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{{Short description|American pilot and artist}}
{{Infobox military person
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = Colonel
| honorific_prefix = Colonel
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| native_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image = Charles Ross Greening.png
| image_size =
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| alt =
| alt =
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| birth_name =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = United States
| allegiance = United States
| branch = [[Army Air Force]]
| branch = [[U.S. Army Air Force]]<BR>[[U.S. Air Force]]
| serviceyears = 1936–1957
| serviceyears = 1936–1957
| rank = Colonel
| rank = Colonel
| servicenumber = <!--Do not use data from primary sources such as service records.-->
| servicenumber = <!--Do not use data from primary sources such as service records.-->
| unit =
| unit = [[17th Bombardment Group|17th Bomb Group]]
| commands = {{unbulleted list| 17th Bomb Group|[[91st Strategic Reconnaissance Group]]}}
| commands =
| battles = [[Doolittle Raid]]
| battles = [[World War II]]
*[[Doolittle Raid]]
| battles_label = Notable missions
| battles_label = Notable missions
| awards = {{Plainlist}}
| awards = {{Plainlist}}
*[[Silver Star]]
*[[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]]
*[[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]]
*[[Purple Heart]]
*[[Purple Heart]]
*[[Air Medal]] (5)
{{endplainlist}}
{{endplainlist}}
| spouse = Dorothy Greening
| spouse = Dorothy Greening
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| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
}}
}}

Colonel '''Charles Ross Greening''' (November 12, 1914 – March 29, 1957) was an accomplished pilot and artist. He was one of the 73 men out of the 80 [[Doolittle Raid]]ers to survive the attack and return home to his family.
Colonel '''Charles Ross Greening''' (November 12, 1914 – March 29, 1957) was an accomplished pilot and artist. He was one of the 73 men out of the 80 [[Doolittle Raid]]ers to survive the attack and return home to his family.


==Early years; education==
==Early years and education==

⚫
Charles Ross Greening was born on November 12, 1914 in [[Carroll, Iowa]], to Charles W and Olive Jewell (née Ross) Greening.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iowa, Delayed Birth Records, 1850-1939 |url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q24X-D26H |website=FamilySearch |accessdate=30 July 2018}}</ref> He took his first plane ride in June 1921. After his father's bank failed, the family moved to [[Tacoma, Washington]] in 1925.<ref name=HistoryLink/><ref name=crg/>
[[File:Gravesite of U.S. Air Force Colonel Charles Greening in Section 6 of Arlington National Cemetery, February 19, 2020.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Grave at Arlington National Cemetery]]
⚫
Charles Ross Greening was born on November 12, 1914, in [[Carroll, Iowa]], to Charles W and Olive Jewell (née Ross) Greening.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iowa, Delayed Birth Records, 1850-1939 |url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q24X-D26H |website=FamilySearch |access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref> He took his first plane ride in June 1921. After his father's bank failed, the family moved to [[Tacoma, Washington]], in 1925.<ref name=HistoryLink/><ref name=crg/>


Greening received a bachelor's degree from [[Washington State University |Washington State College]] of [[Fine Arts]] in 1936, minoring in [[physical education]] and [[military science]], and serving as the [[ROTC]] commandant.<ref name="crg">{{cite book |last1=Greening |first1=C. Ross |title=Not As Briefed: From the Doolittle Raid to a German Stalag |date=2001 |publisher=WSU Press |location=Pullman |isbn=9780874222593 |editor1=Dorothy Greening |editor2=Karen Morgan Driscoll |pages=1-2}}</ref> He entered the military on June 23, 1936 at [[Fort Lewis]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]].
Greening received a bachelor's degree from [[Washington State University|Washington State College]] of [[Fine Arts]] in 1936, minoring in [[physical education]] and [[military science]], and serving as the [[ROTC]] commandant.<ref name="crg">{{cite book |last1=Greening |first1=C. Ross |title=Not As Briefed: From the Doolittle Raid to a German Stalag |date=2001 |publisher=WSU Press |location=Pullman |isbn=9780874222593 |editor1=Dorothy Greening |editor2=Karen Morgan Driscoll |pages=1–2}}</ref> He entered the military on June 23, 1936, at [[Fort Lewis (Washington)|Fort Lewis]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]].


On 9 June 1937, Greening graduated from the [[Air Corps Flying Schools|Air Corps Flying School]] at [[Randolph Field]]. He was then assigned to the [[20th Pursuit Group]] at [[Barksdale Field]], flying [[Curtiss P-6 Hawk]]s and [[Boeing P-26 Peashooter]]s.<ref name=crg/>{{rp|3}}
On 9 June 1937, Greening graduated from the [[Air Corps Flying Schools|Air Corps Flying School]] at [[Randolph Field]]. He was then assigned to the [[20th Pursuit Group]] at [[Barksdale Field]], flying [[Curtiss P-6 Hawk]]s and [[Boeing P-26 Peashooter]]s.<ref name=crg/>{{rp|3}}


Shortly after arriving at his first duty station, Greening took leave to marry his college sweetheart, Dorothy "Dot" Watson (1912-2003).<ref name=HistoryLink>{{cite web |last1=Greening |first1=Dorothy |last2=Driscoll |first2=Karen Morgan |last3=Cultural Resources Program, Joint Base Lewis-McChord |title=Greening, Colonel Charles Ross (1914-1957) |url=http://www.historylink.org/File/10320 |website=HistoryLink.org |accessdate=30 July 2018}}</ref> They were married on 11 November 1937. They had two children together, both boys, Allen and Chuck.<ref name=crg/>{{rp|XII,3-4}}
Shortly after arriving at his first duty station, Greening took leave to marry his college sweetheart, Dorothy "Dot" Watson (1912-2003).<ref name=HistoryLink>{{cite web |last1=Greening |first1=Dorothy |last2=Driscoll |first2=Karen Morgan |last3=Cultural Resources Program, Joint Base Lewis-McChord |title=Greening, Colonel Charles Ross (1914-1957) |url=http://www.historylink.org/File/10320 |website=HistoryLink.org |access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref> They were married on 11 November 1937. They had two children together, both boys, Allen and Chuck.<ref name=crg/>{{rp|XII,3–4}}


In 1938, he was assigned to [[Hamilton Army Airfield]] and the [[7th Bombardment Group]]. Then in 1940, Greening volunteered to open [[McChord Field]], where he flew the [[Douglas B-23 Dragon]], and then the [[B-25]] in the 17th Bombardment Group. Then in 1941, his unit was assigned to [[Pendleton Field]], where they patrolled the [[Oregon Coast]] for Japanese submarines after the start of [[WWII]]. They then transferred back to McChord, and then onwards to [[Columbia, South Carolina]], where Greening volunteered to help with the B-25 armament for Doolittle's upcoming secret and hazardous mission. Greening joined the Doolittle group at [[Eglin Field]]. Greening eventually took over the role of pilot for plane #40-2249, with Kenneth Reddy as co-pilot, Frank Kappeler as navigator, Melvin Gardner as engineer-gunner, and William Birch as bombardier-gunner.<ref name=crg/>{{rp|4-12,36}}
In 1938, he was assigned to [[Hamilton Army Airfield]] and the [[7th Bombardment Group]]. Then in 1940, Greening volunteered to open [[McChord Field]], where he flew the [[Douglas B-23 Dragon]], and then the [[B-25]] in the 17th Bombardment Group. Then in 1941, his unit was assigned to [[Pendleton Field]], where they patrolled the [[Oregon Coast]] for Japanese submarines after the start of [[WWII]]. They then transferred back to McChord, and then onwards to [[Columbia, South Carolina]], where Greening volunteered to help with the B-25 armament for Doolittle's upcoming secret and hazardous mission. Greening joined the Doolittle group at [[Eglin Field]]. Greening eventually took over the role of pilot for plane #40-2249, with Kenneth Reddy as co-pilot, Frank Kappeler as navigator, Melvin Gardner as engineer-gunner, and William Birch as bombardier-gunner.<ref name=crg/>{{rp|4–12,36}}


==World War II==
==World War II==
⚫
The [[Norden bombsight]] was ineffective for the low-level bombing planned for the Doolittle raid. Instead, Greening designed a "Mark Twain" bombsight out of [[Duralumin]], in reference to the [[depth sounding|lead line]] used by [[Mississippi River]] [[paddle wheeler]]s. It consisted of a quadrangle measuring {{convert|7|inch|cm}} by {{convert|7|inch|cm}}, inscribed with a 90° arc in 10° increments, and placed horizontally on the Norden mount. When the quadrangle was turned turned left or right, a handle deflected the [[Pilot direction indicator]], indicating the prescribed heading for the pilot. A vertical piece, measuring {{convert|5.25|in|cm}} by {{convert|7.25|in|cm}}, set the dropping angle, based on bomb size, altitude, wind conditions, and ground speed. The vertical piece had a sighting bar with a "V" notch at the rear, which was to be aligned with a point at the front, just as in a rifle sight. The bombardier aimed the bombsight in the direction of the target, raising the tail as he got closer, until he reached the dropping angle, when he would release the bombs.<ref name=crg/>{{rp|14-15,28}}


[[File:Doolittle Raid bombsight designed by Charles Rose Greening installed in a B-25.jpg|thumb|B-25 "Mark Twain" bombsight, designed by Greening for the Doolittle Raid]]
⚫
On 18 April 1942, then [[Captain (United States O-3)|Captain]] Greening, piloting the ''Hari Kari-er'', a [[North American B-25 Mitchell|B-25B Mitchell]] [[medium bomber]] equipped with the "Mark Twain" [[bombsight]] he designed, launched from the [[United States Navy]]'s aircraft carrier {{USS|Hornet|CV-8}}, in the Doolittle Raid of [[Japan]]. He led a flight of three aircraft aiming to bomb oil refineries, docks, warehouses and industrial areas of [[Yokohama]]. However, due to faulty compass alignment, most of the planes arrived over Japan about {{convert|60|mi|km}} north of their intention. As a consequence, Greening ended up bombing a [[Sakura, Chiba|Sakura]] refinery east of Tokyo. Gardner was able to shoot down two of four Japanese fighters that attacked them, while Greening attacked several patrol boats in Tokyo harbor. After reaching [[China]] in the area northeast of [[Quzhou]], they were running out of fuel, and were forced to bail out, abandoning their aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |title=Halsey-Doolittle Raid, April 1942 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/rep/Doolittle/Report.html |publisher=Hyper War|accessdate=30 July 2018}}</ref> The crews eventually reunited on the ground, and with Chinese assistance, finally made it to [[Chongqing]] on 29 April. There, all of the raiders were awarded the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] by General and Colonel [[John Magruder (general, born 1887)|John Magruder]] and [[Clayton Lawrence Bissell]], and personally thanked by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] and his wife, [[Soong Mei-ling|Madame Chiang Kai-shek]]. On 4 May, the raiders made it to Dinjon, India.<ref name=crg/>{{rp|27-45}}


⚫
The [[Norden bombsight]] was ineffective for the low-level bombing planned for the Doolittle raid. Instead, Greening designed a "Mark Twain" bombsight out of [[Duralumin]], in reference to the [[depth sounding|lead line]] used by [[Mississippi River]] [[paddle wheeler]]s. It consisted of a quadrangle measuring {{convert|7|inch|cm}} by {{convert|7|inch|cm}}, inscribed with a 90° arc in 10° increments, and placed horizontally on the Norden mount. When the quadrangle was turned left or right, a handle deflected the [[Pilot direction indicator]], indicating the prescribed heading for the pilot. A vertical piece, measuring {{convert|5.25|in|cm}} by {{convert|7.25|in|cm}}, set the dropping angle, based on bomb size, altitude, wind conditions, and ground speed. The vertical piece had a sighting bar with a "V" notch at the rear, which was to be aligned with a point at the front, just as in a rifle sight. The bombardier aimed the bombsight in the direction of the target, raising the tail as he got closer, until he reached the dropping angle, when he would release the bombs.<ref name=crg/>{{rp|14–15,28}}
⚫
After he returned to the United States in June, Greening trained in the [[Martin B-26 Marauder]], made Group Commander within the [[17th Bombardment Group]], and promoted to Lt. Col. He was assigned to [[Telergma Airport|Telergma]] in [[North Africa]], and flew 27 missions before being shot down over [[Naples]] on July 17, 1943 and taken [[Prisoner of war|prisoner]].<ref name=HistoryLink/> After taking a direect hit to his right engine, Greening ordered his crew to bail out. On the descent, Greening suffered a bullet wound near his knee, a dislocated hip, and two sprained ankles, besides barely missing landing in the crater of [[Mount Vesuvius]]. While a captive of the Italians, Greening drew his captor's portraits, both to occupy his time, and to get better food and treatment for himself and his men. Greening ended up in the [[Chieti]] POW camp. After Italy capitulated on 8 September 1943, German troops took over the camp on 23 September, and plans were made to move the POWs to Germany. Greening escaped from the prisoner transport train on 3 October 1943, during an air raid on [[Bolzano]].<ref name=crg/>{{rp|49-50,57,60,68-69,79-86,103-108}}
⚫
On 18 April 1942, then [[Captain (United States O-3)|Captain]] Greening, piloting the ''Hari Kari-er'', a [[North American B-25 Mitchell|B-25B Mitchell]] [[medium bomber]] equipped with the "Mark Twain" [[bombsight]] he designed, launched from the [[United States Navy]]'s aircraft carrier {{USS|Hornet|CV-8}}, in the Doolittle Raid of [[Japan]]. He led a flight of three aircraft aiming to bomb oil refineries, docks, warehouses and industrial areas of [[Yokohama]]. However, due to faulty compass alignment, most of the planes arrived over Japan about {{convert|60|mi|km}} north of their intention. As a consequence, Greening ended up bombing a [[Sakura, Chiba|Sakura]] refinery east of Tokyo. Gardner was able to shoot down two of four Japanese fighters that attacked them, while Greening attacked several patrol boats in Tokyo harbor. After reaching [[China]] in the area northeast of [[Quzhou]], they were running out of fuel, and were forced to bail out, abandoning their aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |title=Halsey-Doolittle Raid, April 1942 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/rep/Doolittle/Report.html |publisher=Hyper War|access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref> The crews eventually reunited on the ground, and with Chinese assistance, finally made it to [[Chongqing]] on 29 April. There, all of the raiders were awarded the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] by General and Colonel [[John Magruder (general, born 1887)|John Magruder]] and [[Clayton Lawrence Bissell]], and personally thanked by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] and his wife, [[Soong Mei-ling|Madame Chiang Kai-shek]]. On 4 May, the raiders made it to Dinjon, India.<ref name=crg/>{{rp|27–45}}


⚫
After he returned to the United States in June, Greening trained in the [[Martin B-26 Marauder]], made Group Commander within the [[17th Bombardment Group]], and promoted to Lt. Col. He was assigned to [[Telergma Airport|Telergma]] in [[North Africa]], and flew 27 missions before being shot down over [[Naples]] on July 17, 1943, and taken [[Prisoner of war|prisoner]].<ref name=HistoryLink/> After taking a direct hit to his right engine, Greening ordered his crew to bail out. On the descent, Greening suffered a bullet wound near his knee, a dislocated hip, and two sprained ankles, besides barely missing landing in the crater of [[Mount Vesuvius]]. While a captive of the Italians, Greening drew his captor's portraits, both to occupy his time, and to get better food and treatment for himself and his men. Greening ended up in the [[Chieti]] POW camp. After Italy capitulated on 8 September 1943, German troops took over the camp on 23 September, and plans were made to move the POWs to Germany. Greening escaped from the prisoner transport train on 3 October 1943, during an air raid on [[Bolzano]].<ref name=crg/>{{rp|49–50,57,60,68–69,79–86,103–108}}
He evaded capture until early 1944, after which he was held at the [[Stalag Luft I]] [[POW camp]] for the duration of the war.

He evaded capture until 23 March 1944. Up to that time he received assistance from compassionate Italians in the area of [[Verona]] and [[Cividale]]. For a time, he shared a mountain cave with two New Zealander escapees, Bob Smith and Jack Lang, receiving food assistance from the villagers of Valle, Reant, [[:it:Masarolis|Masarolis]] and Pedrosa.<ref name=crg/>{{rp|126,150–152,165}}

On 18 April 1944, Greening arrived at [[Stalag Luft I]] [[POW camp]], where he stayed for the duration of the war. Making productive use of his time once again, Greening turned to art. He organized classes, taught 75 students the basic principles of drawing and painting, drew portraits, sketched combat scenes as described by his fellow prisoners, put on a "Display of the Week" in the mess hall, and organized the "Kriegie Kraft Karnival" on 21–23 July 1944 with art work and models on display from all over the camp. After the war, [[Brown & Bigelow]] printed ''Not as Briefed'', which contained 75 of Greening's paintings, with J.M. Coppinger's introduction and captions.<ref name=crg/>{{rp|177,194,198–201}}

After the German surrender, and the Russian occupation of the area, the POWs were flown out by [[B-17]]s and [[C-46]]s, with Greening flying out on 14 May 1945. Greening was able to transport 56 crates of arts and handicrafts made by the POWs. Some of this collection was used by Greening to prepare a POW Exposition, which included a reproduction of the camp's 16-man room, solitary confinement cell, and escape attempts. The exposition opened on 1 October 1945 in the [[Rockefeller Center]] Museum of Science and Industry. The exposition appeared in several US cities before concluding in Washington, D.C., that September.<ref name=crg/>{{rp|217–234}}


==Post-war==
==Post-war==
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He then attended [[Armed Forces Staff College]] from August 1948 to January 1949, and then served as an [[RB-17 Flying Fortress]] and [[RB-29 Superfortress]] pilot and as Director of Operations and Training for the [[91st Strategic Reconnaissance Wing]] at [[McGuire Air Force Base]], New Jersey, from January to June 1949. He next served as Commander of the [[91st Strategic Reconnaissance Group]] at McGuire AFB from June to August 1949, followed by U.S. Air Force Special Staff School at [[Craig Air Force Base]], Alabama, from September to October 1949.<ref name=":2"/>
He then attended [[Armed Forces Staff College]] from August 1948 to January 1949, and then served as an [[RB-17 Flying Fortress]] and [[RB-29 Superfortress]] pilot and as Director of Operations and Training for the [[91st Strategic Reconnaissance Wing]] at [[McGuire Air Force Base]], New Jersey, from January to June 1949. He next served as Commander of the [[91st Strategic Reconnaissance Group]] at McGuire AFB from June to August 1949, followed by U.S. Air Force Special Staff School at [[Craig Air Force Base]], Alabama, from September to October 1949.<ref name=":2"/>


After serving in numerous postions at the Headquarters U.S. Air Force in [[the Pentagon]] from November 1949 to August 1953, Greening attended [[Air War College]] at [[Maxwell Air Force Base]], Alabama, from August 1953 to August 1954, and then attended the Attaché Course with the Strategic Intelligence School in Washington, D.C., from August to November 1954. Greening served as Air Attaché to Australia and New Zealand from January 1955 until he was forced to return to the United States due to an illness in June 1956.<ref name=":2"/>
After serving in numerous positions at the Headquarters U.S. Air Force in [[the Pentagon]] from November 1949 to August 1953, Greening attended [[Air War College]] at [[Maxwell Air Force Base]], Alabama, from August 1953 to August 1954, and then attended the Attaché Course with the Strategic Intelligence School in Washington, D.C., from August to November 1954. Greening served as Air Attaché to Australia and New Zealand from January 1955 until he was forced to return to the United States due to an illness in June 1956.<ref name=":2"/>


He remained in a patient status at [[Walter Reed Army Hospital]] in Washington, D.C., until he died of an infection on March 29, 1957,<ref name=HistoryLink/> at the [[Bethesda Naval Hospital]], [[Bethesda, Maryland]], while on active duty.
He remained in a patient status at [[Walter Reed Army Hospital]] in Washington, D.C. Greening died of an infection on March 29, 1957,<ref name=HistoryLink/> at the [[Bethesda Naval Hospital]], [[Bethesda, Maryland]], while on active duty.


==Awards and Decorations==
==Awards and decorations==
His decorations include:<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=https://airforce.togetherweserved.com/usaf/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=LegacySBV&type=Person&ID=160740|title = Greening, Charles Ross, Col - Air Force - Together We Served}}</ref>
{|
{|
|colspan="2"|[[File:COMMAND PILOT WINGS.png|150px]]&nbsp;&nbsp;[[USAF Aeronautical Ratings#Pilot ratings|USAF Command pilot badge]]
|colspan="2"|[[File:COMMAND PILOT WINGS.png|150px]]&nbsp;&nbsp;[[USAF Aeronautical Ratings#Pilot ratings|USAF Command pilot badge]]
Line 114: Line 128:
|[[China War Memorial Medal|War Memorial Medal]] (Republic of China)
|[[China War Memorial Medal|War Memorial Medal]] (Republic of China)
|}
|}

===Silver Star citation===
''Citation:''

{{blockquote|For gallantry in action. On 28 January 1943, Lieutenant Colonel (then Major) Greening led the group without fighter escort. On an attack against the harbor and quays at Sfax, Tunisia. The bombers were attacked by five (5) FW 190's which made persistent attacks and succeeded in severely damaging the tail assembly of Lieutenant Colonel Greening's plane. Only by his outstanding display of courage and coolness in close aerial combat and through consummate skill and fearlessness in the maneuvering of his badly damaged airplane was he able to keep his formation intact and thus successfully complete the mission. By his display of gallantry, Lieutenant Colonel Greening has demonstrated exceptional qualities of leadership and courage and has upheld the highest traditions of the Army Air Forces.<ref name=":3"/>}}


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
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==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
*{{cite news|last=Archbold|first=Mike|title=WWII hero hailed from Tacoma|url=http://www.thenewstribune.com/2008/04/20/339854/wwii-hero-hailed-from-tacoma.html|accessdate=7 June 2013|newspaper=The News Tribune|date=April 20, 2008|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130630200237/http://www.thenewstribune.com/2008/04/20/339854/wwii-hero-hailed-from-tacoma.html#|archive-date=2013-06-30|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite news|last=Archbold|first=Mike|title=WWII hero hailed from Tacoma|url=http://www.thenewstribune.com/2008/04/20/339854/wwii-hero-hailed-from-tacoma.html|access-date=7 June 2013|newspaper=The News Tribune|date=April 20, 2008|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630200237/http://www.thenewstribune.com/2008/04/20/339854/wwii-hero-hailed-from-tacoma.html|archive-date=2013-06-30|url-status=dead}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Greening, Charles Ross}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Greening, Charles Ross}}
[[Category:Doolittle Raiders]]
[[Category:Doolittle Raiders]]
⚫
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1914 births]]
⚫
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Carroll, Iowa]]
[[Category:People from Carroll, Iowa]]
[[Category:20th-century American artists]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Iowa]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Iowa]]
[[Category:Aviators from Iowa]]
[[Category:Washington State University alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Silver Star]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Air Medal]]
[[Category:United States air attachés]]
[[Category:United States Army Air Forces bomber pilots of World War II]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in Maryland]]
[[Category:American prisoners of war in World War II]]
[[Category:World War II prisoners of war held by Germany]]
[[Category:United States Air Force colonels]]
[[Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery]]
[[Category:Air War College alumni]]
[[Category:American expatriates in New Zealand]]
[[Category:American expatriates in Australia]]

Latest revision as of 02:05, 31 October 2024

Colonel

Charles Ross Greening
Born(1914-11-12)November 12, 1914
Carroll, Iowa
DiedMarch 29, 1957(1957-03-29) (aged 42)
Bethesda, Maryland
Buried
Arlington National Cemetery
AllegianceUnited States
Service / branchU.S. Army Air Force
U.S. Air Force
Years of service1936–1957
RankColonel
Unit17th Bomb Group
Commands
Notable missionsWorld War II
Awards
Spouse(s)Dorothy Greening

Colonel Charles Ross Greening (November 12, 1914 – March 29, 1957) was an accomplished pilot and artist. He was one of the 73 men out of the 80 Doolittle Raiders to survive the attack and return home to his family.

Early years and education

[edit]
Grave at Arlington National Cemetery

Charles Ross Greening was born on November 12, 1914, in Carroll, Iowa, to Charles W and Olive Jewell (née Ross) Greening.[1] He took his first plane ride in June 1921. After his father's bank failed, the family moved to Tacoma, Washington, in 1925.[2][3]

Greening received a bachelor's degree from Washington State College of Fine Arts in 1936, minoring in physical education and military science, and serving as the ROTC commandant.[3] He entered the military on June 23, 1936, at Fort Lewis, Washington.

On 9 June 1937, Greening graduated from the Air Corps Flying School at Randolph Field. He was then assigned to the 20th Pursuit Group at Barksdale Field, flying Curtiss P-6 Hawks and Boeing P-26 Peashooters.[3]: 3 

Shortly after arriving at his first duty station, Greening took leave to marry his college sweetheart, Dorothy "Dot" Watson (1912-2003).[2] They were married on 11 November 1937. They had two children together, both boys, Allen and Chuck.[3]: XII, 3–4 

In 1938, he was assigned to Hamilton Army Airfield and the 7th Bombardment Group. Then in 1940, Greening volunteered to open McChord Field, where he flew the Douglas B-23 Dragon, and then the B-25 in the 17th Bombardment Group. Then in 1941, his unit was assigned to Pendleton Field, where they patrolled the Oregon Coast for Japanese submarines after the start of WWII. They then transferred back to McChord, and then onwards to Columbia, South Carolina, where Greening volunteered to help with the B-25 armament for Doolittle's upcoming secret and hazardous mission. Greening joined the Doolittle group at Eglin Field. Greening eventually took over the role of pilot for plane #40-2249, with Kenneth Reddy as co-pilot, Frank Kappeler as navigator, Melvin Gardner as engineer-gunner, and William Birch as bombardier-gunner.[3]: 4–12, 36 

World War II

[edit]
B-25 "Mark Twain" bombsight, designed by Greening for the Doolittle Raid

The Norden bombsight was ineffective for the low-level bombing planned for the Doolittle raid. Instead, Greening designed a "Mark Twain" bombsight out of Duralumin, in reference to the lead line used by Mississippi River paddle wheelers. It consisted of a quadrangle measuring 7 inches (18 cm) by 7 inches (18 cm), inscribed with a 90° arc in 10° increments, and placed horizontally on the Norden mount. When the quadrangle was turned left or right, a handle deflected the Pilot direction indicator, indicating the prescribed heading for the pilot. A vertical piece, measuring 5.25 inches (13.3 cm) by 7.25 inches (18.4 cm), set the dropping angle, based on bomb size, altitude, wind conditions, and ground speed. The vertical piece had a sighting bar with a "V" notch at the rear, which was to be aligned with a point at the front, just as in a rifle sight. The bombardier aimed the bombsight in the direction of the target, raising the tail as he got closer, until he reached the dropping angle, when he would release the bombs.[3]: 14–15, 28  On 18 April 1942, then Captain Greening, piloting the Hari Kari-er, a B-25B Mitchell medium bomber equipped with the "Mark Twain" bombsight he designed, launched from the United States Navy's aircraft carrier USS Hornet (CV-8), in the Doolittle Raid of Japan. He led a flight of three aircraft aiming to bomb oil refineries, docks, warehouses and industrial areas of Yokohama. However, due to faulty compass alignment, most of the planes arrived over Japan about 60 miles (97 km) north of their intention. As a consequence, Greening ended up bombing a Sakura refinery east of Tokyo. Gardner was able to shoot down two of four Japanese fighters that attacked them, while Greening attacked several patrol boats in Tokyo harbor. After reaching China in the area northeast of Quzhou, they were running out of fuel, and were forced to bail out, abandoning their aircraft.[4] The crews eventually reunited on the ground, and with Chinese assistance, finally made it to Chongqing on 29 April. There, all of the raiders were awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross by General and Colonel John Magruder and Clayton Lawrence Bissell, and personally thanked by Chiang Kai-shek and his wife, Madame Chiang Kai-shek. On 4 May, the raiders made it to Dinjon, India.[3]: 27–45 

After he returned to the United States in June, Greening trained in the Martin B-26 Marauder, made Group Commander within the 17th Bombardment Group, and promoted to Lt. Col. He was assigned to Telergma in North Africa, and flew 27 missions before being shot down over Naples on July 17, 1943, and taken prisoner.[2] After taking a direct hit to his right engine, Greening ordered his crew to bail out. On the descent, Greening suffered a bullet wound near his knee, a dislocated hip, and two sprained ankles, besides barely missing landing in the crater of Mount Vesuvius. While a captive of the Italians, Greening drew his captor's portraits, both to occupy his time, and to get better food and treatment for himself and his men. Greening ended up in the Chieti POW camp. After Italy capitulated on 8 September 1943, German troops took over the camp on 23 September, and plans were made to move the POWs to Germany. Greening escaped from the prisoner transport train on 3 October 1943, during an air raid on Bolzano.[3]: 49–50, 57, 60, 68–69, 79–86, 103–108 

He evaded capture until 23 March 1944. Up to that time he received assistance from compassionate Italians in the area of Verona and Cividale. For a time, he shared a mountain cave with two New Zealander escapees, Bob Smith and Jack Lang, receiving food assistance from the villagers of Valle, Reant, Masarolis and Pedrosa.[3]: 126, 150–152, 165 

On 18 April 1944, Greening arrived at Stalag Luft I POW camp, where he stayed for the duration of the war. Making productive use of his time once again, Greening turned to art. He organized classes, taught 75 students the basic principles of drawing and painting, drew portraits, sketched combat scenes as described by his fellow prisoners, put on a "Display of the Week" in the mess hall, and organized the "Kriegie Kraft Karnival" on 21–23 July 1944 with art work and models on display from all over the camp. After the war, Brown & Bigelow printed Not as Briefed, which contained 75 of Greening's paintings, with J.M. Coppinger's introduction and captions.[3]: 177, 194, 198–201 

After the German surrender, and the Russian occupation of the area, the POWs were flown out by B-17s and C-46s, with Greening flying out on 14 May 1945. Greening was able to transport 56 crates of arts and handicrafts made by the POWs. Some of this collection was used by Greening to prepare a POW Exposition, which included a reproduction of the camp's 16-man room, solitary confinement cell, and escape attempts. The exposition opened on 1 October 1945 in the Rockefeller Center Museum of Science and Industry. The exposition appeared in several US cities before concluding in Washington, D.C., that September.[3]: 217–234 

Post-war

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Greening served as the Chief of the Army Air Forces Prisoner of War Exposition from June 1945 to September 1946, followed by service as Director of the Syndicate Division and then Chief of the Seminar Division with the Air Tactical School at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida, from December 1946 to August 1948.[5]

He then attended Armed Forces Staff College from August 1948 to January 1949, and then served as an RB-17 Flying Fortress and RB-29 Superfortress pilot and as Director of Operations and Training for the 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Wing at McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey, from January to June 1949. He next served as Commander of the 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Group at McGuire AFB from June to August 1949, followed by U.S. Air Force Special Staff School at Craig Air Force Base, Alabama, from September to October 1949.[5]

After serving in numerous positions at the Headquarters U.S. Air Force in the Pentagon from November 1949 to August 1953, Greening attended Air War College at Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, from August 1953 to August 1954, and then attended the Attaché Course with the Strategic Intelligence School in Washington, D.C., from August to November 1954. Greening served as Air Attaché to Australia and New Zealand from January 1955 until he was forced to return to the United States due to an illness in June 1956.[5]

He remained in a patient status at Walter Reed Army Hospital in Washington, D.C. Greening died of an infection on March 29, 1957,[2] at the Bethesda Naval Hospital, Bethesda, Maryland, while on active duty.

Awards and decorations

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His decorations include:[6]

  USAF Command pilot badge
Silver Star
Distinguished Flying Cross
Purple Heart
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Bronze oak leaf cluster
 Air Medal with four bronze oak leaf clusters
Prisoner of War Medal[7]
American Defense Service Medal
Bronze star
 American Campaign Medal with bronze campaign star
Bronze star
Bronze star
 Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with two bronze campaign stars
Bronze star
Bronze star
Bronze star
Bronze star
 European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with four bronze campaign stars
World War II Victory Medal
National Defense Service Medal
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Bronze oak leaf cluster
 Air Force Longevity Service Award with four bronze oak leaf clusters
Order of Yung Hui, 5th Class (Republic of China)
War Memorial Medal (Republic of China)

Silver Star citation

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Citation:

For gallantry in action. On 28 January 1943, Lieutenant Colonel (then Major) Greening led the group without fighter escort. On an attack against the harbor and quays at Sfax, Tunisia. The bombers were attacked by five (5) FW 190's which made persistent attacks and succeeded in severely damaging the tail assembly of Lieutenant Colonel Greening's plane. Only by his outstanding display of courage and coolness in close aerial combat and through consummate skill and fearlessness in the maneuvering of his badly damaged airplane was he able to keep his formation intact and thus successfully complete the mission. By his display of gallantry, Lieutenant Colonel Greening has demonstrated exceptional qualities of leadership and courage and has upheld the highest traditions of the Army Air Forces.[6]

Legacy

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Greening wrote and painted pictures from his life and experience during the war. After he died in 1957, his wife Dorothy gathered his notes and pictures and, with the help of his sister, Shirley Greening Morgan, and her daughter (his niece), Karen Morgan Driscoll, published his memoir, Not as Briefed: From the Doolittle Raid to a German Stalag.

References

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  1. ^ "Iowa, Delayed Birth Records, 1850-1939". FamilySearch. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Greening, C. Ross (2001). Dorothy Greening; Karen Morgan Driscoll (eds.). Not As Briefed: From the Doolittle Raid to a German Stalag. Pullman: WSU Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9780874222593.
  3. ^ "Halsey-Doolittle Raid, April 1942". Hyper War. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  4. ^ a b c "Charles Ross Greening". Veteran Tributes. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
  5. ^ a b "Greening, Charles Ross, Col - Air Force - Together We Served".
  6. ^ Greening is eligible for the Prisoner of War Medal when it was created in 1986.
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