 65 |number= 383 |pages= 73–77 |doi-access= free }}</ref>
|-
|-
|| {{nowrap|[[Kapteyn's star]]}}
|| {{nowrap|[[Kapteyn's star]]}}
|| Named for the astronomer who discovered it had gone missing, [[Jacobus Kapteyn]]
|| Named for the astronomer who discovered it had gone missing, [[Jacobus Kapteyn]]
|| Was once the star with the highest [[proper motion]], thus making it move away from its recorded position in the sky and go "missing".
|| Was once the star with the highest [[proper motion]], thus making it move away from its recorded position in the sky and go "missing".
|| <ref name=AstronomyMag-200601-20051128>{{cite magazine |url= http://www.astronomy.com/magazine/2005/11/the-discoverers-of-kapteyns-star |title= The discoverers of Kapteyn's Star |journal= Astronomy Magazine |author= Liz Kruesi |publicationdate= January 2006 |date= 28 November 2005 }}</ref>
|| <ref name=AstronomyMag-200601-20051128>{{cite magazine |url= http://www.astronomy.com/magazine/2005/11/the-discoverers-of-kapteyns-star |title= The discoverers of Kapteyn's Star |journal= Astronomy Magazine |author= Liz Kruesi |publication-date= January 2006 |date= 28 November 2005 }}</ref>
|-
|-
|| {{nowrap|[[Teegarden's Star]]}}
|| {{nowrap|[[Teegarden's Star]]}}
Line 190: Line 197:
|-
|-
|}
|}

==List of the earliest red dwarfs discovered==
This is a list of the first discovered red dwarf stars.


==List of nearest red dwarfs==
==List of nearest red dwarfs==
Line 207: Line 211:
|| {{nowrap|[[Proxima Centauri]]}}
|| {{nowrap|[[Proxima Centauri]]}}
|| {{convert|4.2|ly|pc|abbr=on|lk=off}}
|| {{convert|4.2|ly|pc|abbr=on|lk=off}}
|| Part of the [[&alpha; Cen]] trinary system, the closest neighbouring star system. It is also the nearest neighbouring star.
|| Part of the [[α Cen]] trinary system, the closest neighbouring star system. It is also the nearest neighbouring star.
|| <ref name=2007MNSSA..66..244G/>
|| <ref name=2007MNSSA..66..244G/>
|-
|-
Line 238: Line 242:
|9.68 ly (2.97 pc)
|9.68 ly (2.97 pc)
|
|
|{{cn|date=January 2020}}
|{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}
|-
|-
|}
|}

===Timeline of nearest red dwarf recordholders===
This is a list of titleholders of being the closest red dwarf to Earth, and its succession over time.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!| Star
!| Date
!| Distance<br/><small>[[lightyear|ly]] ([[parsec|pc]])</small>
!width=100%| Notes
!|
|-
|| {{nowrap|[[Proxima Centauri]]}}
|| 1917&mdash;
|| {{convert|4.2|ly|pc|abbr=on|lk=off}}
|| It is also the nearest neighbouring star.
|| <ref name=2007MNSSA..66..244G/>
|-
|}

==List of furthest red dwarfs==

===Timeline of farthest red dwarf recordholders===
This is a list of titleholders of being the most distant red dwarf to Earth, and its succession over time.

==List of red dwarfs with the highest proper motion==

===Timeline of red dwarfs with the highest proper motion===
This is a list of titleholders of being the highest [[proper motion]] red dwarf relative to the Sun, and its succession over time.

==List of red dwarfs with the highest peculiar velocity==

===Timeline of red dwarfs with the highest peculiar velocity===
This is a list of titleholders of being the highest [[peculiar velocity]] red dwarf relative to the local referent, and its succession over time.

==List of least massive red dwarfs==
{{see also|List of least massive stars}}
These are stars that are closest to the boundary to becoming brown dwarfs (aka. failed stars) but still remain fully fusing stars.

===Timeline of lightest red dwarf recordholders===
This is a list of titleholders of being the red dwarf with the least mass, and its succession over time.

==List of most massive red dwarfs==
These are stars are the ones with the bulkiest masses that remain fully conductive, and unable to ever fuse helium, and will not form [[planetary nebula]]e, thus never entering [[red giant star]] phase.

===Timeline of heaviest red dwarf recordholders===
This is a list of titleholders of being the red dwarf with the most mass, and its succession over time.


==List of least voluminous red dwarfs==
==List of least voluminous red dwarfs==
Line 296: Line 253:
!|
!|
!| Star
!| Star
!| Radius<br>{{nowrap|[[Solar radius|Solar radii]]}}<br><small>{{nowrap|1=([[Sun]] = 1)}}</small>
!| Radius<br />{{nowrap|[[Solar radius|Solar radii]]}}<br /><small>{{nowrap|1=([[Sun]] = 1)}}</small>
!| Radius<br>{{nowrap|[[Jupiter radius|Jupiter radii]]}}<br><small>{{nowrap|1=([[Jupiter]] = 1)}}</small>
!| Radius<br />{{nowrap|[[Jupiter radius|Jupiter radii]]}}<br /><small>{{nowrap|1=([[Jupiter]] = 1)}}</small>
!| Radius<br>km<br/>(mi)
!| Radius<br />km<br/>(mi)
!width=100%| Notes
!width=100%| Notes
!|
!|
Line 317: Line 274:
||
||
|| <ref name="NOAO-pr1311"/><ref name=SnT-2013-12-23/><ref name=2014AJ....147...94D/>
|| <ref name="NOAO-pr1311"/><ref name=SnT-2013-12-23/><ref name=2014AJ....147...94D/>
|-
|| 3
|| <!-- Star -->
|| <!-- Solar radii -->
|| <!-- Jupiter radii -->
|| <!-- km / miles -->
|| <!-- Notes -->
|| <!-- refs -->
|-
|| 4
|| <!-- Star -->
|| <!-- Solar radii -->
|| <!-- Jupiter radii -->
|| <!-- km / miles -->
|| <!-- Notes -->
|| <!-- refs -->
|-
|| 5
|| <!-- Star -->
|| <!-- Solar radii -->
|| <!-- Jupiter radii -->
|| <!-- km / miles -->
|| <!-- Notes -->
|| <!-- refs -->
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 352: Line 285:
!| Star
!| Star
!| Date
!| Date
!| Radius<br>{{nowrap|[[Solar radius|Solar radii]]}}<br><small>{{nowrap|1=([[Sun]] = 1)}}</small>
!| Radius<br />{{nowrap|[[Solar radius|Solar radii]]}}<br /><small>{{nowrap|1=([[Sun]] = 1)}}</small>
!| Radius<br>{{nowrap|[[Jupiter radius|Jupiter radii]]}}<br><small>{{nowrap|1=([[Jupiter]] = 1)}}</small>
!| Radius<br />{{nowrap|[[Jupiter radius|Jupiter radii]]}}<br /><small>{{nowrap|1=([[Jupiter]] = 1)}}</small>
!| Radius<br>km<br/>(mi)
!| Radius<br />km<br/>(mi)
!width=100%| Notes
!width=100%| Notes
!|
!|
Line 364: Line 297:
|| {{convert|59000|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|| {{convert|59000|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|| This star is slightly larger than the planet [[Saturn]].
|| This star is slightly larger than the planet [[Saturn]].
|| <ref name=cnet-2017-07-11>{{cite news |url= https://www.cnet.com/news/smallest-star-eblm-j0555-57ab-space-alien-life-cambridge-trappist-1/ |title= Saturn-sized star is the smallest ever discovered |author= Eric Mack |date= 11 July 2017 |publisher= cnet }}</ref><ref name=Cambridge-2017-smallest-ever-star-discovered-by-astronomers>{{cite web |url= https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/smallest-ever-star-discovered-by-astronomers |title= Smallest-ever star discovered by astronomers |date= 2017 |publisher= University of Cambridge }}</ref><ref name=2017arXiv170608781V>{{cite journal |title= The EBLM project; III. A Saturn-size low-mass star at the hydrogen-burning limit |authors= Alexander von Boetticher, Amaury H.M.J. Triaud, Didier Queloz, Sam Gill, Monika Lendl, Laetitia Delrez, David R. Anderson, Andrew Collier Cameron, Francesca Faedi, Michaël Gillon, Yilen Gómez Maqueo Chew, Leslie Hebb, Coel Hellier, Emmanuël Jehin, Pierre F.L. Maxted, David V. Martin, Francesco Pepe, Don Pollacco, Damien Ségransan, Barry Smalley, Stéphane Udry, Richard West |arxiv= 1706.08781 |journal= Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume= 604 |issue= 6 |pages= L6 |id= EBLM_III |date= 12 June 2017 |bibcode= 2017A&A...604L...6V |doi= 10.1051/0004-6361/201731107 }}</ref>
|| <ref name=cnet-2017-07-11>{{cite news |url= https://www.cnet.com/news/smallest-star-eblm-j0555-57ab-space-alien-life-cambridge-trappist-1/ |title= Saturn-sized star is the smallest ever discovered |author= Eric Mack |date= 11 July 2017 |publisher= cnet }}</ref><ref name=Cambridge-2017-smallest-ever-star-discovered-by-astronomers>{{cite web |url= https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/smallest-ever-star-discovered-by-astronomers |title= Smallest-ever star discovered by astronomers |date= 2017 |publisher= University of Cambridge }}</ref><ref name=2017arXiv170608781V>{{cite journal |title= The EBLM project; III. A Saturn-size low-mass star at the hydrogen-burning limit |author=Alexander von Boetticher |author2=Amaury H.M.J. Triaud |author3=Didier Queloz |author4=Sam Gill |author5=Monika Lendl |author6=Laetitia Delrez |author7=David R. Anderson |author8=Andrew Collier Cameron |author9=Francesca Faedi |author10=Michaël Gillon |author11=Yilen Gómez Maqueo Chew |author12=Leslie Hebb |author13=Coel Hellier |author14=Emmanuël Jehin |author15=Pierre F.L. Maxted |author16=David V. Martin |author17=Francesco Pepe |author18=Don Pollacco |author19=Damien Ségransan |author20=Barry Smalley |author21=Stéphane Udry |author22=Richard West |arxiv= 1706.08781 |journal= Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume= 604 |issue= 6 |pages= L6 |id= EBLM_III |date= 12 June 2017 |bibcode= 2017A&A...604L...6V |doi= 10.1051/0004-6361/201731107 |s2cid= 54610182 }}</ref>
|-
|-
|| {{nowrap|[[2MASS J0523-1403]]}}
|| {{nowrap|[[2MASS J0523-1403]]}}
Line 372: Line 305:
|| {{convert|60000|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|| {{convert|60000|km|mi|abbr=on}}
||
||
|| <ref name="NOAO-pr1311">{{cite web|first=Katy|last=Garmany|title=NOAO/SOAR: Where do stars end and brown dwarfs begin?|url=http://www.noao.edu/news/2013/pr1311.php|publisher=National Optical Astronomy Observatory|accessdate=14 December 2013}}</ref><ref name=SnT-2013-12-23>{{cite news |url= http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/new-cutoff-for-star-sizes/ |title= New Cutoff for Star Sizes |author= John Bochanski |date= 23 December 2013 |publisher= Sky and Telescope }}</ref><ref name=2014AJ....147...94D>{{cite journal |author1=Sergio B. Dieterich |author2=Todd J. Henry |author3=Wei-Chun Jao |author4=Jennifer G. Winters |author5=Altonio D. Hosey |author6=Adric R. Riedel |author7=John P. Subasavage |title= The Solar Neighborhood XXXII. The Hydrogen Burning Limit |journal= The Astronomical Journal |volume= 147 |issue= 5 |id= 94 |page= 25 |date= May 2014 |doi= 10.1088/0004-6256/147/5/94 |bibcode= 2014AJ....147...94D |arxiv= 1312.1736 }}</ref>
|| <ref name="NOAO-pr1311">{{cite web|first=Katy|last=Garmany|title=NOAO/SOAR: Where do stars end and brown dwarfs begin?|url=http://www.noao.edu/news/2013/pr1311.php|publisher=National Optical Astronomy Observatory|access-date=14 December 2013}}</ref><ref name=SnT-2013-12-23>{{cite news |url= http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/new-cutoff-for-star-sizes/ |title= New Cutoff for Star Sizes |author= John Bochanski |date= 23 December 2013 |publisher= Sky and Telescope }}</ref><ref name=2014AJ....147...94D>{{cite journal |author1=Sergio B. Dieterich |author2=Todd J. Henry |author3=Wei-Chun Jao |author4=Jennifer G. Winters |author5=Altonio D. Hosey |author6=Adric R. Riedel |author7=John P. Subasavage |title= The Solar Neighborhood XXXII. The Hydrogen Burning Limit |journal= The Astronomical Journal |volume= 147 |issue= 5 |id= 94 |page= 25 |date= May 2014 |doi= 10.1088/0004-6256/147/5/94 |bibcode= 2014AJ....147...94D |arxiv= 1312.1736 |s2cid=21036959 }}</ref>
|-
|-
|| {{nowrap|[[OGLE-TR-122B]]}}
|| {{nowrap|[[OGLE-TR-122B]]}}
Line 380: Line 313:
|| {{convert|81100|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|| {{convert|81100|km|mi|abbr=on}}
||
||
|| <ref name=Space-2005-03-03>{{cite news |url= http://www.space.com/840-newfound-star-smaller-planets.html |title= Newfound Star Smaller than Some Planets |author= Robert Roy Britt |date= 3 March 2005 |publisher= Space.com }}</ref><ref name=SpaceAnswers-SmallestStar-2013-03-22>{{cite web |url= http://www.spaceanswers.com/deep-space/what-is-the-smallest-star/ |title= What is the smallest star? |author1= Jonathan O'Callaghan |author2= Josh Barker (National Space Centre) |date= 22 March 2013 |publisher= SpaceAnswers.com }}</ref><ref name=2005A&A...433L..21P>{{cite journal |title= A planet-sized transiting star around OGLE-TR-122. Accurate mass and radius near the hydrogen-burning limit |arxiv= astro-ph/0501611 |doi= 10.1051/0004-6361:200500025 |bibcode= 2005A&A...433L..21P |author1=Pont, F. |author2=Melo, C. H. F. |author3=Bouchy, F. |author4=Udry, S. |author5=Queloz, D. |author6=Mayor, M. |author7=Santos, N. C. |publicationdate= April 2005 |journal= Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume= 433 |issue= 2 |page= L21–L24 |date= 27 January 2005 }}</ref>
|| <ref name=Space-2005-03-03>{{cite news |url= http://www.space.com/840-newfound-star-smaller-planets.html |title= Newfound Star Smaller than Some Planets |author= Robert Roy Britt |date= 3 March 2005 |work= Space.com }}</ref><ref name=SpaceAnswers-SmallestStar-2013-03-22>{{cite web |url= http://www.spaceanswers.com/deep-space/what-is-the-smallest-star/ |title= What is the smallest star? |author1= Jonathan O'Callaghan |author2= Josh Barker (National Space Centre) |date= 22 March 2013 |publisher= SpaceAnswers.com }}</ref><ref name=2005A&A...433L..21P>{{cite journal |title= A planet-sized transiting star around OGLE-TR-122. Accurate mass and radius near the hydrogen-burning limit |arxiv= astro-ph/0501611 |doi= 10.1051/0004-6361:200500025 |bibcode= 2005A&A...433L..21P |author1=Pont, F. |author2=Melo, C. H. F. |author3=Bouchy, F. |author4=Udry, S. |author5=Queloz, D. |author6=Mayor, M. |author7=Santos, N. C. |publication-date= April 2005 |journal= Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume= 433 |issue= 2 |page= L21–L24 |date= 27 January 2005 |s2cid= 14799999 }}</ref>
|-
|-
|}
|}

==List of most voluminous red dwarfs==

===Timeline of largest red dwarf recordholders===
This is a list of titleholders of being the red dwarf with the largest volume, and its succession over time.

==List of least luminous red dwarfs==
This is a list of the least intrinsically energetic, the least luminous ([[absolute magnitude]]) red dwarf stars

===Timeline of least luminous red dwarf recordholders===
This is a list of the least luminous ([[absolute magnitude]]) red dwarfs

==List of most luminous red dwarfs==
This is a list of the most intrinsically energetic, the most luminous ([[absolute magnitude]]) red dwarf stars

===Timeline of most luminous red dwarf recordholders===
This is a list of the most luminous ([[absolute magnitude]]) red dwarfs

==List of dimmest red dwarfs==
This is a list of the least bright ([[apparent magnitude]]) red dwarf stars, as they appear from Earth

===Timeline of dimmest red dwarf recordholders===
This is a list of titleholders of being the dimmest ([[apparent magnitude]]) red dwarf as seen from Earth, and its succession over time.

==List of brightest red dwarfs==
This is a list of the most bright ([[apparent magnitude]]) red dwarf stars, as they appear from Earth

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!|
!| Star
!| [[Apparent magnitude]] <br/><small>(V)</small>
!width=100%| Notes
!|
|-
|| 1
|| {{nowrap|[[Lacaille 8760]]}}
|| 6.69
|| Also called ''AX Microscopii''. This is the 24th closest star to the Sun, and also intrinsically luminous for red dwarfs, having spectral class M0.
|| <ref name=SandT-200207-pp38/><ref name=SandT-2013-Lalande21185/>
|-
|| 2
|| <!-- Star -->
|| <!-- app mag (V) -->
|| <!-- Notes -->
|| <!-- refs -->
|-
|| 3
|| <!-- Star -->
|| <!-- app mag (V) -->
|| <!-- Notes -->
|| <!-- refs -->
|-
|| 4
|| <!-- Star -->
|| <!-- app mag (V) -->
|| <!-- Notes -->
|| <!-- refs -->
|-
|| 5
|| <!-- Star -->
|| <!-- app mag (V) -->
|| <!-- Notes -->
|| <!-- refs -->
|-
|}

===List of naked-eye red dwarfs===
No red dwarf stars are visible to the naked eye.<ref name=JamesBKaler-UIll-V2500Oph>{{cite web |url= http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/barnard.html |title= Barnard's Star (V2500 Ophiuchi) |author= Jim Kaler |publisher= University of Illinois |website= stars.astro.illinois.edu |date= 2016 }}</ref>

===Timeline of brightest red dwarf recordholders===
This is a list of titleholders of being the brightest ([[apparent magnitude]]) red dwarf as seen from Earth, and its succession over time.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!| Star
!| Date
!| [[Apparent magnitude]]<br/><small>(V)</small>
!width=100%| Notes
!|
|-
|| {{nowrap|[[Lacaille 8760]]}}
||
|| 6.69
|| Also called ''AX Microscopii''. This is the 24th closest star to the Sun, and also intrinsically luminous for red dwarfs, having spectral class M0.
|| <ref name=SandT-200207-pp38>{{cite magazine |url= http://kencroswell.com/thebrightestreddwarf.html |title= The Brightest Red Dwarf |author= Ken Croswell |date= July 2002 |page= 38 |journal= Sky and Telescope }}</ref><ref name=SandT-2013-Lalande21185>{{cite magazine |url= http://www.skyandtelescope.com/wp-content/uploads/Lalande+21185+Sidebar.pdf |title= Lalande 21185: The Brightest Red Dwarf for the Rest of Us |year= 2013 |author= David Tytell }}</ref>
|-
|}

==List of youngest red dwarfs==
This is a list of the youngest red dwarf stars, as they appear when they are observed.

===Timeline of youngest red dwarf recordholders===
This is a list of titleholders of being the youngest red dwarf as seen from Earth, and its succession over time.

==List of oldest red dwarfs==
This is a list of the oldest red dwarf stars, as they appear when they are observed.

===Timeline of oldest red dwarf recordholders===
This is a list of titleholders of being the oldest red dwarf as seen from Earth, and its succession over time.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=NB}}

==References==
{{reflist}}


==See also==
==See also==
Line 495: Line 322:
* [[Lists of stars]]
* [[Lists of stars]]


==References==
<!-- {{Star}} -->
{{reflist}}
{{Star}}


[[Category:M-type main-sequence stars|*]]
[[Category:M-type main-sequence stars|*]]

Latest revision as of 20:53, 30 October 2024

Look up red dwarf in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red dwarfs.

This is a list of exceptional red dwarfs.

List of titleholding red dwarf stars

[edit]

This is a list of red dwarfs that currently hold records.

List of red dwarf firsts

[edit]
Firsts
Record Title Star Date Data Notes
First discovered Lacaille 8760 1753 Originally listed in a 1763 catalog that was published posthumously by Abbé Nicolas Louis de Lacaille.
Further information: § List of the earliest red dwarfs discovered
 [1]
First discovered with planet(s) Gliese 876 1998 Gliese 876 b
See also: List of exoplanet firsts

The Jovian planet was the first discovered around a red dwarf.

[2][3]
First discovered with giant planet(s) Gliese 876 1998 Gliese 876 b The giant planet was the first planet discovered around a red dwarf. [2][3]
First discovered with terrestrial planet(s) Kepler-42
(KOI-961) 		2012 KOI-961 b
KOI-961 c
KOI-961 d 		3 terrestrial planets were discovered around KOI-961 in 2012, the first terrestrial planets found to orbit a red dwarf. [4]

List of red dwarf extremes

[edit]
Extremes
Record Title Star Date Data Notes References
Least voluminous EBLM J0555-57Ab 2017 r= 59,000 km (37,000 mi)
Further information: § List of least voluminous red dwarfs
 [5]
Most voluminous Sz74 2017 3.13±0.72
Further information: § List of most voluminous red dwarfs
 [6]
Least massive 2MASS J0523-1403 2015 67.54±12.79 MJ
Further information: § List of least massive red dwarfs
 [7]
Most massive Kepler-80 2012 0.73 M☉
Further information: § List of most massive red dwarfs
 [8]
Least distant Proxima Centauri 1917 4.2 ly (1.3 pc)
Further information: § List of nearest red dwarfs

This is also known as Alpha Centauri C and is a member of the α Cen trinary system. It is the nearest neighbouring star to the Sun.

[9]
Most distant UDF 3561 2010 202,000 ly

(62,000 pc)

Further information: § List of furthest red dwarfs
 [10]
Least luminous 2MASS J0523-1403
Further information: § List of least luminous red dwarfs
 [7]
Most luminous
Further information: § List of most luminous red dwarfs
Dimmest UDF 2457 V= 25
Further information: § List of dimmest red dwarfs
 [11]
Brightest Lacaille 8760 V= 6.69
Further information: § List of brightest red dwarfs

Also called AX Microscopii. This is the 24th closest star to the Sun, and also intrinsically luminous for red dwarfs, having spectral class M0.

[12][13]
Youngest See T Tauri star
Further information: § List of youngest red dwarfs
Oldest See cool subdwarfs
Further information: § List of oldest red dwarfs

List of named red dwarfs

[edit]

This is a list of red dwarfs with names that are not systematically designated.

Star Naming Notes
Proxima Centauri Named for being the closest neighbouring star to Earth's Sun Lies within the Alpha Centauri star system [9]
Barnard's Star Named after its discoverer, E. E. Barnard Second closest neighbouring star system to Earth, after α Cen. Also the star with the highest proper motion. [14]
van Biesbroeck's star Named for its discoverer, George van Biesbroeck Was once the least luminous, and, lowest mass, known star. [15]
Kapteyn's star Named for the astronomer who discovered it had gone missing, Jacobus Kapteyn Was once the star with the highest proper motion, thus making it move away from its recorded position in the sky and go "missing". [14]
Teegarden's Star Named after the lead investigator astrophysicist who discovered it, Bonnard J. Teegarden, through a datacrunching search of archived data.

List of nearest red dwarfs

[edit]
See also: List of nearest stars
Star Distance
ly (pc) 		Notes
1 Proxima Centauri 4.2 ly (1.3 pc) Part of the α Cen trinary system, the closest neighbouring star system. It is also the nearest neighbouring star. [9]
2 Barnard's Star 5.95 ly (1.82 pc) Second closest neighbouring star system [16]
3 Wolf 359 7.86 ly (2.41 pc) Also called CN Leonis
4 Lalande 21185 8.3 ly (2.5 pc)
5 Luyten 726-8 8.7 ly (2.7 pc) This is a binary star system with two red dwarfs
6 Ross 154 9.68 ly (2.97 pc) [citation needed]

List of least voluminous red dwarfs

[edit]
See also: List of least voluminous stars
Star Radius
Solar radii
(Sun = 1) 		Radius
Jupiter radii
(Jupiter = 1) 		Radius
km
(mi) 		Notes
1 EBLM J0555-57Ab 0.084 0.84 59,000 km (37,000 mi) This star is slightly larger than the planet Saturn. [17][18][19]
2 2MASS J0523-1403 0.086 0.86 60,000 km (37,000 mi) [20][21][22]

Timeline of smallest red dwarf recordholders

[edit]

This is a list of titleholders of being the red dwarf with the smallest volume, and its succession over time.

List of smallest red dwarf titleholders
Star Date Radius
Solar radii
(Sun = 1) 		Radius
Jupiter radii
(Jupiter = 1) 		Radius
km
(mi) 		Notes
EBLM J0555-57Ab 2017— 0.084 0.84 59,000 km (37,000 mi) This star is slightly larger than the planet Saturn. [17][18][19]
2MASS J0523-1403 2013-2017 0.086 0.86 60,000 km (37,000 mi) [20][21][22]
OGLE-TR-122B 2005-2013 0.120 1.16 81,100 km (50,400 mi) [23][24][25]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Croswell, Ken (July 2003), "The Brightest Red Dwarf", Sky & Telescope: 32, retrieved 2019-08-31.
  2. ^ a b Marietta DiChristina (September 1998). "Other Worlds". Popular Science. pp. 77–79.
  3. ^ a b Delfosse, Xavier; Forveille, Thierry; Mayor, Michel; Perrier, Christian; Naef, Dominique; Queloz, Didier (1998). "The closest extrasolar planet. A giant planet around the M4 dwarf GL 876". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 338: L67–L70. arXiv:astro-ph/9808026. Bibcode:1998A&A...338L..67D.
  4. ^ Deborah Williams-Hedges (13 January 2012). "Tiny planet triplets orbit dwarf star". Futurity.
  5. ^ von Boetticher, Alexander; Triaud, Amaury H. M. J.; Queloz, Didier; Gill, Sam; Lendl, Monika; Delrez, Laetitia; Anderson, David R.; Cameron, Andrew Collier; Faedi, Francesca; Gillon, Michaël; Chew, Yilen Gómez Maqueo; Hebb, Leslie; Hellier, Coel; Jehin, Emmanuël; Maxted, Pierre F. L. (August 2017). "The EBLM project III. A Saturn-size low-mass star at the hydrogen-burning limit". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 604: L6. arXiv:1706.08781. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731107. ISSN 0004-6361.
  6. ^ Alcalá, J. M.; et al. (April 2017), "X-shooter spectroscopy of young stellar objects in Lupus. Accretion properties of class II and transitional objects", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 600: 42, arXiv:1612.07054, Bibcode:2017A&A...600A..20A, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629929, S2CID 119211262, A20.
  7. ^ a b Filippazzo, Joseph C.; Rice, Emily L.; Faherty, Jacqueline; Cruz, Kelle L.; Gordon, Mollie M. Van; Looper, Dagny L. (September 2015). "Fundamental Parameters and Spectral Energy Distributions of Young and Field Age Objects with Masses Spanning the Stellar to Planetary Regime". The Astrophysical Journal. 810 (2): 158. arXiv:1508.01767. Bibcode:2015ApJ...810..158F. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/810/2/158. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 89611607.
  8. ^ Martin, Pierre-Yves (2023). "Planet Kepler-80 b". Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 2023-11-01.
  9. ^ a b c I.S. Glass (2007). "The Discovery of the Nearest Star". Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of South Africa. 66 (11 and 12) (published December 2007): 244–262. Bibcode:2007MNSSA..66..244G.
  10. ^ Kilic, Mukremin; Gianninas, Alexandros; von Hippel, Ted (2013-08-19). "Moving Objects in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field". The Astrophysical Journal. 774 (1): 88. arXiv:1307.5067. Bibcode:2013ApJ...774...88K. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/774/1/88. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 118470451.
  11. ^ "SKY-MAP.ORG - Interactive Sky Map". www.wikisky.org. Retrieved 2023-11-01.
  12. ^ Ken Croswell (July 2002). "The Brightest Red Dwarf". Sky and Telescope. p. 38.
  13. ^ David Tytell (2013). "Lalande 21185: The Brightest Red Dwarf for the Rest of Us" (PDF). {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
  14. ^ a b Liz Kruesi (28 November 2005). "The discoverers of Kapteyn's Star". Astronomy Magazine (published January 2006).
  15. ^ Peter van de Kamp (April 1953). "Stars Nearer than Five Parsecs". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 65 (383): 73–77. Bibcode:1953PASP...65...73V. doi:10.1086/126538.
  16. ^ "Barnard's star | Distance, Facts, & Planet". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-11-13.
  17. ^ a b Eric Mack (11 July 2017). "Saturn-sized star is the smallest ever discovered". cnet.
  18. ^ a b "Smallest-ever star discovered by astronomers". University of Cambridge. 2017.
  19. ^ a b Alexander von Boetticher; Amaury H.M.J. Triaud; Didier Queloz; Sam Gill; Monika Lendl; Laetitia Delrez; David R. Anderson; Andrew Collier Cameron; Francesca Faedi; Michaël Gillon; Yilen Gómez Maqueo Chew; Leslie Hebb; Coel Hellier; Emmanuël Jehin; Pierre F.L. Maxted; David V. Martin; Francesco Pepe; Don Pollacco; Damien Ségransan; Barry Smalley; Stéphane Udry; Richard West (12 June 2017). "The EBLM project; III. A Saturn-size low-mass star at the hydrogen-burning limit". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 604 (6): L6. arXiv:1706.08781. Bibcode:2017A&A...604L...6V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731107. S2CID 54610182. EBLM_III.
  20. ^ a b Garmany, Katy. "NOAO/SOAR: Where do stars end and brown dwarfs begin?". National Optical Astronomy Observatory. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
  21. ^ a b John Bochanski (23 December 2013). "New Cutoff for Star Sizes". Sky and Telescope.
  22. ^ a b Sergio B. Dieterich; Todd J. Henry; Wei-Chun Jao; Jennifer G. Winters; Altonio D. Hosey; Adric R. Riedel; John P. Subasavage (May 2014). "The Solar Neighborhood XXXII. The Hydrogen Burning Limit". The Astronomical Journal. 147 (5): 25. arXiv:1312.1736. Bibcode:2014AJ....147...94D. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/147/5/94. S2CID 21036959. 94.
  23. ^ Robert Roy Britt (3 March 2005). "Newfound Star Smaller than Some Planets". Space.com.
  24. ^ Jonathan O'Callaghan; Josh Barker (National Space Centre) (22 March 2013). "What is the smallest star?". SpaceAnswers.com.
  25. ^ Pont, F.; Melo, C. H. F.; Bouchy, F.; Udry, S.; Queloz, D.; Mayor, M.; Santos, N. C. (27 January 2005). "A planet-sized transiting star around OGLE-TR-122. Accurate mass and radius near the hydrogen-burning limit". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 433 (2) (published April 2005): L21–L24. arXiv:astro-ph/0501611. Bibcode:2005A&A...433L..21P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200500025. S2CID 14799999.
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