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{{short description|1934 film}}
{{short description|1934 film}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
{{Infobox film
| name = Judge Priest
| name = Judge Priest
Line 10: Line 10:
| starring = [[Will Rogers]]<br>[[Tom Brown (actor)|Tom Brown]]<br> [[Henry B. Walthall]]<br> [[Hattie McDaniel]]<br>[[Stepin Fetchit]]
| starring = [[Will Rogers]]<br>[[Tom Brown (actor)|Tom Brown]]<br> [[Henry B. Walthall]]<br> [[Hattie McDaniel]]<br>[[Stepin Fetchit]]
| music = [[Cyril J. Mockridge]]<br>[[Samuel Kaylin]] (uncredited)
| music = [[Cyril J. Mockridge]]<br>[[Samuel Kaylin]] (uncredited)
| cinematography = George Schneiderman
| cinematography = [[George Schneiderman]]
| editing = [[Paul Weatherwax]]
| editing = [[Paul Weatherwax]]
| studio = Fox Film Corporation
| studio = Fox Film Corporation
Line 18: Line 18:
| country = United States
| country = United States
| language = English
| language = English
| gross = $1.176 million (U.S. and Canada rentals)<ref>{{cite magazine|date=October 15, 1990|title=All-Time Film Rental Champs|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|issn=0042-2738|page=M-166|first=Lawrence|last=Cohn}}</ref>
}}
}}


'''''Judge Priest''''' is a 1934 American [[comedy film]] starring [[Will Rogers]]. The film was directed by [[John Ford]], produced by [[Sol M. Wurtzel]] in association with Fox Film, and based on humorist [[Irvin S. Cobb]]'s character Judge Priest. The picture is set in post-reconstruction [[Kentucky]] and the supporting cast features [[Henry B. Walthall]], [[Hattie McDaniel]] and [[Stepin Fetchit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/133210%7C0/Judge-Priest.html|title=Judge Priest|website=Turner Classic Movies|accessdate=February 3, 2019}}</ref> It was remade by Ford in 1953 as ''[[The Sun Shines Bright]]''.
'''''Judge Priest''''' is a 1934 American [[comedy film]] starring [[Will Rogers]]. The film was directed by [[John Ford]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Matheson |first=Sue |author-link= |date=2019 |title=The John Ford Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SvuzDwAAQBAJ&dq=judge+priest+1934&pg=PA165 |location=Lanham, Maryland, USA |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |page=165-166 |isbn=9781538103821}}</ref> produced by [[Sol M. Wurtzel]] in association with Fox Film, and based on humorist [[Irvin S. Cobb]]'s character Judge Priest. The picture is set in post-reconstruction [[Kentucky]] and the supporting cast features [[Henry B. Walthall]], [[Hattie McDaniel]] and [[Stepin Fetchit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/133210%7C0/Judge-Priest.html|title=Judge Priest|website=Turner Classic Movies|access-date=February 3, 2019}}</ref> It was remade by Ford in 1953 as ''[[The Sun Shines Bright]]''.


==Plot==
==Plot==
Personable Judge Priest (Will Rogers), known to his contemporaries as "Billy", presides over court in [[Fairfield, Kentucky]] in 1890; Jeff Poindexter is accused of chicken theft. Senator Horace Maydew, a rival in an election bid to the judge's seat, as well as the prosecuting attorney in Jeff's case, who after some distraction by Priest and the court onlookers, is found innocent. Priest befriends Jeff and goes fishing with him after court and hires him in his household. Priest's nephew, Jerome "Rome" Priest has just returned home after studying law and passing the bar, and attempts to rekindle his romance with Ellie May Gillespie, but she explains that she now has other interests. Rome's mother, Mrs. Caroline Priest, has made it her business to enforce propriety and makes it known that she is completely against a match between her son, Rome, and Ellie May, as the young woman's father has been absent and is unknown. Mrs. Priest is vocal about her hopes that Maydew's daughter, Virginia, would be a proper societal match for Rome, and pushes him in that direction. While visiting his late wife's grave, Priest takes note of local townsman, Bob Gillis, who places flowers on Ellie May's late mother's grave which later becomes relevant. Uncouth barber, Flem Talley, has been courting Ellie May, but his unwelcome advances towards Ellie May makes it appear that he's not looking for her hand in marriage.
Judge Priest is an eccentric judge in a small Kentucky town. Although his wife has been dead for 19 years when the film takes place, he shows no interest in remarrying. He sometimes stumbles with his words, but he shows his wit throughout the film. The judge, despite all his talk of being a Confederate veteran, finds his best friend to be the black Jeff Poindexter, portrayed by Stepin Fetchit. Judge Priest takes pride in his tolerance for others.

Flem's barber shop is a busy place, both Priest and Gillis wait their turn as Flem jokes about his courtship with Ellie Mae not heading towards marriage because she "ain't got no Pa". Gillis is immediately offended and punches Flem in the face, knocking him down. Priest expresses his relative approval, which later becomes an argument of bias by Senator Maydew that forces Priest to recuse himself when Gillis is tried for assault. He is accused of assaulting Flem at the pool hall, when in fact Gillis was defending himself from an attack by Flem and two others. Rome is very enthusiastic about representing Gillis in court, as he will be Rome's first client as attorney. The Senator pushes hard for a guilty verdict, but Reverend Ashby Brand has information that will demonstrate Gillis' long standing good moral character which Priest helps to reveal as associate counsel for the defense. The identity of Ellie May's father is also revealed, which leads to Mrs. Priest's approval as a match for her son, Rome.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bernardi |first1=Daniel |last2=Green |first2=Michael |author-link= |date=2017 |title=Race in American Film: Voices and Visions that Shaped a Nation [3 Volumes] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8NgoDwAAQBAJ&dq=judge+priest+1934&pg=PA497 |location=Westport, Connecticut, USA |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |page=497-498 |isbn=9780313398407}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gallagher |first=Tag |author-link= |date=1986 |title=John Ford: The Man and His Films |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aSzmWVnKc-QC&dq=judge+priest+1934&pg=PA99 |location=Berkeley, California, USA |publisher=University of California Press |page=100-106 |isbn=9780520063341}}</ref>


==Cast==
==Cast==
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Will Rogers]] as Judge William 'Billy' Priest
* [[Will Rogers]] as Judge William 'Billy' Priest
* [[Tom Brown (actor)|Tom Brown]] as Jerome Priest
* [[Tom Brown (actor)|Tom Brown]] as Jerome Priest
Line 42: Line 46:
* [[Winter Hall]] as Judge Floyd Fairleigh (uncredited)
* [[Winter Hall]] as Judge Floyd Fairleigh (uncredited)
* [[Harry Tenbrook]] as Townsman in Saloon (uncredited)
* [[Harry Tenbrook]] as Townsman in Saloon (uncredited)
{{Div col end}}


==Will Rogers==
==Production notes==
===Will Rogers===
[[Will Rogers]] portrays Judge Priest. The film played a major role in earning Will Rogers recognition as the number one box office star of 1934. Rogers received critical praise for his role, some noting that Rogers simply fell right into the role with his heart-warming personality. Rogers managed a balance of comedic one-liners and serious dramatics. The ''Tulsa Daily World'' summed up Rogers' performance: “The star’s portrayal of Judge Priest has the mark of authenticity upon it…the unique blending of unique talent with a rich and splendid role.”<ref>Maturi, Richard J. and Mary Buckingham Maturi. Will Rogers, Performer. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc., 1999. Print.</ref> Rogers was killed in a plane crash on August 15, 1935, just a year after the release of ''Judge Priest''.
The film played a major role in earning Will Rogers recognition as the number one box office star of 1934. Rogers received critical praise for his performance, some noting that Rogers fell right into the role with his heart-warming personality. Rogers managed a balance of comedic one-liners and serious dramatics. The ''Tulsa Daily World'' summed up Rogers' performance: "The star's portrayal of Judge Priest has the mark of authenticity upon it … the unique blending of unique talent with a rich and splendid role."<ref>Maturi, Richard J. and Mary Buckingham Maturi. ''Will Rogers, Performer''. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc., 1999. Print.</ref> Rogers was killed in a plane crash just a year after the release of ''Judge Priest''.


==Stepin Fetchit==
===Stepin Fetchit===
⚫
In the role as Jeff Poindexter, director John Ford gave Stepin Fetchit some room to expand his comic performance. When Judge Priest asks Jeff why he is not wearing his shoes, Fetchit comically ad libs, "I’m saving them for when my feet wear out." Fetchit was known for attending lavish parties and causing mischief while off the studio lot. Right before the shooting of ''Judge Priest'', Fetchit caused a commotion at a benefit show at the Apollo Theater in New York City. When he arrived back in Hollywood for the filming of ''Judge Priest'', Fetchit's behavior was much better. In fact, only once was Fetchit late for a shoot (he had forgotten his make-up kit).{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}
[[Stepin Fetchit]]’s character in ''Judge Priest'', Jeff Poindexter, is the early twentieth-century stereotypical black man. Jeff Poindexter is extremely dull, slow and lazy. Stepin Fetchit (born Lincoln Perry, 1902<ref>Watkins, Mel. Stepin Fetchit. New York: Random House, Inc., 2005. Print.</ref>) built his reputation by stereotyping blacks in this manner. It was this portrayal of blacks that enraged many black activists who were fighting the very stereotypes he was portraying. Many labeled him a traitor and purposely avoided events that he was scheduled to attend.


===Hattie McDaniel===
Although Fetchit was uneducated, he was a very shrewd and calculating man. Despite the on-screen appearance of being dim-witted, he was aggressive with the moguls and producers who controlled Hollywood and took pride in being a “militant Negro”. Fetchit was able to work with both black and white actors, allowing him to reach high levels of success. In doing so, Fetchit was the first black actor to fight for equal treatment from Hollywood executives.
⚫
Hattie McDaniel (last name appears as "McDaniels" in the opening credits) was just beginning her trek to stardom when she shot ''Judge Priest.'' Before this film she was a relatively unknown actress. Stepin Fetchit apparently doubted her acting abilities at the beginning of the production, but soon realized he was working with a very talented performer. Director John Ford noted McDaniel's acting talents. Ford cut some of Fetchit's scenes and gave McDaniel additional scenes. This created an initial rift between these two pioneering black actors.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}


⚫
==Reception==
In his role as Jeff Poindexter, director John Ford gave Fetchit some room to expand his comic performance. When Judge Priest asks Jeff why he is not wearing his shoes, Jeff comically replies, “I’m saving them for when my feet wear out.”
⚫
The film was a success at the box office.<ref>{{cite news|author=Churchill, Douglas W.|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB071FFB3E59107A93C2AA1789D95F408385F9|title=The Year in Hollywood: 1934 May Be Remembered as the Beginning of the Sweetness-and-Light Era '''''(gate locked)'''''|work=New York Times|date=December 30, 1934|page= X5|access-date=December 16, 2013}}</ref> It was one of Fox's biggest hits of the year (five of the studio's seven big hits starred Rogers).<ref>{{cite news|author=D. W.|title=TAKING A LOOK AT THE RECORD|date=November 25, 1934|work=New York Times|id={{ProQuest|101193306}}}}</ref>


In 1998, [[Jonathan Rosenbaum]] of the ''[[Chicago Reader]]'' included the film in his unranked list of the best American films not included on the [[AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies|AFI Top 100]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Rosenbaum |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Rosenbaum |date=June 25, 1998 |title=List-o-Mania: Or, How I Stopped Worrying and Learned to Love American Movies |url=https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/list-o-mania/Content?oid=896619 |newspaper=[[Chicago Reader]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413120818/https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/list-o-mania/Content?oid=896619 |archive-date=April 13, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
⚫
[[Stepin Fetchit]] was known for attending lavish parties and causing mischief while off the studio lot. In fact, Fox Studios would hire a white bodyguard to ensure that he did not get into trouble while he was off set. Right before the shooting of ''Judge Priest'', Fetchit caused a commotion at a benefit show at the Apollo Theater in New York City. When he arrived back in Hollywood for the filming of ''Judge Priest'', Fetchit’s behavior was much better. In fact, only once was Fetchit late for a shoot (he had forgotten his make-up kit).


==Hattie McDaniel==
==Music==
* "[[My Old Kentucky Home, Good Night]]" (Music and lyrics by [[Stephen Foster]]) – Sung by [[Hattie McDaniel]], Melba Brown, Thelma Brown, Vera Brown, Will Rogers and others
⚫
[[Hattie McDaniel]] played Aunt Dilsey in ''Judge Priest''. Hattie McDaniel was just beginning her trek to stardom when she shot ''Judge Priest''. Before starring in ''Judge Priest'' she was a relatively unknown actress. Stepin Fetchit apparently doubted her acting abilities at the beginning of shooting ''Judge Priest'', but soon realized he was working with a very talented performer. Director John Ford noted McDaniel’s acting talents. Ford cut some of Fetchit’s scenes and gave McDaniel additional scenes. This created an initial rift between these two pioneering black actors. Hattie McDaniel would eventually surpass Stepin Fetchit in fame.
⚫
* "Aunt Dilsey's Improvisation" (Written by Hattie McDaniel) – Sung by Hattie McDaniel

⚫
* "[[Love's Old Sweet Song|Love's Old Sweet Song (Just a Song at Twilight)]]" (Music by J.L. Molloy, lyrics by J. Clifton Bingham)
Like Stepin Fetchit, Hattie McDaniel plays into Black stereotypes characteristic of the early twentieth century. However, she loves to smile and sing while she works. She sings the song “Massa Jesus Wrote Me a Note” while making [[Taffy (candy)|taffy]] at the church candy pull.
⚫
* "Massa Jesus Wrote Me a Note" (Music by [[Cyril J. Mockridge]], lyrics by [[Dudley Nichols]] and [[Lamar Trotti]]) – Sung by Hattie McDaniel and others at the festival

⚫
* "[[Old Folks at Home|Old Folks at Home (Swanee River)]]" (Written by [[Stephen Foster]])
⚫
==Reception==
⚫
The film was a success at the box office.<ref>Churchill, Douglas W. [https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB071FFB3E59107A93C2AA1789D95F408385F9 The Year in Hollywood: 1934 May Be Remembered as the Beginning of the Sweetness-and-Light Era '''''(gate locked)''''']; ''New York Times'' [New York, N.Y] December 30, 1934: X5. Retrieved December 16, 2013.</ref> It was one of Fox's biggest hits of the year (five of the studio's seven big hits starred Rogers).<ref>By, D. W. (November 25, 1934). TAKING A LOOK AT THE RECORD. New York Times (1923-Current File) Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/101193306</ref>

==Soundtrack==
* Hattie McDaniel, Melba Brown, Thelma Brown, Vera Brown, Will Rogers and others - "My Old Kentucky Home, Good Night" (Music and lyrics by [[Stephen Foster]])
⚫
* Hattie McDaniel - "Aunt Dilsey's Improvisation" (Written by Hattie McDaniel)
⚫
* "[[Love's Old Sweet Song]] (Just a Song at Twilight)" (Music by J.L. Molloy, lyrics by J. Clifton Bingham)
⚫
* Hattie McDaniel and others at the festival - "Massa Jesus Wrote Me a Note" (Music by [[Cyril J. Mockridge]], lyrics by [[Dudley Nichols]] and [[Lamar Trotti]])
⚫
* "[[Old Folks at Home]] (Swanee River)" (Written by [[Stephen Foster]])
* "[[Old Black Joe]]" (Written by [[Stephen Foster]])
* "[[Old Black Joe]]" (Written by [[Stephen Foster]])
* "(I Wish I Was in) Dixie's Land" (Written by [[Daniel Decatur Emmett]])
* "[[Dixie (song)|(I Wish I Was in) Dixie's Land]]" (Written by [[Daniel Decatur Emmett]])
* Hattie McDaniel - "The Little Brown Jug" (Music and lyrics by [[Joseph Winner]])
* "[[Little Brown Jug (song)|Little Brown Jug]]" (Music and lyrics by [[Joseph Winner]]) – Sung by Hattie McDaniel
* Hattie McDaniel - "Aunt Dilsey's Song" (Music by Cyril J. Mockridge, lyrics by Dudley Nichols and Lamar Trotti)
* "Aunt Dilsey's Song" (Music by Cyril J. Mockridge, lyrics by Dudley Nichols and Lamar Trotti) – Sung by Hattie McDaniel


==See also==
==See also==
Line 85: Line 85:
* {{AFI film|811|Judge Priest}}
* {{AFI film|811|Judge Priest}}
* {{IMDb title|id=0025335|title=Judge Priest}}
* {{IMDb title|id=0025335|title=Judge Priest}}
* {{TCMDb title|079946}}
* {{amg movie|460714}}
* {{Internet Archive film|id=Judge_Priest|name=Judge Priest}}
* {{Internet Archive film|id=Judge_Priest|name=Judge Priest}}


{{John Ford |state=collapsed}}
{{John Ford}}
{{Dudley Nichols}}
{{Dudley Nichols}}


[[Category:1934 films]]
[[Category:1934 films]]
[[Category:1930s comedy films]]
[[Category:1934 comedy films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:Fox Film films]]
[[Category:American black-and-white films]]
[[Category:American black-and-white films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:1930s historical comedy films]]
[[Category:American historical comedy films]]
[[Category:Films based on short fiction]]
[[Category:Films directed by John Ford]]
[[Category:Films directed by John Ford]]
[[Category:20th Century Fox films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Sol M. Wurtzel]]
[[Category:Films set in Kentucky]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1890s]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Dudley Nichols]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Dudley Nichols]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Lamar Trotti]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Lamar Trotti]]
[[Category:Films produced by Sol M. Wurtzel]]
[[Category:Films scored by Cyril J. Mockridge]]
[[Category:American comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Samuel Kaylin]]
[[Category:1930s English-language films]]
[[Category:1930s American films]]
[[Category:English-language historical comedy films]]

Latest revision as of 12:30, 31 October 2024

Judge Priest
Theatrical release poster
Directed byJohn Ford
Written byIrvin S. Cobb
Dudley Nichols
Lamar Trotti
Produced bySol M. Wurtzel
StarringWill Rogers
Tom Brown
Henry B. Walthall
Hattie McDaniel
Stepin Fetchit
CinematographyGeorge Schneiderman
Edited byPaul Weatherwax
Music byCyril J. Mockridge
Samuel Kaylin (uncredited)
Production
company
Fox Film Corporation
Distributed byFox Film Corporation
Release date
  • September 28, 1934 (1934-09-28)
Running time
80 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Box office$1.176 million (U.S. and Canada rentals)[1]

Judge Priest is a 1934 American comedy film starring Will Rogers. The film was directed by John Ford,[2] produced by Sol M. Wurtzel in association with Fox Film, and based on humorist Irvin S. Cobb's character Judge Priest. The picture is set in post-reconstruction Kentucky and the supporting cast features Henry B. Walthall, Hattie McDaniel and Stepin Fetchit.[3] It was remade by Ford in 1953 as The Sun Shines Bright.

Plot

[edit]

Personable Judge Priest (Will Rogers), known to his contemporaries as "Billy", presides over court in Fairfield, Kentucky in 1890; Jeff Poindexter is accused of chicken theft. Senator Horace Maydew, a rival in an election bid to the judge's seat, as well as the prosecuting attorney in Jeff's case, who after some distraction by Priest and the court onlookers, is found innocent. Priest befriends Jeff and goes fishing with him after court and hires him in his household. Priest's nephew, Jerome "Rome" Priest has just returned home after studying law and passing the bar, and attempts to rekindle his romance with Ellie May Gillespie, but she explains that she now has other interests. Rome's mother, Mrs. Caroline Priest, has made it her business to enforce propriety and makes it known that she is completely against a match between her son, Rome, and Ellie May, as the young woman's father has been absent and is unknown. Mrs. Priest is vocal about her hopes that Maydew's daughter, Virginia, would be a proper societal match for Rome, and pushes him in that direction. While visiting his late wife's grave, Priest takes note of local townsman, Bob Gillis, who places flowers on Ellie May's late mother's grave which later becomes relevant. Uncouth barber, Flem Talley, has been courting Ellie May, but his unwelcome advances towards Ellie May makes it appear that he's not looking for her hand in marriage.

Flem's barber shop is a busy place, both Priest and Gillis wait their turn as Flem jokes about his courtship with Ellie Mae not heading towards marriage because she "ain't got no Pa". Gillis is immediately offended and punches Flem in the face, knocking him down. Priest expresses his relative approval, which later becomes an argument of bias by Senator Maydew that forces Priest to recuse himself when Gillis is tried for assault. He is accused of assaulting Flem at the pool hall, when in fact Gillis was defending himself from an attack by Flem and two others. Rome is very enthusiastic about representing Gillis in court, as he will be Rome's first client as attorney. The Senator pushes hard for a guilty verdict, but Reverend Ashby Brand has information that will demonstrate Gillis' long standing good moral character which Priest helps to reveal as associate counsel for the defense. The identity of Ellie May's father is also revealed, which leads to Mrs. Priest's approval as a match for her son, Rome.[4][5]

Cast

[edit]

Production notes

[edit]

Will Rogers

[edit]

The film played a major role in earning Will Rogers recognition as the number one box office star of 1934. Rogers received critical praise for his performance, some noting that Rogers fell right into the role with his heart-warming personality. Rogers managed a balance of comedic one-liners and serious dramatics. The Tulsa Daily World summed up Rogers' performance: "The star's portrayal of Judge Priest has the mark of authenticity upon it … the unique blending of unique talent with a rich and splendid role."[6] Rogers was killed in a plane crash just a year after the release of Judge Priest.

Stepin Fetchit

[edit]

In the role as Jeff Poindexter, director John Ford gave Stepin Fetchit some room to expand his comic performance. When Judge Priest asks Jeff why he is not wearing his shoes, Fetchit comically ad libs, "I’m saving them for when my feet wear out." Fetchit was known for attending lavish parties and causing mischief while off the studio lot. Right before the shooting of Judge Priest, Fetchit caused a commotion at a benefit show at the Apollo Theater in New York City. When he arrived back in Hollywood for the filming of Judge Priest, Fetchit's behavior was much better. In fact, only once was Fetchit late for a shoot (he had forgotten his make-up kit).[citation needed]

Hattie McDaniel

[edit]

Hattie McDaniel (last name appears as "McDaniels" in the opening credits) was just beginning her trek to stardom when she shot Judge Priest. Before this film she was a relatively unknown actress. Stepin Fetchit apparently doubted her acting abilities at the beginning of the production, but soon realized he was working with a very talented performer. Director John Ford noted McDaniel's acting talents. Ford cut some of Fetchit's scenes and gave McDaniel additional scenes. This created an initial rift between these two pioneering black actors.[citation needed]

Reception

[edit]

The film was a success at the box office.[7] It was one of Fox's biggest hits of the year (five of the studio's seven big hits starred Rogers).[8]

In 1998, Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader included the film in his unranked list of the best American films not included on the AFI Top 100.[9]

Music

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Judge Priest.
  1. ^ Cohn, Lawrence (October 15, 1990). "All-Time Film Rental Champs". Variety. p. M-166. ISSN 0042-2738.
  2. ^ Matheson, Sue (2019). The John Ford Encyclopedia. Lanham, Maryland, USA: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 165-166. ISBN 9781538103821.
  3. ^ "Judge Priest". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  4. ^ Bernardi, Daniel; Green, Michael (2017). Race in American Film: Voices and Visions that Shaped a Nation [3 Volumes]. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 497-498. ISBN 9780313398407.
  5. ^ Gallagher, Tag (1986). John Ford: The Man and His Films. Berkeley, California, USA: University of California Press. p. 100-106. ISBN 9780520063341.
  6. ^ Maturi, Richard J. and Mary Buckingham Maturi. Will Rogers, Performer. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc., 1999. Print.
  7. ^ Churchill, Douglas W. (December 30, 1934). "The Year in Hollywood: 1934 May Be Remembered as the Beginning of the Sweetness-and-Light Era (gate locked)". New York Times. p. X5. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
  8. ^ D. W. (November 25, 1934). "TAKING A LOOK AT THE RECORD". New York Times. ProQuest 101193306.
  9. ^ Rosenbaum, Jonathan (June 25, 1998). "List-o-Mania: Or, How I Stopped Worrying and Learned to Love American Movies". Chicago Reader. Archived from the original on April 13, 2020.
[edit]
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