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{{short description|Indonesian traditional dance}} |
{{short description|Indonesian traditional dance}} |
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Topeng'' dance}} |
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Topeng'' dance}} |
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{{More citations needed|date=April 2024}} |
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{{Infobox dance |
{{Infobox dance |
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| name = ''Topeng'' |
| name = ''Topeng dance'' |
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| native_name = {{native name|ban|ᬢᭀᬧᬾᬂ}}<br>{{native name|jv|ꦠꦺꦴꦥꦺꦁ}}<br>{{native name|id|Tari Topeng}} |
| native_name = {{native name|ban|ᬢᭀᬧᬾᬂ}}<br>{{native name|su|ᮒᮧᮕᮨᮔᮌ}}<br>{{native name|jv|ꦠꦺꦴꦥꦺꦁ}}<br>{{native name|id|Tari Topeng}} |
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| native_name_lang = id |
| native_name_lang = id |
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| etymology = |
| etymology = |
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| image = Pertunjukkan Nani Tari Topeng Losari.jpg |
| image = Pertunjukkan Nani Tari Topeng Losari.jpg |
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| image_size = |
| image_size = 255px |
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| caption = |
| caption = Topeng Cirebon dance performance |
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| genre = |
| genre = |
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| signature = |
| signature = |
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| instruments = {{lang|jv|[[Gamelan]]}}, {{lang|jv|[[Kendhang]]}}, {{lang| |
| instruments = {{lang|jv|[[Gamelan]]}}, {{lang|jv|[[Kendhang]]}}, {{lang|su|[[Suling]]}} |
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| inventor = |
| inventor = |
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| year = |
| year = |
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| origin = [[Indonesia]] |
| origin = [[Indonesia]] |
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}} |
}} |
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[[File:Topeng from Serat Damar Wulan.JPG|thumb|right|260px|Picture of Topeng dance performance accompanied by [[gamelan]] in Damar Wulan Manuscripts, 1770-1795 AD. A collection of the British Library]] |
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{{Dance drama of Southeast Asia}} |
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'''''Topeng''''' (from {{ |
'''''Topeng''''' (from {{langx|ban|ᬢᭀᬧᬾᬂ}}, {{langx|su|ᮒᮧᮕᮨᮔᮌ}}, and {{langx|jv|ꦠꦺꦴꦥꦺꦁ|topeng|mask}}) is a dramatic form of [[Indonesian dance]] in which one or more mask-wearing ornately costumed performers interpret traditional narratives concerning fabled kings, heroes, and myths, accompanied by [[gamelan]] or other traditional music instruments.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History and Etymology for Topeng|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/topeng|access-date=22 December 2020|work=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> ''Topeng'' dance is a typical Indonesian dance that can be found in various regions of Indonesia. ''Topeng'' dance has the main characteristic that the dancers use masks to cover their faces. The dance will usually be performed by one dancer or a group of dancers. |
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''Topeng'' is widely used in dances that are part of traditional ceremonies or the retelling of ancient stories from the ancestors. It is believed that ''topeng'' is closely related to ancestral spirits, which are considered to be the interpretations of gods. In some tribes, ''topeng'' still adorns various daily artistic and customary activities. Topeng dance is a dance performance filled with meaningful symbols that are expected to be understood by the audience. These symbols are conveyed through the colors of the masks, the expressions of the masks, and the accompanying music. The meaning conveyed can be in the form of leadership values, love, wisdom, and many others expressed through the medium of dance movements.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tari Topeng, Permainan Watak Penuh Makna|url=https://indonesiakaya.com/pustaka-indonesia/tari-topeng/|access-date=29 September 2022|work=Indonesia Kaya}}</ref> |
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In 2010, ''Topeng'' Cirebon from [[Cirebon]], [[West Java]] was recognized as [[National Intangible Cultural Heritage of Indonesia|a National Intangible Cultural Heritage of Indonesia]] by the [[Ministry of Education and Culture (Indonesia)|Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Warisan Budaya Takbenda, Penetapan|url=https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailCatat=692|access-date=29 November 2022|work=Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia}}</ref> |
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== Etymology == |
== Etymology == |
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The term ''topeng'' is the [[Javanese language|Javanese word]] for "[[mask]]" or "dance-drama that |
The term ''topeng'' is the [[Javanese language|Javanese word]] for "[[mask]]" or "dance-drama that uses the mask".<ref>{{Cite web|title=History, and Etymology for Topeng|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/topeng|access-date=22 December 2020|work=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> In modern daily Javanese and Indonesian vocabulary, ''tari topeng'' or "topeng dance" refers to a dance or dance-drama performance that uses a mask. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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[[File:Nagarakertagama.jpg|thumb|left|260px|''Topeng dance'' is mentioned in the [[Kakawin]] [[Nagarakertagama]] in a [[palm-leaf manuscript]] called [[palm-leaf manuscript| |
[[File:Nagarakertagama.jpg|thumb|left|260px|''Topeng dance'' is mentioned in the [[Kakawin]] [[Nagarakertagama]] in a [[palm-leaf manuscript]] called [[palm-leaf manuscript|Lontar]] that was written by [[Mpu Prapanca]] in 1365 AD. A collection of the [[National Library of Indonesia]] in [[Jakarta]]]] |
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[[File: |
[[File:MET 1995 569 2.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A 14th-century [[Majapahit]] golden mask. A collection of [[Metropolitan Museum of Art|the Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in [[New York City]].]] |
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[[File:MET 1995 569 2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A 14th-century [[Majapahit]] golden mask. A collection of [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in [[New York City]].]] |
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Indonesian masked dance predates Hindu-Buddhist influences. [[Native Indonesian]] tribes still perform traditional masked-dances to represent nature, as the [[Hudoq]] dance of the [[Dayak people]] of [[Kalimantan]], or to represent [[Ancestor worship|ancestor spirits]]. With the arrival of [[Hinduism in Indonesia|Hinduism in the archipelago]], the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]'' epics began to be performed in masked-dance. |
Indonesian masked dance predates Hindu-Buddhist influences. [[Native Indonesian]] tribes still perform traditional masked-dances to represent nature, as the [[Hudoq]] dance of the [[Dayak people]] of [[Kalimantan]], or to represent [[Ancestor worship|ancestor spirits]]. With the arrival of [[Hinduism in Indonesia|Hinduism in the archipelago]], the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]'' epics began to be performed in masked-dance. |
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On the '''inscription of Candi Perot''' (850 AD), the word "manapel" is written from the word "tapuk" or "tapel" which means mask. On the '''Bebetin inscription''' (896 AD) there is the word "patapukan" which means a mask association. In the '''Mantiasih inscription''' (904 AD) there are the terms "matapukan" and "manapukan" which means that they relate to the drama presentation of masks. |
On the '''inscription of Candi Perot''' (850 AD), the word "manapel" is written from the word "tapuk" or "tapel" which means mask. On the '''Bebetin inscription''' (896 AD) there is the word "patapukan" which means a mask association. In the '''Mantiasih inscription''' (904 AD) there are the terms "matapukan" and "manapukan" which means that they relate to the drama presentation of masks. |
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The most popular storyline of ''topeng'' dance, however, derived from the locally developed Javanese [[Panji (prince)|Panji cycles]], based on the tales and romance of [[Panji (prince)|Prince Panji]] and [[Panji (prince)#Chandra Kirana|Princess Chandra Kirana]], set in the 12th-century [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kadiri kingdom]]. |
The most popular storyline of ''topeng'' dance, however, is derived from the locally developed Javanese [[Panji (prince)|Panji cycles]], based on the tales and romance of [[Panji (prince)|Prince Panji]] and [[Panji (prince)#Chandra Kirana|Princess Chandra Kirana]], set in the 12th-century [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kadiri kingdom]]. |
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One of the earliest written records of ''topeng'' dance is also found in the 14th-century poem ''[[Nagarakretagama]]'', which describes King [[Hayam Wuruk]] of [[Majapahit]] — wearing a golden mask — as an accomplished ''topeng'' dancer.<ref>{{cite web | title=Sosok Rahwana dalam Tari Topeng Kelana| publisher=Indonesia Kaya| url=http://www.indonesiakaya.com/kanal/detail/sosok-rahwana-dalam-tari-topeng-kelana| language=id|access-date=25 October 2014 }}</ref> The current ''topeng'' dance form arose in the 15th century in [[Java]] and [[Bali]] where it remains prevalent, but it is also found in other Indonesian islands — such as [[Madura]] (near East Java). Various ''topeng'' dances and styles have developed in various places in the Indonesian archipelago, notably in [[Cirebon]], [[Yogyakarta]], [[Malang]] and [[Bali]]. The well-developed ''topeng'' technique is now studied in universities in Europe and America. |
One of the earliest written records of ''topeng'' dance is also found in the 14th-century poem ''[[Nagarakretagama]]'', which describes King [[Hayam Wuruk]] of [[Majapahit]] — wearing a golden mask — as an accomplished ''topeng'' dancer.<ref>{{cite web | title=Sosok Rahwana dalam Tari Topeng Kelana| publisher=Indonesia Kaya| url=http://www.indonesiakaya.com/kanal/detail/sosok-rahwana-dalam-tari-topeng-kelana| language=id|access-date=25 October 2014 }}</ref> The current ''topeng'' dance form arose in the 15th century in [[Java]] and [[Bali]] where it remains prevalent, but it is also found in other Indonesian islands — such as [[Madura]] (near East Java). Various ''topeng'' dances and styles have developed in various places in the Indonesian archipelago, notably in [[Cirebon]], [[Yogyakarta]], [[Malang]], and [[Bali]]. The well-developed ''topeng'' technique is now studied in universities in Europe and America. |
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==Variations== |
==Variations== |
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===Balinese ''topeng''=== |
===Balinese ''topeng''=== |
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It is believed that the use of masks is related to the cult of the ancestors, which considered dancers the interpreters of the gods. ''Topeng'' performances open with a series of non-speaking masked characters |
It is believed that the use of masks is related to the cult of the ancestors, which considered dancers the interpreters of the gods. ''Topeng'' performances open with a series of non-speaking masked characters that may not be related to the story to be performed. These traditional masks often include ''Topeng Manis'' (a refined hero), ''Topeng Kras'' (a martial, authoritarian character), and ''Topeng Tua'' (an old man who may joke and draw out the audience). |
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The story is narrated from a ''penasar'', a jawless half-mask that enables the actor to speak clearly. In group ''topeng'', there are usually two ''penasars'' providing two points of view. The performance alternates between speaking and non-speaking characters |
The story is narrated from a ''penasar'', a jawless half-mask that enables the actor to speak clearly. In group ''topeng'', there are usually two ''penasars'' providing two points of view. The performance alternates between speaking and non-speaking characters and can include dance and fight sequences as well as special effects (sometimes provided by the [[gamelan]]). It is almost always wrapped up by a series of comic characters introducing their views. The narrators and comic characters frequently break Western conventions of storytelling by including current events or local gossip to get a laugh. |
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In ''topeng'', there is a conscious attempt to include many, sometimes contradictory, aspects of the human experience: the sacred and the profane, beauty and ugliness, refinement and caricature.<ref>[http://www.boheme-magazine.net/php/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=28 "The Secret of Masks"]. Bohème Magazine Online. June 2003. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924131251/http://www.boheme-magazine.net/php/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=28 |date=2010-09-24 }}.</ref> A detailed description and analysis of ''topeng pajegan'', the one-man form of ''topeng'', is available in ''Masked Performance''<ref>{{Cite book|isbn=081221336X|title=Masked Performance: The Play of Self and Other in Ritual and Theatre|last1=Emigh|first1=John|year=1996}}</ref> by [[John Emigh]], a Western theater professor who has become a performer of Balinese ''topeng''. |
In ''topeng'', there is a conscious attempt to include many, sometimes contradictory, aspects of the human experience: the sacred and the profane, beauty and ugliness, refinement and caricature.<ref>[http://www.boheme-magazine.net/php/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=28 "The Secret of Masks"]. Bohème Magazine Online. June 2003. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924131251/http://www.boheme-magazine.net/php/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=28 |date=2010-09-24 }}.</ref> A detailed description and analysis of ''topeng pajegan'', the one-man form of ''topeng'', is available in ''Masked Performance''<ref>{{Cite book|isbn=081221336X|title=Masked Performance: The Play of Self and Other in Ritual and Theatre|last1=Emigh|first1=John|year=1996}}</ref> by [[John Emigh]], a Western theater professor who has become a performer of Balinese ''topeng''. |
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<gallery widths="300px" heights="200px" perrow="5" caption="Some figures in Topeng Bali"> |
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File:Bali-Danse 0710a.jpg|Topeng Telek |
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File:Bersiap Untuk Menampilkan Tarian Topeng Sidakarya.jpg|Topeng Sidakarya |
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</gallery> |
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===Banjarese ''topeng''=== |
===Banjarese ''topeng''=== |
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[[File:ErwinKurniawan TopengBetawi.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Betawi ''topeng'' dance]] |
[[File:ErwinKurniawan TopengBetawi.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Betawi ''topeng'' dance]] |
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{{main|Betawi mask dance}} |
{{main|Betawi mask dance}} |
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Betawi mask dance or ''tari topeng Betawi'' is a theatrical form of [[Dance in Indonesia|dance-drama]] of [[Betawi people]] in [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tari Topeng Betawi Tarian Tradisional dari Jakarta |url=http://www.negerikuindonesia.com/2015/04/tari-topeng-betawi-tarian-tradisional.html |website=Negeriku Indonesia |access-date=6 November 2020}}</ref> This dance-drama encompasses dance, music, ''bebodoran'' (comedy) and ''lakon'' (drama).<ref>{{cite web |last1=ASEAN |title=Traditional Betawi Mask Dance, Traditional Dance From Jakarta? |url=https://indonesiar.com/traditional-betawi-mask-dance-traditional-dance-from-jakarta/ |website=Indonesiar |date=5 September 2020 |access-date=6 November 2020}}</ref> The Betawi mask dance demonstrates the theme of Betawi society life which represented in the form of dance and drama. It is called mask dance because the dancers |
Betawi mask dance or ''tari topeng Betawi'' is a theatrical form of [[Dance in Indonesia|dance-drama]] of [[Betawi people|the Betawi people]] in [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tari Topeng Betawi Tarian Tradisional dari Jakarta |url=http://www.negerikuindonesia.com/2015/04/tari-topeng-betawi-tarian-tradisional.html |website=Negeriku Indonesia |access-date=6 November 2020}}</ref> This dance-drama encompasses dance, music, ''bebodoran'' (comedy) and ''lakon'' (drama).<ref>{{cite web |last1=ASEAN |title=Traditional Betawi Mask Dance, Traditional Dance From Jakarta? |url=https://indonesiar.com/traditional-betawi-mask-dance-traditional-dance-from-jakarta/ |website=Indonesiar |date=5 September 2020 |access-date=6 November 2020}}</ref> The Betawi mask dance demonstrates the theme of Betawi society life which is represented in the form of dance and drama. It is called mask dance because the dancers use ''topeng'' (mask) during dancing and Betawi people believed that the ''topeng'' has magical powers.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Sacred Betawi Mask Dance |url=https://www.indonesia-tourism.com/blog/the-sacred-betawi-mask-dance/ |website=Indonesia Tourisme |access-date=6 November 2020}}</ref> |
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===Sundanese & Cirebonese (West Java) ''topeng''=== |
===Sundanese & Cirebonese (West Java) ''topeng''=== |
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{{main|Cirebonese mask dance}} |
{{main|Cirebonese mask dance}} |
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Cirebonese ''topeng'' dance is a local indigenous art form of [[Cirebon]] in Java, including [[Indramayu]] and [[Jatibarang, Indramayu|Jatibarang]], [[West Java]] and [[Brebes]], [[Central Java]]. There is a lot of variety in Cirebon mask dance, both in terms of the dance style and the stories to be conveyed. The mask dance can be performed by solo dancers or it can be performed by several people. Graceful hand and body movements, and musical accompaniment dominated by drums and fiddle, are hallmarks of the art form. Cirebon mask dance might depict the story of [[Panji (prince)|Prince Panji]] from 15th-century East Java, or another [[Majapahit]] story. ''Topeng Klana Kencana Wungu'' is a Cirebon mask dance in the [[Parahyangan]] mask style that depicts the story of Queen Kencana Wungu of Majapahit being chased by the grotesque and rough King Minak Jingga of [[Blambangan]]. The [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] ''topeng kandaga'' dance is similar to and influenced by Cirebon ''topeng'', where the dancers wear red masks and costumes. |
Cirebonese ''topeng'' dance is a local indigenous art form of [[Cirebon]] in Java, including [[Indramayu]] and [[Jatibarang, Indramayu|Jatibarang]], [[West Java]], and [[Brebes]], [[Central Java]]. There is a lot of variety in Cirebon mask dance, both in terms of the dance style and the stories to be conveyed. The mask dance can be performed by solo dancers or it can be performed by several people. Graceful hand and body movements, and musical accompaniment dominated by drums and fiddle, are hallmarks of the art form. Cirebon mask dance might depict the story of [[Panji (prince)|Prince Panji]] from 15th-century East Java, or another [[Majapahit]] story. ''Topeng Klana Kencana Wungu'' is a Cirebon mask dance in the [[Parahyangan]] mask style that depicts the story of Queen Kencana Wungu of Majapahit being chased by the grotesque and rough King Minak Jingga of [[Blambangan]]. The [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] ''topeng kandaga'' dance is similar to and influenced by Cirebon ''topeng'', where the dancers wear red masks and costumes. |
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<gallery widths="300px" heights="200px" perrow="5" caption="Some figures in Topeng Cirebon"> |
<gallery widths="300px" heights="200px" perrow="5" caption="Some figures in Topeng Cirebon"> |
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File:Tari Topeng Cirebon.jpg|Topeng Panji |
File:Tari Topeng Cirebon.jpg|Topeng Panji |
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File: |
File:Topeng Kandaga Saung Angklung Udjo.JPG|Topeng Cirebon Performance |
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File:Wajah topeng.jpg|Topeng Klana |
File:Wajah topeng.jpg|Topeng Klana |
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===Dayak ''topeng''=== |
===Dayak ''topeng''=== |
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{{main|Hudoq}} |
{{main|Hudoq}} |
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''Hudoq'' is a masked dance performed during [[Erau]] harvest |
''Hudoq'' is a masked dance performed during [[Erau|the Erau]] harvest Thanksgiving festival of many sub-groups of the [[Dayak people|Dayak]] ethnic group of [[East Kalimantan province]], [[Indonesia]]. The ''Hudoq'' culture and performance are indigenous among the Dayak population of [[East Kalimantan]] province. |
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<gallery widths="300px" heights="200px" perrow="5" caption="Some figures in Topeng Dayak"> |
<gallery widths="300px" heights="200px" perrow="5" caption="Some figures in Topeng Dayak"> |
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===Javanese ''topeng''=== |
===Javanese ''topeng''=== |
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====Malangan ''topeng''==== |
====Malangan ''topeng''==== |
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In [[East Java]], ''topeng'' dance is called ''[[wayang gedog]]'' and is the best |
In [[East Java]], ''topeng'' dance is called ''[[wayang gedog]]'' and is the best-known art form from East Java's [[Malang Regency]]. ''Wayang gedog'' theatrical performances include themes from the [[Panji (prince)|Panji cycle]] stories from the kingdom of [[Janggala]], and the players wear masks known as ''wayang topeng'' or ''wayang gedog''. The word ''gedog'' comes from ''kedok'' which, like ''topeng'', means "mask". |
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These performances center on a love story about [[Panji (prince)#Chandra Kirana|Princess Candra Kirana]] of [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kediri]] and [[Panji (prince)|Raden Panji]] Asmarabangun, the legendary crown prince of Janggala. Candra Kirana was the incarnation of [[Dewi Ratih]] (the Hindu goddess of love) and Panji was an incarnation of [[Kamajaya]] (the Hindu god of love). Kirana's story has been given the title ''[[Smaradahana]]'' ("The fire of love"). At the end of the complicated story they finally marry and bring forth a son named Raja Putra. |
These performances center on a love story about [[Panji (prince)#Chandra Kirana|Princess Candra Kirana]] of [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kediri]] and [[Panji (prince)|Raden Panji]] Asmarabangun, the legendary crown prince of Janggala. Candra Kirana was the incarnation of [[Dewi Ratih]] (the Hindu goddess of love) and Panji was an incarnation of [[Kamajaya]] (the Hindu god of love). Kirana's story has been given the title ''[[Smaradahana]]'' ("The fire of love"). At the end of the complicated story they finally marry and bring forth a son named Raja Putra. |
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<gallery widths="300px" heights="200px" perrow="5" caption="Some figures in Topeng Malang"> |
<gallery widths="300px" heights="200px" perrow="5" caption="Some figures in Topeng Malang"> |
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File:Menari Topeng Malang.jpg|Malangan ''topeng'' mass dance |
File:Menari Topeng Malang.jpg|Malangan ''topeng'' mass dance |
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File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Wajang topeng voorstelling TMnr 60008622.jpg|''Topeng'' in ''[[wayang gedog]]'' performance |
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Wajang topeng voorstelling TMnr 60008622.jpg|''Topeng'' in ''[[wayang gedog]]'' performance |
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File:Bebegig Baladewa.jpg |
File:Bebegig Baladewa.jpg |
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File:Tari Topeng Endel.jpg |
File:Tari Topeng Endel.jpg |
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File:Tari Topeng |
File:Tari Topeng Malangan 3.jpg |
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File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De neushoornvogeldans door Batak dansers met maskers TMnr 10004574.jpg |
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De neushoornvogeldans door Batak dansers met maskers TMnr 10004574.jpg |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051219011059/http://www.nagamas.co.uk/0302_topeng.htm Information on ''topeng'' dances from the program notes of a performance in Glasgow in 2003] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051219011059/http://www.nagamas.co.uk/0302_topeng.htm Information on ''topeng'' dances from the program notes of a performance in Glasgow in 2003] (archived 19 December 2005) |
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* [http://globetrotters-heaven.de/privatsammlung/s%C3%BCdostasien/indonesien/ Various examples of Indonesian ''topeng'' masks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812063751/https://www.globetrotters-heaven.de/privatsammlung/s%C3%BCdostasien/indonesien/ |date=2020-08-12 }} |
* [http://globetrotters-heaven.de/privatsammlung/s%C3%BCdostasien/indonesien/ Various examples of Indonesian ''topeng'' masks]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812063751/https://www.globetrotters-heaven.de/privatsammlung/s%C3%BCdostasien/indonesien/ |date=2020-08-12 }}. |
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{{Commons category|Topeng dance}} |
{{Commons category|Topeng dance}} |
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[[Category:Dances of Indonesia]] |
[[Category:Dances of Indonesia]] |
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[[Category:Theatre |
[[Category:Theatre of Indonesia]] |
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[[Category:Traditional drama and theatre of Indonesia]] |
[[Category:Traditional drama and theatre of Indonesia]] |
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[[Category:Masked dances]] |
[[Category:Masked dances]] |
Latest revision as of 00:42, 31 October 2024
This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2024) |
Native name | ᬢᭀᬧᬾᬂ (Balinese) ᮒᮧᮕᮨᮔᮌ (Sundanese) ꦠꦺꦴꦥꦺꦁ (Javanese) Tari Topeng (Indonesian) |
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Instrument(s) | Gamelan, Kendhang, Suling |
Origin | Indonesia |
Topeng (from Balinese: ᬢᭀᬧᬾᬂ, Sundanese: ᮒᮧᮕᮨᮔᮌ, and Javanese: ꦠꦺꦴꦥꦺꦁ, romanized: topeng, lit. 'mask') is a dramatic form of Indonesian dance in which one or more mask-wearing ornately costumed performers interpret traditional narratives concerning fabled kings, heroes, and myths, accompanied by gamelan or other traditional music instruments.[1] Topeng dance is a typical Indonesian dance that can be found in various regions of Indonesia. Topeng dance has the main characteristic that the dancers use masks to cover their faces. The dance will usually be performed by one dancer or a group of dancers.
Topeng is widely used in dances that are part of traditional ceremonies or the retelling of ancient stories from the ancestors. It is believed that topeng is closely related to ancestral spirits, which are considered to be the interpretations of gods. In some tribes, topeng still adorns various daily artistic and customary activities. Topeng dance is a dance performance filled with meaningful symbols that are expected to be understood by the audience. These symbols are conveyed through the colors of the masks, the expressions of the masks, and the accompanying music. The meaning conveyed can be in the form of leadership values, love, wisdom, and many others expressed through the medium of dance movements.[2]
In 2010, Topeng Cirebon from Cirebon, West Java was recognized as a National Intangible Cultural Heritage of Indonesia by the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture.[3]
Etymology
[edit]The term topeng is the Javanese word for "mask" or "dance-drama that uses the mask".[4] In modern daily Javanese and Indonesian vocabulary, tari topeng or "topeng dance" refers to a dance or dance-drama performance that uses a mask.
History
[edit]Indonesian masked dance predates Hindu-Buddhist influences. Native Indonesian tribes still perform traditional masked-dances to represent nature, as the Hudoq dance of the Dayak people of Kalimantan, or to represent ancestor spirits. With the arrival of Hinduism in the archipelago, the Ramayana and Mahabharata epics began to be performed in masked-dance.
The oldest known record that concerns Topeng dance is from the ninth century. Around 840 AD an Old Javanese (Kawi) inscriptions called Jaha Inscriptions issued by Maharaja Sri Lokapala form Medang Kingdom in Central Java mentions three sorts of performers: atapukan, aringgit, and abanol. Atapukan means Mask dance show, Aringgit means Wayang puppet show, and abanol means joke art.
On the inscription of Candi Perot (850 AD), the word "manapel" is written from the word "tapuk" or "tapel" which means mask. On the Bebetin inscription (896 AD) there is the word "patapukan" which means a mask association. In the Mantiasih inscription (904 AD) there are the terms "matapukan" and "manapukan" which means that they relate to the drama presentation of masks.
The most popular storyline of topeng dance, however, is derived from the locally developed Javanese Panji cycles, based on the tales and romance of Prince Panji and Princess Chandra Kirana, set in the 12th-century Kadiri kingdom.
One of the earliest written records of topeng dance is also found in the 14th-century poem Nagarakretagama, which describes King Hayam Wuruk of Majapahit — wearing a golden mask — as an accomplished topeng dancer.[5] The current topeng dance form arose in the 15th century in Java and Bali where it remains prevalent, but it is also found in other Indonesian islands — such as Madura (near East Java). Various topeng dances and styles have developed in various places in the Indonesian archipelago, notably in Cirebon, Yogyakarta, Malang, and Bali. The well-developed topeng technique is now studied in universities in Europe and America.
Variations
[edit]Balinese topeng
[edit]It is believed that the use of masks is related to the cult of the ancestors, which considered dancers the interpreters of the gods. Topeng performances open with a series of non-speaking masked characters that may not be related to the story to be performed. These traditional masks often include Topeng Manis (a refined hero), Topeng Kras (a martial, authoritarian character), and Topeng Tua (an old man who may joke and draw out the audience).
The story is narrated from a penasar, a jawless half-mask that enables the actor to speak clearly. In group topeng, there are usually two penasars providing two points of view. The performance alternates between speaking and non-speaking characters and can include dance and fight sequences as well as special effects (sometimes provided by the gamelan). It is almost always wrapped up by a series of comic characters introducing their views. The narrators and comic characters frequently break Western conventions of storytelling by including current events or local gossip to get a laugh.
In topeng, there is a conscious attempt to include many, sometimes contradictory, aspects of the human experience: the sacred and the profane, beauty and ugliness, refinement and caricature.[6] A detailed description and analysis of topeng pajegan, the one-man form of topeng, is available in Masked Performance[7] by John Emigh, a Western theater professor who has become a performer of Balinese topeng.
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Topeng Tua
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Topeng Telek
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Topeng Sidakarya
Banjarese topeng
[edit]The topeng also calls topeng barikin from South Kalimantan.
Batak topeng
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Batak masked dance during the festival of the dead, circa 1930
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Topeng Batak
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Topeng Batak
Betawi topeng
[edit]Betawi mask dance or tari topeng Betawi is a theatrical form of dance-drama of the Betawi people in Jakarta, Indonesia.[8] This dance-drama encompasses dance, music, bebodoran (comedy) and lakon (drama).[9] The Betawi mask dance demonstrates the theme of Betawi society life which is represented in the form of dance and drama. It is called mask dance because the dancers use topeng (mask) during dancing and Betawi people believed that the topeng has magical powers.[10]
Sundanese & Cirebonese (West Java) topeng
[edit]Cirebonese topeng dance is a local indigenous art form of Cirebon in Java, including Indramayu and Jatibarang, West Java, and Brebes, Central Java. There is a lot of variety in Cirebon mask dance, both in terms of the dance style and the stories to be conveyed. The mask dance can be performed by solo dancers or it can be performed by several people. Graceful hand and body movements, and musical accompaniment dominated by drums and fiddle, are hallmarks of the art form. Cirebon mask dance might depict the story of Prince Panji from 15th-century East Java, or another Majapahit story. Topeng Klana Kencana Wungu is a Cirebon mask dance in the Parahyangan mask style that depicts the story of Queen Kencana Wungu of Majapahit being chased by the grotesque and rough King Minak Jingga of Blambangan. The Sundanese topeng kandaga dance is similar to and influenced by Cirebon topeng, where the dancers wear red masks and costumes.
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Topeng Panji
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Topeng Cirebon Performance
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Topeng Klana
Dayak topeng
[edit]Hudoq is a masked dance performed during the Erau harvest Thanksgiving festival of many sub-groups of the Dayak ethnic group of East Kalimantan province, Indonesia. The Hudoq culture and performance are indigenous among the Dayak population of East Kalimantan province.
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Topeng Hudoq
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Topeng Hudoq
Javanese topeng
[edit]Malangan topeng
[edit]In East Java, topeng dance is called wayang gedog and is the best-known art form from East Java's Malang Regency. Wayang gedog theatrical performances include themes from the Panji cycle stories from the kingdom of Janggala, and the players wear masks known as wayang topeng or wayang gedog. The word gedog comes from kedok which, like topeng, means "mask".
These performances center on a love story about Princess Candra Kirana of Kediri and Raden Panji Asmarabangun, the legendary crown prince of Janggala. Candra Kirana was the incarnation of Dewi Ratih (the Hindu goddess of love) and Panji was an incarnation of Kamajaya (the Hindu god of love). Kirana's story has been given the title Smaradahana ("The fire of love"). At the end of the complicated story they finally marry and bring forth a son named Raja Putra.
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Malangan topeng mass dance
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Topeng in wayang gedog performance
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Wayang topeng Malang
Surakartan topeng
[edit]The topeng of the Surakarta Sunanate court is similar in style and theme to the Yogyakarta variants. Differences are seen in the craftmanship of masks; facial hair is represented with hair or fibre, while the Yogyakarta style uses black paint. Similarly to Yogyakarta, the Sukarta topeng punakawan (jester) often uses a jawless half-mask.
Yogyakartan topeng
[edit]In Yogyakarta tradition, the mask dance is part of wayang wong performances. Composed and created by Sultan Hamengkubuwono I (1755–1792), certain characters such as the wanara (monkey) and denawa (giant) in Ramayana and Mahabharata use masks, while the knight and princesses do not wear masks. The punakawan (jester) might use a half-mask (a mask without a jaw) so he can speak freely and clearly. Significantly here, the mustache is painted in black. The Topeng Klono Alus, Topeng Klono Gagah, and Topeng Putri Kenakawulan dances are classical Yogyakarta court dances derived from the story of Raden Panji from the 15th-century Majapahit legacy. The Klono Alus Jungkungmandeya and Klono Gagah Dasawasisa are masked dances adapted from Mahabharata stories.
Gallery
[edit]See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ "History and Etymology for Topeng". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ "Tari Topeng, Permainan Watak Penuh Makna". Indonesia Kaya. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
- ^ "Warisan Budaya Takbenda, Penetapan". Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ^ "History, and Etymology for Topeng". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ "Sosok Rahwana dalam Tari Topeng Kelana" (in Indonesian). Indonesia Kaya. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
- ^ "The Secret of Masks". Bohème Magazine Online. June 2003. Archived 2010-09-24 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Emigh, John (1996). Masked Performance: The Play of Self and Other in Ritual and Theatre. ISBN 081221336X.
- ^ "Tari Topeng Betawi Tarian Tradisional dari Jakarta". Negeriku Indonesia. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
- ^ ASEAN (5 September 2020). "Traditional Betawi Mask Dance, Traditional Dance From Jakarta?". Indonesiar. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
- ^ "The Sacred Betawi Mask Dance". Indonesia Tourisme. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
External links
[edit]- Information on topeng dances from the program notes of a performance in Glasgow in 2003 (archived 19 December 2005)
- Various examples of Indonesian topeng masks. Archived 2020-08-12 at the Wayback Machine.