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| image_size = 175px
| image_size = 175px
| caption = [[Seal (emblem)|Seal]]
| caption = [[Seal (emblem)|Seal]]
| latin_name = Universitas Bononiensis<ref>{{Cite book |title=Records of The Tercentenary Festival of Dublin University |date=1894 |publisher=[[Hodges Figgis|Hodges, Figgis & Co.]] |year= |isbn=9781355361602 |publication-place=[[Dublin]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Ireland]] |language=en-IE }}</ref>
| latin_name = Universitas Bononiensis
| motto = ''Petrus ubique pater legum Bononia mater''<ref>''Charters of foundation and early documents of the universities of the Coimbra Group'', Hermans, Jos. M. M., {{ISBN|90-5867-474-6}}.</ref> ([[Latin]])
| motto = {{lang|la|Petrus ubique pater legum Bononia mater}}<ref>''Charters of foundation and early documents of the universities of the Coimbra Group'', Hermans, Jos. M. M., {{ISBN|90-5867-474-6}}.</ref> ([[Latin]])
| mottoeng = St. Peter is everywhere the father of the law, Bologna is its mother
| mottoeng = St. Peter is everywhere the father of the law, Bologna is its mother
| established = {{circa}} {{start date and age|1088}}
| established = {{circa}} {{start date and age|1088}}
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| sports_free = {{URL|https://cusb.unibo.it/it|CUS Bologna}}
| sports_free = {{URL|https://cusb.unibo.it/it|CUS Bologna}}
| colours = {{color box|#BB2D28}} Red
| colours = {{color box|#BB2D28}} Red
| website = {{URL|unibo.it}} {{in lang|it}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.unibo.it/en/homepage}}
| logo = University of bologna wordmark svg.svg
| logo = University of bologna wordmark svg.svg
| image = Seal of the University of Bologna.svg
| image = Seal of the University of Bologna.svg
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}}
}}


The '''University of Bologna''' ({{lang-it|Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna}}, abbreviated '''Unibo''') is a [[Public university|public]] [[research university]] in [[Bologna]], [[Italy]]. Founded in 1088 by an organised guild of students (''studiorum''), it is the [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|oldest university in continuous operation in the world]], and the first degree-awarding institution of higher learning. At its foundation, the word ''universitas'' was first coined.<ref name="Hunt Janin 2008">Hunt Janin: "The university in medieval life, 1179–1499", McFarland, 2008, {{ISBN|0-7864-3462-7}}, p. 55f.</ref><ref name="Ridder-Symoens 1992">de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde: [https://books.google.com/books?id=5Z1VBEbF0HAC ''A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages''], Cambridge University Press, 1992, {{ISBN|0-521-36105-2}}, pp. 47–55</ref> The university's emblem carries the motto, ''Alma Mater Studiorum'' ("Nourishing mother of studies"), the date ''A.D. 1088''.<ref name="campuses-and-structures schools">{{cite web |title=Schools |url=http://www.unibo.it/en/university/campuses-and-structures/schools |access-date=22 December 2015 |publisher=University of Bologna}}</ref> With over 90,000 students, the University of Bologna is one of the [[List of largest universities by enrollment|largest universities in Europe]].
The '''University of Bologna''' ({{langx|it|Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna}}, abbreviated '''Unibo''') is a [[Public university|public]] [[research university]] in [[Bologna]], Italy. Teaching began around 1088, with the university becoming organised as guilds of students ({{lang|la|universitas scholarium}}) by the late 12th century,<ref>{{cite book|title=[[A History of the University in Europe]]|volume=1, Universities in the Middle Ages|page=48|chapter=Patterns|author=Jacques Verger|editor1=Hilde de Ridder-Symoens|editor2=Walter Rüegg|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|date=16 October 2003|isbn=9780521541138|quote=There is no indication, however, that up until around 1180, the Bolognese law schools were anything other than private schools opened and run by each master after his own fashion, gathering together the students that had entered into an agreement with him and paid him fees (collectae) in return for his teaching. The crucial change would seem to have taken place around the years 1180–90. ... The masters, who were themselves mainly Bolognese in origin, agreed from 1189 to swear an oath to the commune not to seek to transfer the ''studium'' elsewhere. The students, on the other hand, began to group themselves in nations, according to their places of origin (we hear of the Lombard nation as early as 1191), and these were soon federated into 'universities' with elected rectors at their head.
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Z1VBEbF0HAC&pg=PA48}}</ref> it is the [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|oldest university in continuous operation in the world]], and the first degree-awarding institution of higher learning.<ref name="Hunt Janin 2008">Hunt Janin: "The university in medieval life, 1179–1499", McFarland, 2008, {{ISBN|0-7864-3462-7}}, p. 55f.</ref><ref name="Ridder-Symoens 1992">de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde: [https://books.google.com/books?id=5Z1VBEbF0HAC ''A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages''], Cambridge University Press, 1992, {{ISBN|0-521-36105-2}}, pp. 47–55</ref> The university's emblem carries the motto, ''Alma Mater Studiorum'' ("Nourishing mother of studies"), and the date ''A.D. 1088''.<ref name="campuses-and-structures schools">{{cite web |title=Schools |url=http://www.unibo.it/en/university/campuses-and-structures/schools |access-date=22 December 2015 |publisher=University of Bologna}}</ref> With over 90,000 students, the University of Bologna is one of the [[List of largest universities by enrollment|largest universities in Europe]].


The university saw the first woman to earn a university degree and teach at a university, [[Bettisia Gozzadini]], and the first woman to earn both a doctorate in science and a salaried position as a university professor, [[Laura Bassi]]. The University of Bologna has had a central role in the sciences during the medieval age and the Italian renaissance, where it housed and educated [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Nicholas Copernicus]] as well as numerous other renaissance mathematicians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nicolaus Copernicus {{!}} Biography, Facts, Nationality, Discoveries, Accomplishments, & Theory {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicolaus-Copernicus |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> It has educated a wide range of notable alumni, amongst them a large number of Italian scientists, prime ministers, supreme court judges, and priests.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Luigi |date=2012-06-27 |title=La storia dell'Università di Bologna {{!}} Universando.com |url=https://universando.com/la-storia-delluniversita-di-bologna/ |access-date=2023-10-29 |language=it-IT}}</ref>
The university saw the first woman to earn a university degree and teach at a university, [[Bettisia Gozzadini]], and the first woman to earn both a doctorate in science and a salaried position as a university professor, [[Laura Bassi]]. The University of Bologna has had a central role in the sciences during the medieval age and the Italian renaissance, where it housed and educated [[Nicholas Copernicus]] as well as numerous other renaissance mathematicians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nicolaus Copernicus {{!}} Biography, Facts, Nationality, Discoveries, Accomplishments, & Theory {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicolaus-Copernicus |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> It has educated a wide range of notable alumni, amongst them a large number of Italian scientists, prime ministers, supreme court judges, and priests.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Luigi |date=2012-06-27 |title=La storia dell'Università di Bologna {{!}} Universando.com |url=https://universando.com/la-storia-delluniversita-di-bologna/ |access-date=2023-10-29 |language=it-IT}}</ref>


The University of Bologna has campuses in [[Cesena]], [[Forlì]], [[Ravenna]] and [[Rimini]] as well as branch centres abroad in [[Buenos Aires]], [[New York City|New York]], [[Brussels]], and [[Shanghai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bruxelles, New York, Shanghai - Università di Bologna |url=https://www.unibo.it/it/ateneo/sedi-e-strutture/bruxelles-new-york-shanghai |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=www.unibo.it |language=it}}</ref> It houses the fully funded boarding college ''Collegio Superiore di Bologna,'' the Bologna School of Advanced Studies,<ref name="campuses-and-structures">{{cite web |title=Campuses and Structures |url=http://www.unibo.it/en/university/campuses-and-structures |access-date=22 December 2015 |publisher=University of Bologna}}</ref> the [[Orto Botanico dell'Università di Bologna|botanical gardens of Bologna]], a large number of museums, libraries and archeological collections,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Musei Universitari - Università di Bologna |url=https://www.unibo.it/it/ateneo/chi-siamo/galleria-fotografica-e-video/luniversita-di-bologna-palazzi-e-luoghi-del-sapere/musei-universitari |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=www.unibo.it |language=it}}</ref> as well as the [[Bologna University Press]].
The University of Bologna has campuses in [[Cesena]], [[Forlì]], [[Ravenna]] and [[Rimini]] as well as branch centres abroad in [[Buenos Aires]], [[New York City|New York]], [[Brussels]], and [[Shanghai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bruxelles, New York, Shanghai - Università di Bologna |url=https://www.unibo.it/it/ateneo/sedi-e-strutture/bruxelles-new-york-shanghai |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=www.unibo.it |language=it}}</ref> It houses the fully funded boarding college ''Collegio Superiore di Bologna,'' the Bologna School of Advanced Studies,<ref name="campuses-and-structures">{{cite web |title=Campuses and Structures |url=http://www.unibo.it/en/university/campuses-and-structures |access-date=22 December 2015 |publisher=University of Bologna}}</ref> the [[Orto Botanico dell'Università di Bologna|botanical gardens of Bologna]], a large number of museums, libraries and archeological collections,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Musei Universitari - Università di Bologna |url=https://www.unibo.it/it/ateneo/chi-siamo/galleria-fotografica-e-video/luniversita-di-bologna-palazzi-e-luoghi-del-sapere/musei-universitari |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=www.unibo.it |language=it}}</ref> as well as the [[Bologna University Press]].
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The date of the University of Bologna's founding is uncertain. The university was granted a charter (''[[Authentica habita]]'') by [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick I Barbarossa]] in 1158, but in the 19th century, a committee of historians led by [[Giosuè Carducci]] traced the founding of the university back to 1088, which would make it the oldest continuously operating university in the world.<ref>[http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2007/overall_rankings/worlds_oldest_universities/ Top Universities] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115092116/http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2007/overall_rankings/worlds_oldest_universities/ |date=2008-01-15 }} ''World University Rankings'' Retrieved 2010-1-6</ref><ref>[http://www.eng.unibo.it/PortaleEn/University/Our+History/default.htm Our History] - Università di Bologna</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Paul L. Gaston |date=2012 |title=The Challenge of Bologna: What United States Higher Education Has to Learn from Europe, and Why It Matters That We Learn It |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyjnHZ1IIlgC&pg=PA18 |publisher=Stylus Publishing, LLC. |page=18 |isbn=978-1-57922-502-5}}</ref> However, the development of the institution at Bologna into a university was a gradual process. Paul Grendler writes that "it is not likely that enough instruction and organization existed to merit the term ''university'' before the 1150s, and it might not have happened before the 1180s."<ref>Paul F. Grendler, ''The Universities of the Italian Renaissance'' (JHU Press, 2002), 6.</ref>
The date of the University of Bologna's founding is uncertain. The university was granted a charter (''[[Authentica habita]]'') by [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick I Barbarossa]] in 1158, but in the 19th century, a committee of historians led by [[Giosuè Carducci]] traced the founding of the university back to 1088, which would make it the oldest continuously operating university in the world.<ref>[http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2007/overall_rankings/worlds_oldest_universities/ Top Universities] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115092116/http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2007/overall_rankings/worlds_oldest_universities/ |date=2008-01-15 }} ''World University Rankings'' Retrieved 2010-1-6</ref><ref>[http://www.eng.unibo.it/PortaleEn/University/Our+History/default.htm Our History] - Università di Bologna</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Paul L. Gaston |date=2012 |title=The Challenge of Bologna: What United States Higher Education Has to Learn from Europe, and Why It Matters That We Learn It |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyjnHZ1IIlgC&pg=PA18 |publisher=Stylus Publishing, LLC. |page=18 |isbn=978-1-57922-502-5}}</ref> However, the development of the institution at Bologna into a university was a gradual process. Paul Grendler writes that "it is not likely that enough instruction and organization existed to merit the term ''university'' before the 1150s, and it might not have happened before the 1180s."<ref>Paul F. Grendler, ''The Universities of the Italian Renaissance'' (JHU Press, 2002), 6.</ref>


The university arose around [[mutual aid society|mutual aid societies]] (known as ''universitates scholarium'') of foreign students called "[[Nation (university)|nations]]" (as they were grouped by nationality) for protection against city laws which imposed [[collective punishment]] on foreigners for the crimes and debts of their countrymen. These students then hired scholars from the city's pre-existing lay and ecclesiastical schools to teach them subjects such as liberal arts, notarial law, theology, and ''ars dictaminis'' ([[scrivener]]y).<ref>David A. Lines, "The University and the City: Cultural Interactions", in ''A Companion to Medieval and Renaissance Bologna'', ed. Sarah Rubin Blanshei (Leiden: Brill, 2017), 437–8.</ref> The lectures were given in informal schools called ''scholae''. In time the various ''universitates scholarium'' decided to form a larger association, or ''Studium''—thus, the university. The ''Studium'' grew to have a strong position of [[collective bargaining]] with the city, since by then it derived significant revenue through visiting foreign students, who would depart if they were not well treated. The foreign students in Bologna received greater rights, and collective punishment was ended. There was also collective bargaining with the scholars who served as professors at the university. By the initiation or threat of a [[student strike]], the students could enforce their demands as to the content of courses and the pay professors would receive. University professors were hired, fired, and had their pay determined by an elected council of two representatives from every student "nation" which governed the institution, with the most important decisions requiring a majority vote from all the students to ratify. The professors could also be fined if they failed to finish classes on time, or complete course material by the end of the semester. A student committee, the "Denouncers of Professors", kept tabs on them and reported any misbehavior. Professors themselves were not powerless, however, forming ''collegia doctorum'' (professors’ committees) in each faculty, and securing the rights to set examination fees and degree requirements. Eventually, the city ended this arrangement, paying professors from tax revenues and making it a chartered [[public university]].<ref>[http://www.freenation.org/a/f13l3.html A University Built by the Invisible Hand], by Roderick T. Long. This article was published in the Spring 1994 issue of ''Formulations'', by the Free Nation Foundation.</ref>
The university arose around [[mutual aid societies]] (known as ''universitates scholarium'') of foreign students called "[[Nation (university)|nations]]" (as they were grouped by nationality) for protection against city laws which imposed [[collective punishment]] on foreigners for the crimes and debts of their countrymen. These students then hired scholars from the city's pre-existing lay and ecclesiastical schools to teach them subjects such as liberal arts, notarial law, theology, and ''ars dictaminis'' ([[scrivener]]y).<ref>David A. Lines, "The University and the City: Cultural Interactions", in ''A Companion to Medieval and Renaissance Bologna'', ed. Sarah Rubin Blanshei (Leiden: Brill, 2017), 437–8.</ref> The lectures were given in informal schools called ''scholae''. In time the various ''universitates scholarium'' decided to form a larger association, or ''Studium''—thus, the university. The ''Studium'' grew to have a strong position of [[collective bargaining]] with the city, since by then it derived significant revenue through visiting foreign students, who would depart if they were not well treated. The foreign students in Bologna received greater rights, and collective punishment was ended. There was also collective bargaining with the scholars who served as professors at the university. By the initiation or threat of a [[student strike]], the students could enforce their demands as to the content of courses and the pay professors would receive. University professors were hired, fired, and had their pay determined by an elected council of two representatives from every student "nation" which governed the institution, with the most important decisions requiring a majority vote from all the students to ratify. The professors could also be fined if they failed to finish classes on time, or complete course material by the end of the semester. A student committee, the "Denouncers of Professors", kept tabs on them and reported any misbehavior. Professors themselves were not powerless, however, forming ''collegia doctorum'' (professors’ committees) in each faculty, and securing the rights to set examination fees and degree requirements. Eventually, the city ended this arrangement, paying professors from tax revenues and making it a chartered [[public university]].<ref>[http://www.freenation.org/a/f13l3.html A University Built by the Invisible Hand], by Roderick T. Long. This article was published in the Spring 1994 issue of ''Formulations'', by the Free Nation Foundation.</ref>


[[File:Archiginnasio ora blu Bologna.jpg|thumb|250px|''[[Archiginnasio of Bologna|Archiginnasio]]'', main seat of the University between 1563 and 1803]]
[[File:Archiginnasio ora blu Bologna.jpg|thumb|250px|''[[Archiginnasio of Bologna|Archiginnasio]]'', main seat of the University between 1563 and 1803]]
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* School of Arts, Humanities, and [[Cultural Heritage]]
* School of Arts, Humanities, and [[Cultural Heritage]]
* School of Medicine and Surgery
* School of Medicine and Surgery
* School of Pharmacy, [[Biotechnology|Biotechnologies]] and Sport Sciences
* School of Pharmacy, [[Biotechnologies]] and Sport Sciences
* School of [[Political Sciences]]
* School of [[Political Sciences]]
* School of Psychology and Education Sciences
* School of Psychology and Education Sciences
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* Computer Science and Engineering - DISI
* Computer Science and Engineering - DISI
* [[Civil engineering|Civil]], [[Chemical engineering|Chemical]], [[Environmental engineering|Environmental]], and [[Materials Engineering]] - DICAM
* [[Civil engineering|Civil]], [[Chemical engineering|Chemical]], [[Environmental engineering|Environmental]], and [[Materials Engineering]] - DICAM
* [[Electrical Engineering|Electrical]], [[Electronic Engineering|Electronic]], and [[Information engineering (field)|Information Engineering]] "Guglielmo Marconi" - DEI
* [[Electrical Engineering|Electrical]], [[Electronic Engineering|Electronic]], and [[Information Engineering]] "Guglielmo Marconi" - DEI
* [[Industrial Engineering]] - DIN
* [[Industrial Engineering]] - DIN
* [[Interpreting]] and [[Translation]] - DIT
* [[Interpreting]] and [[Translation]] - DIT
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* Agricultural Sciences - DipSA
* Agricultural Sciences - DipSA
* Management - DiSA
* Management - DiSA
* [[Biological Sciences|Biological]], [[Geological Sciences|Geological]], and [[Environmental Science]]s - BiGeA
* [[Biological]], [[Geological]], and [[Environmental Science]]s - BiGeA
* [[Biomedical Sciences|Biomedical]] and Neuromotor Sciences - DIBINEM
* [[Biomedical Sciences|Biomedical]] and Neuromotor Sciences - DIBINEM
* [[Education Studies]] "Giovanni Maria Bertin" - EDU
* [[Education Studies]] "Giovanni Maria Bertin" - EDU
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* [[Augusto Righi]], pioneer in the study of [[electromagnetism]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fgm.it/en/marconi-en/profiles/augusto-righi.html|title=Augusto Righi|website=www.fgm.it|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/righi-augusto|title=Righi, Augusto {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref>
* [[Augusto Righi]], pioneer in the study of [[electromagnetism]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fgm.it/en/marconi-en/profiles/augusto-righi.html|title=Augusto Righi|website=www.fgm.it|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/righi-augusto|title=Righi, Augusto {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref>
* [[Carlo Goldoni]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unibo.it/en/university/who-we-are/our-history/university-from-12th-to-20th-century|title=The University from the 12th to the 20th century - University of Bologna|website=www.unibo.it|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref> Italian [[playwright]]
* [[Carlo Goldoni]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unibo.it/en/university/who-we-are/our-history/university-from-12th-to-20th-century|title=The University from the 12th to the 20th century - University of Bologna|website=www.unibo.it|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref> Italian [[playwright]]
* [[Carlo Rovelli]], Italian [[Theoretical physics|theoretical physicist]]
* [[Carlo Rovelli]], Italian [[theoretical physicist]]
* [[Carlo Severini]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zZoYihwdxDwC&q=Carlo+Severini+university+of+bologna&pg=PA108|title=The Legacy of Mario Pieri in Geometry and Arithmetic|last1=Marchisotto|first1=Elena Anne|last2=Smith|first2=James T.|date=2007-12-05|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780817646035}}</ref>
* [[Carlo Severini]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zZoYihwdxDwC&q=Carlo+Severini+university+of+bologna&pg=PA108|title=The Legacy of Mario Pieri in Geometry and Arithmetic|last1=Marchisotto|first1=Elena Anne|last2=Smith|first2=James T.|date=2007-12-05|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780817646035}}</ref>
* Saint [[Charles Borromeo]], [[archbishop of Milan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stcharleswhitefish.org//Parish_Information//Parish_Information/General_Information//Parish_Information/General_Information/SCBBiography.html|title=Biography of St. Charles Borromeo|website=Saint Charles Borromeo Catholic Church|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref>
* Saint [[Charles Borromeo]], [[archbishop of Milan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stcharleswhitefish.org//Parish_Information//Parish_Information/General_Information//Parish_Information/General_Information/SCBBiography.html|title=Biography of St. Charles Borromeo|website=Saint Charles Borromeo Catholic Church|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref>
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* [[Dante Alighieri]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unibo.it/it/ateneo/chi-siamo/la-nostra-storia/luniversita-dal-xii-al-xx-secolo|title= L'Università dal XII al XX secolo
* [[Dante Alighieri]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unibo.it/it/ateneo/chi-siamo/la-nostra-storia/luniversita-dal-xii-al-xx-secolo|title= L'Università dal XII al XX secolo
|website=Università di Bologna|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref> Italian poet, writer and philosopher
|website=Università di Bologna|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref> Italian poet, writer and philosopher
* [[Daria de Pretis]], Italian jurist, Constitutional Judge of [[Constitutional Court of Italy|the Constitutional Court of Italy]].
* [[Daria de Pretis]], Italian jurist, Constitutional Judge of [[the Constitutional Court of Italy]].
* [[Diego Della Valle]], chairman of the Italian leather goods company ''[[Tod's]]''
* [[Diego Della Valle]], chairman of the Italian leather goods company ''[[Tod's]]''
* [[Enzo Ferrari]], Italian racing driver, engineer and entrepreneur
* [[Enzo Ferrari]], Italian racing driver, engineer and entrepreneur
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* [[Petrarch]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/petrarch|title=Petrarch|date=2019-04-25|website=Poetry Foundation|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref>
* [[Petrarch]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/petrarch|title=Petrarch|date=2019-04-25|website=Poetry Foundation|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref>
* [[Pico della Mirandola]];<ref>{{Citation|last=Copenhaver|first=Brian|title=Giovanni Pico della Mirandola|date=2016|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2016/entries/pico-della-mirandola/|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=Edward N.|edition=Fall 2016|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Giovanni-Pico-della-Mirandola-conte-di-Concordia|title=Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, count di Concordia {{!}} Italian scholar|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref>
* [[Pico della Mirandola]];<ref>{{Citation|last=Copenhaver|first=Brian|title=Giovanni Pico della Mirandola|date=2016|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2016/entries/pico-della-mirandola/|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=Edward N.|edition=Fall 2016|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Giovanni-Pico-della-Mirandola-conte-di-Concordia|title=Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, count di Concordia {{!}} Italian scholar|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref>
* [[Pier Luigi Nervi]], Italian Structural engineer and architect of [[World Heritage Centre|UNESCO Headquarters]] Paris (1950).
* [[Pier Luigi Nervi]], Italian Structural engineer and architect of [[UNESCO Headquarters]] Paris (1950).
* [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bolognawelcome.com/en/home/discover/places/culture-and-history/famous-people/pier-paolo-pasolini/|title=Pier Paolo Pasolini|website=Bologna Welcome|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pier-Paolo-Pasolini|title=Pier Paolo Pasolini {{!}} Italian author and director|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref>
* [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bolognawelcome.com/en/home/discover/places/culture-and-history/famous-people/pier-paolo-pasolini/|title=Pier Paolo Pasolini|website=Bologna Welcome|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pier-Paolo-Pasolini|title=Pier Paolo Pasolini {{!}} Italian author and director|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref>
* [[Pierluigi Collina]], Chairman of the [[FIFA]] referees committee
* [[Pierluigi Collina]], Chairman of the [[FIFA]] referees committee
Line 192: Line 193:
* [[Pietro Mengoli]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Mengoli.html|title=Pietro Mengoli (1626-1686)|website=www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref>
* [[Pietro Mengoli]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Mengoli.html|title=Pietro Mengoli (1626-1686)|website=www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref>
* [[Remo Gaspari]], Minister of Relationships with the Parliament and Minister of Public Function in the Bettino Craxi and [[Giulio Andreotti]] Cabinet.
* [[Remo Gaspari]], Minister of Relationships with the Parliament and Minister of Public Function in the Bettino Craxi and [[Giulio Andreotti]] Cabinet.
* [[Stefano Domenicali]], CEO of [[Formula One Group]], former CEO of Italian sports car manufacturer [[Lamborghini|Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A.]] and Team Principal of [[Formula One]] team [[Scuderia Ferrari]].
* [[Stefano Domenicali]], CEO of [[Formula One Group]], former CEO of Italian sports car manufacturer [[Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A.]] and Team Principal of [[Formula One]] team [[Scuderia Ferrari]].
* Archbishop [[Thomas Becket]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Thomas-Becket|title=Saint Thomas Becket {{!}} Biography, Death, & Significance|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref>
* Archbishop [[Thomas Becket]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Thomas-Becket|title=Saint Thomas Becket {{!}} Biography, Death, & Significance|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref>
* [[Tommaso Perelli]], Italian astronomer
* [[Tommaso Perelli]], Italian astronomer
Line 198: Line 199:
* [[Ulisse Aldrovandi]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unibo.it/en/university/who-we-are/our-history/famous-people-guests-illustrious-students/ulisse-aldrovandi-1/ulisse-aldrovandi-1|title=Ulisse Aldrovandi - University of Bologna|website=www.unibo.it|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ulisse-Aldrovandi|title=Ulisse Aldrovandi {{!}} Italian naturalist|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref>
* [[Ulisse Aldrovandi]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unibo.it/en/university/who-we-are/our-history/famous-people-guests-illustrious-students/ulisse-aldrovandi-1/ulisse-aldrovandi-1|title=Ulisse Aldrovandi - University of Bologna|website=www.unibo.it|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ulisse-Aldrovandi|title=Ulisse Aldrovandi {{!}} Italian naturalist|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref>
* [[Umberto Eco]], Italian semiotician, philosopher and writer
* [[Umberto Eco]], Italian semiotician, philosopher and writer
* [[Mihalj Šilobod Bolšić]] (1724–1787), [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] priest, mathematician, writer, and musical theorist primarily known for writing the first Croatian arithmetic textbook ''Arithmatika Horvatzka'' (published in Zagreb, 1758)
* [[Mihalj Šilobod Bolšić]] (1724–1787), [[Catholic]] priest, mathematician, writer, and musical theorist primarily known for writing the first Croatian arithmetic textbook ''Arithmatika Horvatzka'' (published in Zagreb, 1758)
* [[Bruno D'Amore]], mathematician


===Faculty and staff===
===Faculty and staff===
Line 241: Line 243:
** [[Paracelsus]]
** [[Paracelsus]]
* 17th century
* 17th century
** [[Giovanni Domenico Cassini|Giovanni Cassini]]
** [[Giovanni Cassini]]
** [[Niall Ó Glacáin]]
** [[Niall Ó Glacáin]]
** [[Marcello Malpighi]]
** [[Marcello Malpighi]]
Line 277: Line 279:
==Rankings and reputation==
==Rankings and reputation==
{{Infobox university rankings
{{Infobox university rankings
| QS_W = =154
| QS_W = =133
| QS_W_year =2024
| QS_W_year =2025
| QS_W_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings|title=QS World University Rankings 2024: Top global universities |publisher=Quacquarelli Symonds Limited |date= 27 June 2023 |access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref>
| QS_W_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings|title=QS World University Rankings 2025: Top global universities |publisher=Quacquarelli Symonds Limited |date= 4 June 2024 |access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
|-
| THE_W = =155
| THE_W = =155
Line 286: Line 288:
|-
|-
| ARWU_W = 201-300
| ARWU_W = 201-300
| ARWU_W_year =2023
| ARWU_W_year =2024
| ARWU_W_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities|url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023|publisher=Shanghai Ranking Consultancy|date=15 August 2023|access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref>
| ARWU_W_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=2024 Academic Ranking of World Universities|url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023|publisher=Shanghai Ranking Consultancy|date=January 2024|access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
|-
| USNWR_W = 122
| USNWR_W = =130
| USNWR_W_year =2022-23
| USNWR_W_year =2024-25
| USNWR_W_ref =<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings|title=2022-2023 Best Global Universities Rankings |publisher=U.S. News & World Report |date=24 October 2022 |access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref>
| USNWR_W_ref =<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings|title=2024-2025 Best Global Universities Rankings |publisher=U.S. News & World Report |date=24 June 2024 |access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
|-
| CWTS_W=120
| CWTS_W=113
| CWTS_W_year=2023
| CWTS_W_year=2024
| CWTS_W_ref=<ref>{{cite web|title=CWTS Leiden Ranking 2023|url=https://www.leidenranking.com/ranking/2023/list|publisher=Leiden University|date=21 June 2023 |access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref>
| CWTS_W_ref=<ref>{{cite web|title=CWTS Leiden Ranking 2024|url=https://www.leidenranking.com/ranking/2024/list|publisher=Leiden University|date=3 July 2024 |access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
|-
| CWUR_W=185
| CWUR_W=201
| CWUR_W_ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cwur.org/2023.php|title=Global 2000 List by the Center for World University Rankings - 2023 Edition |publisher=Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) |date=15 May 2023 |access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref>
| CWUR_W_ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cwur.org/2024.php|title=Global 2000 List by the Center for World University Rankings - 2024 Edition |publisher=Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) |date=13 May 2024 |access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref>
| CWUR_W_year=2023
| CWUR_W_year=2024
}}
}}
The 2024 [[QS World University Rankings]] ranked the University of Bologna 154th in the world as well as 73rd (1st in Italy, 18th in Europe) with specific reference to academic reputation. In another measurement by the same organization, it was positioned among the world's top 100 universities for graduate employability.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/employability-rankings/2020|title=QS Graduate Employability Rankings 2020|date=}}</ref>
The 2024 [[QS World University Rankings]] ranked the University of Bologna 154th in the world as well as 73rd (1st in Italy, 18th in Europe) with specific reference to academic reputation. In another measurement by the same organization, it was positioned among the world's top 100 universities for graduate employability.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/employability-rankings/2020|title=QS Graduate Employability Rankings 2020|date=}}</ref>
Line 323: Line 325:
==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|University of Bologna}}
{{Commons category|University of Bologna}}
* {{Official website|www.unibo.it/en|name=University of Bologna Website}} {{in lang|en}}
* {{Official website|https://www.unibo.it/en/homepage|name=University of Bologna Website}} {{in lang|en}}
** {{Official website|name=University of Bologna Website}} {{In lang|it}}
* {{webtrans|http://www.ba.unibo.it/|University of Bologna in Buenos Aires|es}}
* {{webtrans|http://www.ba.unibo.it/|University of Bologna in Buenos Aires|es}}
* [https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/RETE/article/view/58873/55223 Scholars and Literati at the University of Bologna (1088–1800)], in [https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/RETE Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae/RETE]
* [https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/RETE/article/view/58873/55223 Scholars and Literati at the University of Bologna (1088–1800)], in [https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/RETE Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae/RETE]

Latest revision as of 23:40, 30 October 2024

University of Bologna
Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna
Seal
Latin: Universitas Bononiensis[1]
MottoPetrus ubique pater legum Bononia mater[2] (Latin)
Motto in English
St. Peter is everywhere the father of the law, Bologna is its mother
TypePublic research university
Establishedc. 1088; 936 years ago (1088)
Academic affiliations
Coimbra Group
European Universities Association
Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities
International Association of Universities
Scholars at Risk
Europaeum
Una Europa
Mediterranean Universities Union
Utrecht Network
RectorGiovanni Molari
Academic staff
2,917[3]
Administrative staff
2,965[3]
Students90,291[3]
Undergraduates47,253
Postgraduates36,266
4,239
Location
Bologna, others: Cesena, Forlì, Ravenna, and Rimini
,
Italy

44°29′38″N 11°20′34″E / 44.49389°N 11.34278°E / 44.49389; 11.34278
CampusUniversity town
103 hectares (256 acres)
NewspaperUNIBO Magazine
Colours  Red
Sports teamsCUS Bologna
Websitewww.unibo.it/en/homepage

The University of Bologna (Italian: Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, abbreviated Unibo) is a public research university in Bologna, Italy. Teaching began around 1088, with the university becoming organised as guilds of students (universitas scholarium) by the late 12th century,[4] it is the oldest university in continuous operation in the world, and the first degree-awarding institution of higher learning.[5][6] The university's emblem carries the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum ("Nourishing mother of studies"), and the date A.D. 1088.[7] With over 90,000 students, the University of Bologna is one of the largest universities in Europe.

The university saw the first woman to earn a university degree and teach at a university, Bettisia Gozzadini, and the first woman to earn both a doctorate in science and a salaried position as a university professor, Laura Bassi. The University of Bologna has had a central role in the sciences during the medieval age and the Italian renaissance, where it housed and educated Nicholas Copernicus as well as numerous other renaissance mathematicians.[8] It has educated a wide range of notable alumni, amongst them a large number of Italian scientists, prime ministers, supreme court judges, and priests.[9]

The University of Bologna has campuses in Cesena, Forlì, Ravenna and Rimini as well as branch centres abroad in Buenos Aires, New York, Brussels, and Shanghai.[10] It houses the fully funded boarding college Collegio Superiore di Bologna, the Bologna School of Advanced Studies,[11] the botanical gardens of Bologna, a large number of museums, libraries and archeological collections,[12] as well as the Bologna University Press.

History

[edit]
The entry of students in the Natio Germanica Bononiae, the nation of German students at Bologna; miniature of 1497.

The date of the University of Bologna's founding is uncertain. The university was granted a charter (Authentica habita) by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa in 1158, but in the 19th century, a committee of historians led by Giosuè Carducci traced the founding of the university back to 1088, which would make it the oldest continuously operating university in the world.[13][14][15] However, the development of the institution at Bologna into a university was a gradual process. Paul Grendler writes that "it is not likely that enough instruction and organization existed to merit the term university before the 1150s, and it might not have happened before the 1180s."[16]

The university arose around mutual aid societies (known as universitates scholarium) of foreign students called "nations" (as they were grouped by nationality) for protection against city laws which imposed collective punishment on foreigners for the crimes and debts of their countrymen. These students then hired scholars from the city's pre-existing lay and ecclesiastical schools to teach them subjects such as liberal arts, notarial law, theology, and ars dictaminis (scrivenery).[17] The lectures were given in informal schools called scholae. In time the various universitates scholarium decided to form a larger association, or Studium—thus, the university. The Studium grew to have a strong position of collective bargaining with the city, since by then it derived significant revenue through visiting foreign students, who would depart if they were not well treated. The foreign students in Bologna received greater rights, and collective punishment was ended. There was also collective bargaining with the scholars who served as professors at the university. By the initiation or threat of a student strike, the students could enforce their demands as to the content of courses and the pay professors would receive. University professors were hired, fired, and had their pay determined by an elected council of two representatives from every student "nation" which governed the institution, with the most important decisions requiring a majority vote from all the students to ratify. The professors could also be fined if they failed to finish classes on time, or complete course material by the end of the semester. A student committee, the "Denouncers of Professors", kept tabs on them and reported any misbehavior. Professors themselves were not powerless, however, forming collegia doctorum (professors’ committees) in each faculty, and securing the rights to set examination fees and degree requirements. Eventually, the city ended this arrangement, paying professors from tax revenues and making it a chartered public university.[18]

Archiginnasio, main seat of the University between 1563 and 1803

The university is historically notable for its teaching of canon and civil law;[19] indeed, it was set up in large part with the aim of studying the Digest,[20] a central text in Roman law, which had been rediscovered in Italy in 1070, and the university was central in the development of medieval Roman law.[21] Until modern times, the only degree granted at that university was the doctorate.

Bettisia Gozzadini earned a law degree in 1237, being one of the first women in history to obtain a university degree.[22] She taught law from her own home for two years, and in 1239 she taught at the university, becoming the first woman in history to teach at a university.[23]

In 1477, when Pope Sixtus IV issued a papal bull, authorizing the creation of Uppsala University in Sweden, the bull specified that the new university would have the same freedoms and privileges as the University of Bologna—a highly desirable situation for the Swedish scholars. This included the right of Uppsala to establish the four traditional faculties of theology, law (Canon Law and Roman law), medicine, and philosophy, and to award the bachelor's, master's, licentiate, and doctoral degrees.

Laura Bassi was born into a prosperous family of Bologna and was privately educated from the age of five.[24] Bassi's education and intellect was noticed by Prospero Lorenzini Lambertini, who became the Archbishop of Bologna in 1731 (later Pope Benedict XIV). Lambertini became the official patron of Bassi. He arranged for a public debate between Bassi and four professors from the University of Bologna on 17 April 1732.[25] In 1732, Bassi, aged twenty, publicly defended her forty-nine theses on Philosophica Studia[26] at the Sala degli Anziani of the Palazzo Pubblico. The University of Bologna awarded her a doctorate degree on 12 May.[27] She became the first woman to receive a doctorate in science, and the second woman in the world to earn a philosophy doctorate after Elena Cornaro Piscopia in 1678, fifty-four years prior. She was by then popularly known as Bolognese Minerva.[28][24] On 29 October 1732, the Senate and the University of Bologna granted Bassi's candidature, and in December she was appointed professor of natural philosophy to teach physics.[29][30] She became the first salaried woman lecturer in the world,[31] thus beginning her academic career. She was also the first woman member of any scientific establishment, when she was elected to the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna in 1732.[32][33] Bassi became the most important populariser of Newtonian mechanics in Italy.[34]

In 1971, the Graecist Benedetto Marzullo in company with Umberto Eco, Renato Barilli, Adelio Ferrero. instituted within the Faculty of Letters and Arts the DAMS (acronym of discipline delle arti, della musica e dello spettacolo, "Dicipline of Arts, Musics and Performance"). It was the first degree course of this type to be opened in Italy. Between December 26, 1982, and November 29, 1983, there occurred the DAMS murders (in Italian: Delitti del DAMS), dealing with four victims who were students or professors of the DAMS: Angelo Fabbri (a brilliant student of Umberto Eco), Liviana Rossi, the dancer Francesca Alinovi (who was stabbed for 47 times), and Leonarda Polvani.[35][36]

Organization

[edit]
University Library in Palazzo Poggi
Interior view of the Porticum and Loggia of the Royal Spanish College
Cloister of San Giovanni in Monte houses the department of History and Cultures (Archeology, History, Paleography and Medieval studies).
Navile Campus houses the departments of Chemistry, Industrial Chemistry, Pharmacy and Physics and Astronomy.

Higher education processes are being harmonised across the European Community. Nowadays the university offers 101 different "Laurea" or "Laurea breve" first-level degrees (three years of courses), followed by 108 "Laurea specialistica" or "Laurea magistrale" second-level degrees (two years). However 11 other courses have maintained the previous rules of "Laurea specialistica a ciclo unico" or "Laurea magistrale a ciclo unico", with only one cycle of study of five years, except for medicine and dentistry, which require six years of courses. After the "Laurea" one may attain first-level Master (one-year diploma, similar to a postgraduate diploma). After second-level degrees are attained, one may proceed to second-level Master, specialisation schools (residency) or research doctorates (PhD).

The 11 Schools (which replace the existing 23 faculties) are:

  • School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
  • School of Economics, Management and Statistics
  • School of Engineering and Architecture
  • School of Foreign Languages and Literature, Interpreting and Translation
  • School of Law
  • School of Arts, Humanities, and Cultural Heritage
  • School of Medicine and Surgery
  • School of Pharmacy, Biotechnologies and Sport Sciences
  • School of Political Sciences
  • School of Psychology and Education Sciences
  • School of Sciences

The university is structured in 33 departments[37] (66 until 2012), organized by homogeneous research domains that integrate activities related to one or more faculty. A new department of Latin history was added in 2015.

The 33 departments are:

Affiliates and other institutions

[edit]

Il Mulino

[edit]

In the early 1950s, some students of the University of Bologna were among the founders of the review "il Mulino". On 25 April 1951 the first issue of the review was published in Bologna.[38] In a short time, "il Mulino" became one of the most interesting reference points in Italy for the political and cultural debate and established important editorial relationships in Italy and abroad. Editorial activities evolved along with the review. In 1954, the il Mulino publishing house (It. Società editrice il Mulino) was founded, which today represents one of the most relevant Italian publishers. In addition to this were initiated research projects (focusing mostly on the educational institutions and the political system in Italy), that eventually led, in 1964, to the establishment of the Istituto Carlo Cattaneo.

Collegio Superiore

[edit]

The Collegio Superiore is an excellence institution inside the University of Bologna, aimed at promoting students' merit through dedicated learning programmes.

The institution was founded in 1998 as Collegio d'Eccellenza. Together with the Institute for Advanced Study it is part of the Institute for Higher Study.

The Collegio Superiore offers an additional educational path to students enrolled in a degree programme at the University of Bologna, providing specialized courses as part of an interdisciplinary framework.

All students of the Collegio Superiore are granted a full-ride scholarship and additional benefits such as the assistance of a personal tutor and free accommodation at the Residence for Higher Study. In order to remain members of the Collegio Superiore students are required to maintain high marks in both their degree programme and the additional courses.

Beatrice Fraboni, professor of Physics of Matter, has been head of Collegio Superiore since 2019.[39]

Notable people

[edit]
Main article: List of University of Bologna people
Pope Alexander VI
Petrarch
Carlo Goldoni
Guglielmo Marconi

Alumni

[edit]

Faculty and staff

[edit]

Notable former faculty include:[91]

Rankings and reputation

[edit]
University rankings
Global – Overall
ARWU World[93]201-300 (2024)
CWUR World[94]201 (2024)
CWTS World[95]113 (2024)
QS World[96]=133 (2025)
THE World[97]=155 (2024)
USNWR Global[98]=130 (2024-25)

The 2024 QS World University Rankings ranked the University of Bologna 154th in the world as well as 73rd (1st in Italy, 18th in Europe) with specific reference to academic reputation. In another measurement by the same organization, it was positioned among the world's top 100 universities for graduate employability.[99]

In the 2024 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, it claimed the 155th place globally.[100] In the 2023 THE Impact Rankings, which measure the universities' commitment to sustainable development in compliance with the UN 2030 Agenda, Bologna took 5th place in Europe and 23rd in the world.[101]

Furthermore, Bologna topped Italy's 2023 list of large public universities (> 40,000 students), produced by the Italian Center for Social Investment Studies, for the 14th year in a row.[102]

Points of interest

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Records of The Tercentenary Festival of Dublin University. Dublin, Ireland: Hodges, Figgis & Co. 1894. ISBN 9781355361602.
  2. ^ Charters of foundation and early documents of the universities of the Coimbra Group, Hermans, Jos. M. M., ISBN 90-5867-474-6.
  3. ^ a b c "The University today: numbers and innovation"
  4. ^ Jacques Verger (16 October 2003). "Patterns". In Hilde de Ridder-Symoens; Walter Rüegg (eds.). A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1, Universities in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. p. 48. ISBN 9780521541138. There is no indication, however, that up until around 1180, the Bolognese law schools were anything other than private schools opened and run by each master after his own fashion, gathering together the students that had entered into an agreement with him and paid him fees (collectae) in return for his teaching. The crucial change would seem to have taken place around the years 1180–90. ... The masters, who were themselves mainly Bolognese in origin, agreed from 1189 to swear an oath to the commune not to seek to transfer the studium elsewhere. The students, on the other hand, began to group themselves in nations, according to their places of origin (we hear of the Lombard nation as early as 1191), and these were soon federated into 'universities' with elected rectors at their head.
  5. ^ Hunt Janin: "The university in medieval life, 1179–1499", McFarland, 2008, ISBN 0-7864-3462-7, p. 55f.
  6. ^ de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde: A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2, pp. 47–55
  7. ^ "Schools". University of Bologna. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  8. ^ "Nicolaus Copernicus | Biography, Facts, Nationality, Discoveries, Accomplishments, & Theory | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
  9. ^ Luigi (2012-06-27). "La storia dell'Università di Bologna | Universando.com" (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-10-29.
  10. ^ "Bruxelles, New York, Shanghai - Università di Bologna". www.unibo.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-10-29.
  11. ^ "Campuses and Structures". University of Bologna. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  12. ^ "Musei Universitari - Università di Bologna". www.unibo.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-10-29.
  13. ^ Top Universities Archived 2008-01-15 at the Wayback Machine World University Rankings Retrieved 2010-1-6
  14. ^ Our History - Università di Bologna
  15. ^ Paul L. Gaston (2012). The Challenge of Bologna: What United States Higher Education Has to Learn from Europe, and Why It Matters That We Learn It. Stylus Publishing, LLC. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-57922-502-5.
  16. ^ Paul F. Grendler, The Universities of the Italian Renaissance (JHU Press, 2002), 6.
  17. ^ David A. Lines, "The University and the City: Cultural Interactions", in A Companion to Medieval and Renaissance Bologna, ed. Sarah Rubin Blanshei (Leiden: Brill, 2017), 437–8.
  18. ^ A University Built by the Invisible Hand, by Roderick T. Long. This article was published in the Spring 1994 issue of Formulations, by the Free Nation Foundation.
  19. ^ "University of Bologna | History & Development". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-08-21.
  20. ^ Berman, Law and Revolution, ch. 3; Stein, Roman Law in European History, part 3.
  21. ^ See Corpus Juris Civilis: Recovery in the West
  22. ^ Murphy, Caroline P. (1999). "'In praise of the ladies of Bologna': the image and identity of the sixteenth-century Bolognese female patriciate". Renaissance Studies. 13 (4): 440–454. doi:10.1111/j.1477-4658.1999.tb00090.x. ISSN 0269-1213. JSTOR 24412719. PMID 22106487. S2CID 35152874.
  23. ^ Bonafede, Carolina (1845). Cenni biografici e ritratti d'insigni donne bolognesi: raccolti dagli storici più accreditati (in Italian). Sassi.
  24. ^ a b Laura Bassi at Encyclopedia.com
  25. ^ "Laura Bassi (1711 - 1778)". mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
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