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{{Short description|none}}
{{See also|Local_government#Turkey}}
'''Government of Turkey''' takes place in a framework of a secular parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the [[Prime Minister of Turkey]] is the [[head of government]], and of a [[multi-party system]]. The [[President of Turkey]] is the [[head of state]] who holds a largely ceremonial role but with substantial reserve powers.


{{Infobox presidential government
Turkey's political system is based on a separation of powers. Executive power is exercised by the [[Cabinet of Turkey|Council of Ministers]]. Legislative power is vested in the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]].
| government_name = Government of Republic of Turkey
The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
| image = [[File:Emblem of Turkey.svg|140px]]
Changes to the [[constitution of Turkey|constitution]] are not expected as discussions have deadlocked.
| caption = [[Emblem of Turkey]]
| date = {{start date and age|1923|10|29|df=y}}
| jurisdiction = {{flag|Turkey}}
| url = {{URL|https://www.turkiye.gov.tr/}}
| legislature = [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Parliament]]
| meeting_place = [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Grand National Assembly]]
| leader_title = [[President of Turkey|President]]
| headquarters = [[Presidential Complex (Turkey)|Presidential Complex]]
| main_organ = [[President (government title)|President]]
| departments = [[Ministries of Turkey|17]]
| court = [[Court of Cassation (Turkey)|Supreme Court]]
| seat = [[Ankara]]
|document = [[Constitution of Turkey]]
}}
{{Politics of Turkey}}
The '''Government of Turkey''' ({{langx|tr|Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hükûmeti}}) is the [[Central government|national government]] of [[Turkey]]. It is governed as a [[unitary state]] under a [[presidential system|presidential]] [[representative democracy]] and a [[Constitution of Turkey|constitutional]] [[republic]] within a [[Diversity (politics)|pluriform]] [[Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey|multi-party system]]. The term government can mean either the collective set of institutions (the [[Executive (government)|executive]], [[Legislature|legislative]], and [[Judiciary|judicial]] branches) or specifically the [[Cabinet of Turkey|Cabinet]] (the executive).


== Constitution ==
<gallery>
{{Main|Constitution of Turkey}}
Image:Tayyip Erdoğan.JPG|[[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] – [[President of Turkey|President]]
According to the Constitution, Turkey's government system is based on a [[separation of powers]]. The Constitution states that the legislative power is vested in the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]] (art. 7), that the executive power is carried out by the [[President of Turkey]] (art. 8) and that the judicial power is exercised by independent and impartial courts (art. 9) It also states that parliamentary elections and presidential elections shall be held every five years (art. 77). The parliament accepts the law proposals prepared by the deputies (88 art.) The president promulgates the laws adopted by the Parliament (art. 89). The president may veto some of the provisions of the law and return it to the Parliament for reconsideration, but the approval of the president is not needed if the majority of the Parliament rejects the reconsideration of the law or provisions of the law (art. 89). The president can appeal to the [[Constitutional Court of Turkey|Constitutional Court]] for the annulment of all or certain provisions of laws on the grounds that they are unconstitutional in form or in content (art. 104/7). In such a case, the decision of the Constitutional Court is final (art. 153).<ref>{{cite web |title=Turkish Constitution |url=https://www.anayasa.gov.tr/en/legislation/turkish-constiution/ |website=anayasa.gov.tr |publisher=Anayasa Mahkemesi |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref>
</gallery>


== Branches of government ==
==Executive branch==
=== Legislative branch ===
The function of [[head of state]] is performed by the president ''(Cumhurbaşkanı)''. A president is elected every five years on the principle of [[universal suffrage]] according to the current constitution. The president does not have to be a member of parliament, but he/she must be over 40 years old and hold a [[bachelor's degree]].{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} The current [[List of Presidents of Turkey|president]] [[Abdullah Gül]] was elected by Parliament on 28 August 2007.<ref>{{cite news
{{Main|Parliament of Turkey}}
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6595511.stm
[[File:Süleyman_Demirel_Funeral_1.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Parliament of Turkey]]
|accessdate=1 July 2008ggggggbbbbbhhhhhyuii
Legislative power is vested in a single-chamber parliament (the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]]) with 600 members. The members are elected for a period of five years according to the [[D'Hondt method]]. Every citizen over the age of eighteen is eligible to be a deputy. Members of the Grand National Assembly can not hold office in state departments and other public corporate bodies and their subsidiaries.
|work=[[BBC News]]
|date=28 August 2007
|title=Profile: Abdullah Gul
}}</ref>
Executive power rests with the president, the [[List of Prime Ministers of Turkey|prime minister]] ''(Başbakan)'' and the [[Cabinet Erdoğan III|Council of Ministers]] ''(Bakanlar Kurulu)''. The ministers don't have to be members of Parliament (a recent example is [[Kemal Derviş]]). The prime minister is appointed by the President and approved through a [[vote of confidence]] (''güvenoyu'') in the Parliament. The prime minister is [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], whose [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party]], which is often termed "conservative" but is in fact better termed "faith-based",{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} won a plurality of parliamentary seats in the [[Turkish general election, 2011|2011 general elections]].


Members of parliament can sit on behalf of a political party or as an [[Independent politician|independent parliamentarian]]. They are also delegates for the province in which they are elected. A simple majority is required to amend a law and a three-fifth majority to amend the constitution. Bills can be introduced by any member of parliament.<ref name="Nihan">{{cite news |last1=Bacanak |first1=Nihan |title=Legal systems in Turkey: overview |url=https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/w-016-2851?transitionType=Default&contextData=%28sc.Default%29 |access-date=29 May 2020 |work=signon.thomsonreuters.com |date=1 January 2020}}</ref>
==Legislative branch==
Legislative power is invested in the 550-seat [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]] (''Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi''), representing 81 provinces. The members are elected for a four-year term by mitigated [[proportional representation]] with an [[election threshold]] of 10%. To be represented in Parliament, a party must win at least 10% of the national vote in a national parliamentary election. Independent candidates may run, and to be elected, they must only win 10% of the vote in the province from which they are running. The threshold is set to be reduced.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=153761
|accessdate=19 September 2008
|title=10 pct election threshold to be reduced
|date=20 September 2008
|first=Ercan
|last=Yavuz
|work=Today's Zaman}}</ref>


The duties and powers of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey are to enact, amend, and repeal laws; to debate and adopt the budget bills and final accounts bills; to decide to declare war; to approve the ratification of international treaties, to decide with the majority of three-fifths of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey to proclaim amnesty and pardon; and to exercise the powers and carry out the duties envisaged in the other articles of the Constitution.
The current Speaker of the Parliament is [[Cemil Çiçek]].


==Judicial branch==
=== Executive branch ===
The executive power in the Turkish government is vested in the president of Turkey, where power is often delegated to the Cabinet members and other officials.
{{Main|Legal system of the Republic of Turkey}}
The freedom and independence of the Judicial System is protected within the constitution. There is no organization, person, or institution which can interfere in the running of the courts, and the executive and legislative structures must obey the courts' decisions. The courts, which are independent in discharging their duties, must explain each ruling on the basis of the provisions of the Constitution, the laws, jurisprudence, and their personal convictions.


==== President ====
The Judicial system is highly structured. Turkish courts have no jury system; judges render decisions after establishing the facts in each case based on evidence presented by lawyers and prosecutors. For minor civil complaints and offenses, justices of the peace take the case. This court has a single judge. It has jurisdiction over misdemeanors and petty crimes, with penalties ranging from small fines to brief prison sentences. Three-judge courts of first instance have jurisdiction over major civil suits and serious crimes. Any conviction in a criminal case can be taken to a court of Appeals for judicial review.
{{Main|President of Turkey}}
[[File:Presidential_Palace_Main.jpg|thumb|300px|The [[Presidential Complex (Turkey)|Presidential Külliye]]]]
The executive branch, under Part III of the Constitution, consists of the president and those to whom the president's powers are delegated. The president is both the [[head of state]] and [[Head of government|government]], as well as the military [[Commander-in-chief#Turkey|commander-in-chief]]. The president, according to the Constitution, must "ensure the implementation of the Constitution", and "ensure orderly and harmonious functioning of the organs of the State".


The president may sign legislation passed by the Parliament into law or may [[veto]] it, preventing it from becoming law unless a simple majority in the Parliament vote to override the veto. On the approval of the President, laws are published in the [[T.C. Resmî Gazete|Official Gazette]] and they come into force by virtue of that publication unless a specific effective date is stipulated within the law itself. The President has also the ability to introduce pieces of legislation by issuing presidential decrees. However, laws introduced by the Parliament prevail over the presidential decrees with respect to the same subject in the hierarchy of norms. Furthermore, fundamental and personal rights or duties and political rights or duties cannot be regulated under presidential decrees.<ref name="Nihan" />
All courts are open to the public. When a case is closed to the public, the court has to declare the reason. Judge and prosecution structures are secured by the constitution. Except with their own consent, no judge or prosecutor can be dismissed, have his/her powers restricted, or be forced to retire. However, the retirement age restrictions do apply. The child courts have their own structure.


==== Cabinet, ministries, and agencies ====
A judge can be audited for misconduct only with the Ministry of Justice's permission, in which case a special task force of justice experts and senior judges is formed.
[[File:Disaster_and_Emergency_Management_Presidency.jpg|thumb|290px|[[Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency]] HQ in Ankara]]
{{Main|Cabinet of Turkey|Ministries of Turkey}}
The daily enforcement and administration of federal laws is in the hands of the various executive ministries, to deal with specific areas of national and international affairs. The [[Cabinet of Turkey]] includes the president and cabinet ministers. As part of the separation of the legislative branch from the executive branch, members of the cabinet cannot be a member of the parliament during their ministry.


In addition to ministries, a number of staff organizations are grouped into the Executive Office of the President. These include the [[National Security Council (Turkey)|National Security Council]], the [[State Supervisory Council]], the [[National Intelligence Organization (Turkey)|National Intelligence Organization]], the [[Directorate of Communications]], [[Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency]] and the [[Presidency of Strategy and Budget]]. There are also [[state-owned enterprise]]s such as the [[Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation]].
The [[Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors]] (HSYK) is the principal body charged with responsibility for ensuring judicial integrity, and determines professional judges acceptance and court assignments. Minister of justice, [[Sadullah Ergin]] is the natural head of the Council according to the current constitution.


=== Judicial branch ===
Turkey adopted a new national "Judicial Networking System" (UYAP). The court decisions and documents (case info, expert reports, etc.) will be accessible via the Internet.
{{Main|Judicial system of Turkey}}
[[File:Court_of_Cassation_in_Ankara2.jpg|thumb|290px|[[Court of Cassation of Turkey|Court of Cassation]] in Ankara, Turkey.]]
The [[Constitutional Court of Turkey|Constitutional Court]], the [[Court of Cassation of Turkey|Court of Cassation]], the [[Turkish Council of State|Council of State]], and the [[Court of Jurisdictional Disputes]] are the supreme courts mentioned in the judicial section of the [[Constitution of Turkey|Constitution]]. The courts operate within the framework of [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]].


The Constitutional Court checks whether laws are in accordance with the constitution. Since 2005, the legal principles as laid down in the various international human rights treaties have also been assessed. Government institutions, governing parties, and the opposition have direct access to the Court. Citizens can also plead the alleged unconstitutionality of a particular law in an ongoing lawsuit.
Turkey accepts the [[European Court of Human Rights]]' decisions as a higher court decision. Turkey also accepts as legally binding any decisions on international agreements.


International treaties, on ratification by the Parliament, have hierarchically the same effect as codes and statutes. However, international treaty provisions involving basic rights and freedoms prevail against domestic codes and statutes.<ref name="Nihan" />
There are several supreme courts with different subjects:


There are also specialised courts for certain legal areas within the scope of the powers of civil courts such as cadastral courts, commercial courts, consumer courts, intellectual and industrial property courts, and labour courts.
[[Yargıtay]] acts as the supreme court of judiciary tribunals (criminal and civil justice). [[Danıştay]] is the highest of administrative courts. [[Anayasa Mahkemesi]] examines the constitutionality of laws, decrees having the force of law (decret-loi), changes of parliamentary [[by-law]]s and several other acts of the parliament. [[Sayıştay]] (Court of Accounts) is the court which examines the incomes and expenses of the administrative bodies and which acts in the name of parliament. The Military Court of Cassation (Askeri Yargıtay) and The Military High Court of Administration (or the Supreme Military Administrative Court) (Askeri Yüksek İdare Mahkemesi) are the highest bodies to which appeals of decisions of military courts are to be made.
In certain disputes, some quasi-legal authorities must be used before applying to court such as the Sports Arbitration Committee and the [[Turkish Football Federation]] Arbitration Committee.<ref name="Nihan"/>

== Elections and voting system ==
{{Main|Electoral system of Turkey|Elections in Turkey|Politics of Turkey}}
[[File:2019_Türkiye_yerel_seçimleri.jpg|thumb|250px|Citizens casting vote in 2019 general elections in a public school.]]

All Turkish citizens over 18 years of age have the [[suffrage|right to vote]] in elections and to take part in referendums. Turkish women achieved voting rights in local elections in 1930.<ref name="tempo">''Türkiye'nin 75 yılı'' , Tempo Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 1998, p.48,59,250</ref> Four years later, [[universal suffrage]] was implemented in all Turkish elections.<ref name="tempo"/> Turkey has been a [[Multi-party system|multi-party democracy]] since 1950.

A brief summary of the electoral systems used for each type of election is as follows:

*Presidential elections: A [[two-round system]], with the top two candidates contesting a run-off election two weeks after the initial election should no candidate win at least 50% +1 of the popular vote.
*Parliamentary elections: The [[D'Hondt method]], a [[party-list proportional representation]] system, to elect 600 Members of Parliament to the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Grand National Assembly]] from 87 [[Electoral districts of Turkey|electoral districts]] that elect different numbers of MPs depending on their populations.
*Local elections: Metropolitan and District Mayors, Municipal and Provincial Councillors, [[Muhtar (title)|neighbourhood presidents]] and their village councils elected through a [[first-past-the-post]] system, with the winning candidate in each municipality elected by a [[Majority|simple majority]].

== Local administration ==
{{Main|Local government in Turkey}}

The Constitution enumerates local governments as municipalities, special provincial administrations and villages. The administration of the provinces is based on the principle of [[devolution|devolution of powers]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CoR - Turkey |url=https://portal.cor.europa.eu/divisionpowers/Pages/Turkey.aspx |website=portal.cor.europa.eu |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> The regulatory and budgetary autonomy of local governments is secured in the Constitution.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yakar |first1=Mürsel |title=In the Constitution |url=https://www.tbb.gov.tr/en/local-authorities/in-the-constitution/ |website=www.tbb.gov.tr |access-date=29 May 2020 |language=tr}}</ref>

A governor is representing the government in the province and is also the figurehead and executive organ of the special provincial administration. Governors act as the chairman of the provincial executive committee.<ref name="Types">{{cite web |last1=Yakar |first1=Mürsel |title=Types of Local Governments |url=https://www.tbb.gov.tr/en/local-authorities/types-of-local-governments/ |website=www.tbb.gov.tr |language=tr}}</ref>
{{Turkey Labelled Map|float=left275px|Provinces of Turkey}}
{{clear}}

== Finances ==
{{See also|Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey}}

=== Taxation ===
{{Main|Taxation in Turkey}}
Most of the taxes are levied by the central government. However some specific taxes are levied by municipalities. Taxation system in Turkey is regulated by the Tax Procedure (TP) Law. It regulates the rights, burdens, carrying out duties along with principals of accrual. This Law consist of procedural and official provisions of all tax laws. The TP has five main sections: taxation, taxpayer duties, valuation, penalty provisions, tax cases.<ref name=ministry>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Turkish Taxation System |url=http://www.gib.gov.tr/sites/default/files/fileadmin/taxation_system2016.pdf |publisher=The Republic of Turkey Ministry of Finance Revenue Administration}}</ref>

=== Budget ===
The budget document often begins with the [[President of Turkey|president]]'s proposal to [[Parliament of Turkey|Parliament]] recommending funding levels for the next [[fiscal year]], beginning January 1 and ending on December 31 of the year following. The expenditure of the State and of public corporations other than [[state-owned enterprise]]s (SOE's) are determined by annual central government budgets.


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Constitution of Turkey]]
* [[List of Presidents of Turkey]]
* [[List of Prime Ministers of Turkey]]
* [[Legal system of the Republic of Turkey]]
* [[List of Speakers of the Parliament of Turkey]]
* [[List of political parties in Turkey]]
* [[List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Turkey]]
* [[National Security Council (Turkey)]]
* [[State feminism#Turkey|State feminism (section: Turkey)]]
* [[Coalition governments in Turkey]]
* [[Politics of Turkey]]
* [[Politics of Turkey]]
* [[Cabinet of Turkey]]
* [[Constitution of Turkey]]
* [[Judicial system of Turkey]]
* [[Turkish Space Agency]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
<references/>

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.turkiye.gov.tr}}


{{Turkey topics}}
{{Turkey topics}}
{{Asia topic|Government of}}
{{Asia topic|Government of|title=Governments of Asia|TW=Government of the Republic of China}}
{{Government of Europe}}
{{Government of Europe}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Government Of Turkey}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Government Of Turkey}}
<!-- Categories -->
[[Category:Government of Turkey| ]]
[[Category:Government of Turkey| ]]
[[Category:European governments]]
[[Category:Asian governments]]

Latest revision as of 16:18, 31 October 2024

Government of Republic of Turkey
Emblem of Turkey
Formation29 October 1923; 101 years ago (1923-10-29)
Founding documentConstitution of Turkey
Jurisdiction Turkey
Websitewww.turkiye.gov.tr
Legislative branch
LegislatureParliament
Meeting placeGrand National Assembly
Executive branch
LeaderPresident
HeadquartersPresidential Complex
Main organPresident
Departments17
Judicial branch
CourtSupreme Court
SeatAnkara
Politics of Turkey
Constitution
Legislature
Executive
Judiciary
Elections
Foreign relations
See also
flag Turkey portal

The Government of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hükûmeti) is the national government of Turkey. It is governed as a unitary state under a presidential representative democracy and a constitutional republic within a pluriform multi-party system. The term government can mean either the collective set of institutions (the executive, legislative, and judicial branches) or specifically the Cabinet (the executive).

Constitution

[edit]
Main article: Constitution of Turkey

According to the Constitution, Turkey's government system is based on a separation of powers. The Constitution states that the legislative power is vested in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (art. 7), that the executive power is carried out by the President of Turkey (art. 8) and that the judicial power is exercised by independent and impartial courts (art. 9) It also states that parliamentary elections and presidential elections shall be held every five years (art. 77). The parliament accepts the law proposals prepared by the deputies (88 art.) The president promulgates the laws adopted by the Parliament (art. 89). The president may veto some of the provisions of the law and return it to the Parliament for reconsideration, but the approval of the president is not needed if the majority of the Parliament rejects the reconsideration of the law or provisions of the law (art. 89). The president can appeal to the Constitutional Court for the annulment of all or certain provisions of laws on the grounds that they are unconstitutional in form or in content (art. 104/7). In such a case, the decision of the Constitutional Court is final (art. 153).[1]

Branches of government

[edit]

Legislative branch

[edit]
Main article: Parliament of Turkey
Parliament of Turkey

Legislative power is vested in a single-chamber parliament (the Grand National Assembly of Turkey) with 600 members. The members are elected for a period of five years according to the D'Hondt method. Every citizen over the age of eighteen is eligible to be a deputy. Members of the Grand National Assembly can not hold office in state departments and other public corporate bodies and their subsidiaries.

Members of parliament can sit on behalf of a political party or as an independent parliamentarian. They are also delegates for the province in which they are elected. A simple majority is required to amend a law and a three-fifth majority to amend the constitution. Bills can be introduced by any member of parliament.[2]

The duties and powers of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey are to enact, amend, and repeal laws; to debate and adopt the budget bills and final accounts bills; to decide to declare war; to approve the ratification of international treaties, to decide with the majority of three-fifths of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey to proclaim amnesty and pardon; and to exercise the powers and carry out the duties envisaged in the other articles of the Constitution.

Executive branch

[edit]

The executive power in the Turkish government is vested in the president of Turkey, where power is often delegated to the Cabinet members and other officials.

President

[edit]
Main article: President of Turkey
The Presidential Külliye

The executive branch, under Part III of the Constitution, consists of the president and those to whom the president's powers are delegated. The president is both the head of state and government, as well as the military commander-in-chief. The president, according to the Constitution, must "ensure the implementation of the Constitution", and "ensure orderly and harmonious functioning of the organs of the State".

The president may sign legislation passed by the Parliament into law or may veto it, preventing it from becoming law unless a simple majority in the Parliament vote to override the veto. On the approval of the President, laws are published in the Official Gazette and they come into force by virtue of that publication unless a specific effective date is stipulated within the law itself. The President has also the ability to introduce pieces of legislation by issuing presidential decrees. However, laws introduced by the Parliament prevail over the presidential decrees with respect to the same subject in the hierarchy of norms. Furthermore, fundamental and personal rights or duties and political rights or duties cannot be regulated under presidential decrees.[2]

Cabinet, ministries, and agencies

[edit]
Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency HQ in Ankara
Main articles: Cabinet of Turkey and Ministries of Turkey

The daily enforcement and administration of federal laws is in the hands of the various executive ministries, to deal with specific areas of national and international affairs. The Cabinet of Turkey includes the president and cabinet ministers. As part of the separation of the legislative branch from the executive branch, members of the cabinet cannot be a member of the parliament during their ministry.

In addition to ministries, a number of staff organizations are grouped into the Executive Office of the President. These include the National Security Council, the State Supervisory Council, the National Intelligence Organization, the Directorate of Communications, Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency and the Presidency of Strategy and Budget. There are also state-owned enterprises such as the Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation.

Judicial branch

[edit]
Main article: Judicial system of Turkey
Court of Cassation in Ankara, Turkey.

The Constitutional Court, the Court of Cassation, the Council of State, and the Court of Jurisdictional Disputes are the supreme courts mentioned in the judicial section of the Constitution. The courts operate within the framework of civil law.

The Constitutional Court checks whether laws are in accordance with the constitution. Since 2005, the legal principles as laid down in the various international human rights treaties have also been assessed. Government institutions, governing parties, and the opposition have direct access to the Court. Citizens can also plead the alleged unconstitutionality of a particular law in an ongoing lawsuit.

International treaties, on ratification by the Parliament, have hierarchically the same effect as codes and statutes. However, international treaty provisions involving basic rights and freedoms prevail against domestic codes and statutes.[2]

There are also specialised courts for certain legal areas within the scope of the powers of civil courts such as cadastral courts, commercial courts, consumer courts, intellectual and industrial property courts, and labour courts. In certain disputes, some quasi-legal authorities must be used before applying to court such as the Sports Arbitration Committee and the Turkish Football Federation Arbitration Committee.[2]

Elections and voting system

[edit]
Main articles: Electoral system of Turkey, Elections in Turkey, and Politics of Turkey
Citizens casting vote in 2019 general elections in a public school.

All Turkish citizens over 18 years of age have the right to vote in elections and to take part in referendums. Turkish women achieved voting rights in local elections in 1930.[3] Four years later, universal suffrage was implemented in all Turkish elections.[3] Turkey has been a multi-party democracy since 1950.

A brief summary of the electoral systems used for each type of election is as follows:

Local administration

[edit]
Main article: Local government in Turkey

The Constitution enumerates local governments as municipalities, special provincial administrations and villages. The administration of the provinces is based on the principle of devolution of powers.[4] The regulatory and budgetary autonomy of local governments is secured in the Constitution.[5]

A governor is representing the government in the province and is also the figurehead and executive organ of the special provincial administration. Governors act as the chairman of the provincial executive committee.[6]

Finances

[edit]
See also: Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey

Taxation

[edit]
Main article: Taxation in Turkey

Most of the taxes are levied by the central government. However some specific taxes are levied by municipalities. Taxation system in Turkey is regulated by the Tax Procedure (TP) Law. It regulates the rights, burdens, carrying out duties along with principals of accrual. This Law consist of procedural and official provisions of all tax laws. The TP has five main sections: taxation, taxpayer duties, valuation, penalty provisions, tax cases.[7]

Budget

[edit]

The budget document often begins with the president's proposal to Parliament recommending funding levels for the next fiscal year, beginning January 1 and ending on December 31 of the year following. The expenditure of the State and of public corporations other than state-owned enterprises (SOE's) are determined by annual central government budgets.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Turkish Constitution". anayasa.gov.tr. Anayasa Mahkemesi. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d Bacanak, Nihan (1 January 2020). "Legal systems in Turkey: overview". signon.thomsonreuters.com. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  3. ^ a b Türkiye'nin 75 yılı , Tempo Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 1998, p.48,59,250
  4. ^ "CoR - Turkey". portal.cor.europa.eu. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  5. ^ Yakar, Mürsel. "In the Constitution". www.tbb.gov.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  6. ^ Yakar, Mürsel. "Types of Local Governments". www.tbb.gov.tr (in Turkish).
  7. ^ "Turkish Taxation System" (PDF). The Republic of Turkey Ministry of Finance Revenue Administration. 2016.
[edit]
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