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{{Short description|French historian}}
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'''George Cœdès''' ({{IPA-fr|ʒɔʁʒ sedɛs|lang}}; 10 August 1886 – 2 October 1969) was a 20th-century French scholar of [[southeast Asia]]n [[archaeology]] and history.
{{Infobox academic
| name = George Cœdès
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1886|08|10}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1969|10|02|1886|08|10}}
| birth_place = [[Paris]], France
| death_place = [[Neuilly-sur-Seine]], France
| nationality = French
| image = George Coedès.jpg
| signature = George_Coedes_signature.svg
| spouse = Neang Yao (m. 1935)
| caption = George Cœdès, n.d.
| education = [[École pratique des hautes études]] (1905)
| discipline = Historian, archeologist
| sub_discipline = Indianized kingdoms of ancient Southeast Asia
| notable_works = [[Cœdès transliteration of Thai]]
| workplaces = [[National Library of Thailand]] (1918-1929)<br />
[[École française d'Extrême-Orient]] (1929-1946)
}}

⚫
'''George Cœdès''' ({{IPA|fr|ʒɔʁʒ sedɛs|lang}}; 10 August 1886 – 2 October 1969) was a French scholar of [[southeast Asia]]n [[archaeology]] and history.


== Biography ==
== Biography ==
Cœdès was born in [[Paris]] to a family known as having settled in the region of [[Strasbourg]] before 1740. His ancestors worked for the royal Treasury.<ref>Cœdès family archives</ref> His grandfather, {{Interlanguage link|Louis-Eugène Cœdès|fr}} was a painter, pupil of [[Léon Coignet]]. His father Hippolyte worked as a banker. It has also, incorrectly, been asserted that he was descended from [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]]-[[Jewish]] émigrés.<ref>Alatas, Farid, et al. (2004)''Asia in Europe, Europe in Asia'' International Institute for Asian Studies, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies {{ISBN|981-230-206-9}}</ref>
⚫
Cœdès was born in [[Paris]] to a family of supposed [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]]-[[Jewish]] émigrés.<ref>Alatas, Farid, et al. (2004)''Asia in Europe, Europe in Asia'' International Institute for Asian Studies, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies {{ISBN|981-230-206-9}}</ref> In fact, the family was known as having settled in the region of Strasbourg (France) before 1740. His ancestors worked for the royal Treasury.<ref>Cœdès family archives</ref> His grandfather, Louis Eugène Cœdès was a painter, pupil of [[Léon Coignet]]. His father Hyppolite worked as a banker. Cœdès became director of the [[National Library of Thailand]] in 1918, and in 1929 became director of [[École française d'Extrême-Orient|L'École française d'Extrême-Orient]], where he remained until 1946. Thereafter he lived in [[Paris]] until he died in 1969. In 1935 he married Neang Yao. He wrote two texts in the field, ''The Indianized States of Southeast Asia'' (1968, 1975) (first published in 1948 as ''Les états hindouisés d'Indochine et d'Indonésie'') and ''The Making of South East Asia'' (1966), as well as innumerable articles, in which he developed the concept of the [[Indianized kingdom]]. Perhaps his greatest lasting scholarly accomplishment was his work on Sanskrit and Old Khmer inscriptions from Cambodia. In addition to scores of articles (especially in the ''Bulletin'' of the [[École française d'Extrême-Orient]]), his 8-volume work ''Inscriptions du Cambodge'' (1937-1966) contains editions and translations of over a thousand inscriptions from pre-Angkorian and Angkor-era monuments, and stands as Cœdès' ''magnum opus''. The [[Cœdès transliteration of Thai|transliteration system that he devised for Thai (and Khmer)]] is used by specialists of Thai and other writing systems derived from that of [[Khmer alphabet|Khmer]].

Cœdès became director of the [[National Library of Thailand]] in 1918, and in 1929 became director of [[École française d'Extrême-Orient|L'École française d'Extrême-Orient]], where he remained until 1946. Thereafter he lived in [[Paris]] until he died in 1969.

In 1935 he married Neang Yao.

He was also an editor of the ''[[Journal of the Siam Society]]'' during the 1920s.

⚫
He wrote two texts in the field, ''The Indianized States of Southeast Asia'' (1968, 1975) (first published in 1948 as ''Les états hindouisés d'Indochine et d'Indonésie'') and ''The Making of South East Asia'' (1966), as well as innumerable articles, in which he developed the concept of the [[Greater India#Indianization|Indianized kingdom]]. Perhaps his greatest lasting scholarly accomplishment was his work on [[Sanskrit]] and [[Old Khmer]] inscriptions from [[Cambodia]]. In addition to scores of articles (especially in the ''Bulletin'' of the [[École française d'Extrême-Orient]]), his 8-volume work ''Inscriptions du Cambodge'' (1937-1966) contains editions and translations of over a thousand inscriptions from pre-Angkorian and Angkor-era monuments, and stands as Cœdès' ''magnum opus''. One stele, the recently rediscovered K-127, contains an inscription of what has been dubbed the "Khmer Zero", the first known use of zero in the modern number system.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Finding Zero|last=Aczel|first=Amir|publisher=Palgrave MacMillan|year=2015|isbn=978-1-137-27984-2|location=New York, NY, USA|pages=ix, 95, 96, 174–178, 219}}</ref> The [[Cœdès transliteration of Thai|transliteration system that he devised for Thai (and Khmer)]] is used by specialists of Thai and other writing systems derived from that of [[Khmer alphabet|Khmer]].

⚫
George Cœdès is credited with rediscovering the former kingdom of [[Srivijaya]], centred on the modern-day Indonesian city of [[Palembang]], but with influence extending from [[Sumatra]] through to the [[Malay Peninsula]] and [[Java]].<ref name="TAYLOR_26">{{cite book |last=Taylor|first=Jean Gelman|title=Indonesia: Peoples and Histories|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2003 |location= New Haven and London|url=https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean|url-access=registration|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean/page/8 8–9]|isbn= 0-300-10518-5}}</ref>


However, due to focusing on the history of lower [[Southeast Asia]], Cœdès was criticized by another historian Tatsuo Hoshino as having underestimated the importance of northern Indochina, [[Yunnan]], and the central Mekong Valley.<ref name=view>{{cite web|url=https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/JSS_102_0j_Evans_TheAiLaoAndTheNanChaoTaliKingdom.pdf|title=The Ai-Lao and Nan Chao/Tali Kingdom: A Re-orientation|author=Grant Evans|date=2014|accessdate=21 January 2024|archivedate=14 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314023113/https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/JSS_102_0j_Evans_TheAiLaoAndTheNanChaoTaliKingdom.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|235}}
⚫
George Cœdès is credited with rediscovering the former kingdom of [[Srivijaya]], centred on the modern-day Indonesian city of [[Palembang]], but with influence extending from [[Sumatra]] through to the [[Malay Peninsula]] and [[Java]].<ref name="TAYLOR_26">{{cite book |last=Taylor|first=Jean Gelman|title=Indonesia: Peoples and Histories|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2003 |location= New Haven and London|url= |doi= |pages=8–9|isbn= 0-300-10518-5}}</ref>


== Decorations ==
== Decorations ==
Cœdès received the following decorations:
Cœdès received the following decorations:
* 1919&nbsp;– [[Image:Order of the White Elephant - 3rd Class (Thailand) ribbon.png|80px]] Commander (Third Class) of the Most Exalted [[Order of the White Elephant]], a royal decoration in the [[Thai Honours Order of Precedence|Honours System]] of Thailand<ref>[http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2472/D/3425.PDF The Royal Gazette, Vol. 46, Page 3425.] 29 December, [[Thai solar calendar|B.E]] 2472 ([[Common Era|C.E.]] 1929). Retrieved on 20 November 2008.</ref>
* 1919&nbsp;– [[Image:Order of the White Elephant - 3rd Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80px]] Commander (Third Class) of the Most Exalted [[Order of the White Elephant]], a royal decoration in the [[Thai Honours Order of Precedence|Honours System]] of Thailand<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120601010758/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2472/D/3425.PDF The Royal Gazette, Vol. 46, Page 3425.] 29 December, [[Thai solar calendar|B.E]] 2472 ([[Common Era|C.E.]] 1929). Retrieved on 20 November 2008.</ref>
* 1926&nbsp;– [[File:Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg|80px]] [[Légion d'honneur]] (France).
* 1926&nbsp;– [[File:Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg|80px]] [[Légion d'honneur]] (France).

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== References ==
⚫
{{reflist}}


==Works==
==Works==
Line 29: Line 56:
* [http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1921/JSS_021_3b_Cœdès_ExcavationsAtPongTuk.pdf "The excavations at Pong Tuk and their importance for the ancient history of Siam"]{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Journal of the Siam Society'', Vol.21, part 3, Mar. 1928, pp.&nbsp;195–209
* [http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1921/JSS_021_3b_Cœdès_ExcavationsAtPongTuk.pdf "The excavations at Pong Tuk and their importance for the ancient history of Siam"]{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Journal of the Siam Society'', Vol.21, part 3, Mar. 1928, pp.&nbsp;195–209
* "Études cambodgiennes: XXXI. Nouvelles notes sur tcheou ta-kouan", ''Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient (BEFEO)'', II, pp.&nbsp;148–151
* "Études cambodgiennes: XXXI. Nouvelles notes sur tcheou ta-kouan", ''Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient (BEFEO)'', II, pp.&nbsp;148–151
* [https://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_1930_num_30_1_3169 "Les inscriptions malaises de Çrīvijaya"]. ''Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient'', 30 (1930), pp.&nbsp;29–80.
* "Pa-sseu-wei", ''T'oung Pao'', Second Series, Vol. 30, No. 3/5 (1933), pp.&nbsp;224–230
* "Pa-sseu-wei", ''T'oung Pao'', Second Series, Vol. 30, No. 3/5 (1933), pp.&nbsp;224–230
* ''Un grand roi du Cambodge: Jayavarman VII,'' Phnom Penh, Editions de la Bibliothèque Royale, 1935
* ''Un grand roi du Cambodge: Jayavarman VII,'' Phnom Penh, Editions de la Bibliothèque Royale, 1935
Line 55: Line 83:
== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
* Higham, Charles (2001). ''The Civilization of Angkor''. Phoenix. {{ISBN|1-84212-584-2}}.
* Higham, Charles (2001). ''The Civilization of Angkor''. Phoenix. {{ISBN|1-84212-584-2}}.
* National Library of Australia. [http://www.nla.gov.au/asian/form/coedes2.html Asia's French Connection : Georges Cœdès and the Cœdès Collection]
* National Library of Australia. [http://www.nla.gov.au/asian/form/coedes2.html Asia's French Connection : Georges Cœdès and the Cœdès Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021052224/http://www.nla.gov.au/asian/form/coedes2.html |date=2011-10-21 }}


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Greater India#Indianized kingdoms|Indianized kingdoms]]
* [[Indianized kingdoms]]
* [[Robert Lingat]]
* [[Robert Lingat]]

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== References ==
⚫
{{reflist}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


{{portal bar|Archaeology|France}}
{{Portal bar|History|France}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Coedes, George}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Coedes, George}}
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[[Category:French archaeologists]]
[[Category:French epigraphers]]
[[Category:French epigraphers]]
[[Category:Corresponding fellows of the British Academy]]
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[[Category:20th-century French archaeologists]]
[[Category:20th-century French historians]]
[[Category:20th-century French historians]]
[[Category:Historians of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Historians of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Historians of Thailand]]
[[Category:Historians of Thailand]]
[[Category:Writers from Paris]]
[[Category:Writers from Paris]]
[[Category:Légion d'honneur recipients]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres]]
[[Category:Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Dushdi Mala Medal, Pin of Arts and Science]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Dushdi Mala Medal, Pin of Arts and Science|George Cœdes]]
[[Category:1886 births]]
[[Category:1886 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:Archaeologists of Southeast Asia]]

Latest revision as of 17:41, 31 October 2024

George Cœdès
George Cœdès, n.d.
Born(1886-08-10)August 10, 1886
Paris, France
DiedOctober 2, 1969(1969-10-02) (aged 83)
Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
NationalityFrench
SpouseNeang Yao (m. 1935)
Academic background
EducationÉcole pratique des hautes études (1905)
Academic work
DisciplineHistorian, archeologist
Sub-disciplineIndianized kingdoms of ancient Southeast Asia
InstitutionsNational Library of Thailand (1918-1929)
École française d'Extrême-Orient (1929-1946)
Notable worksCœdès transliteration of Thai
Signature

George Cœdès (French: [ʒɔʁʒ sedɛs]; 10 August 1886 – 2 October 1969) was a French scholar of southeast Asian archaeology and history.

Biography

[edit]

Cœdès was born in Paris to a family known as having settled in the region of Strasbourg before 1740. His ancestors worked for the royal Treasury.[1] His grandfather, Louis-Eugène Cœdès [fr] was a painter, pupil of Léon Coignet. His father Hippolyte worked as a banker. It has also, incorrectly, been asserted that he was descended from Hungarian-Jewish émigrés.[2]

Cœdès became director of the National Library of Thailand in 1918, and in 1929 became director of L'École française d'Extrême-Orient, where he remained until 1946. Thereafter he lived in Paris until he died in 1969.

In 1935 he married Neang Yao.

He was also an editor of the Journal of the Siam Society during the 1920s.

He wrote two texts in the field, The Indianized States of Southeast Asia (1968, 1975) (first published in 1948 as Les états hindouisés d'Indochine et d'Indonésie) and The Making of South East Asia (1966), as well as innumerable articles, in which he developed the concept of the Indianized kingdom. Perhaps his greatest lasting scholarly accomplishment was his work on Sanskrit and Old Khmer inscriptions from Cambodia. In addition to scores of articles (especially in the Bulletin of the École française d'Extrême-Orient), his 8-volume work Inscriptions du Cambodge (1937-1966) contains editions and translations of over a thousand inscriptions from pre-Angkorian and Angkor-era monuments, and stands as Cœdès' magnum opus. One stele, the recently rediscovered K-127, contains an inscription of what has been dubbed the "Khmer Zero", the first known use of zero in the modern number system.[3] The transliteration system that he devised for Thai (and Khmer) is used by specialists of Thai and other writing systems derived from that of Khmer.

George Cœdès is credited with rediscovering the former kingdom of Srivijaya, centred on the modern-day Indonesian city of Palembang, but with influence extending from Sumatra through to the Malay Peninsula and Java.[4]

However, due to focusing on the history of lower Southeast Asia, Cœdès was criticized by another historian Tatsuo Hoshino as having underestimated the importance of northern Indochina, Yunnan, and the central Mekong Valley.[5]: 235 

Decorations

[edit]

Cœdès received the following decorations:

Works

[edit]
  • Textes d'auteurs grecs et latins relatifs à l'Extrême-Orient depuis le IVe siècle av. J.-C. jusqu'au XIVe siècle, 1910
  • Études cambodgiennes, 1911–1956
  • Le Royaume de Çrīvijaya, 1918
  • "Some Problems in the Ancient History of the Hinduized States of South-East Asia", Journal of Southeast Asian History, Vol.5, No.2, pp. 1–14
  • "À propos de l'origine des chiffres arabes", Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, Vol.6, No.2, pp. 323–328
  • "La Stèle de Ta-Prohm", Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient (BEFEO), Hanoi, VI, 1906, pp. 44–81
  • "The Origins of the Sukhodaya Dynasty", Journal of the Siam Society, Vol. 14.1, 1921
  • Listes generales des inscriptions et des monuments du Champa et du Cambodge, Hanoi, Imprimerie d'Extrême-Orient, 1923
  • The Vajiranana National Library of Siam, Bangkok, Council of the National Library, 1924
  • Documents sur l'histoire politique et religieuse du Laos occidental, 1925
  • "Une exposition de sculptures Khmères et Siamoises au Musée Cernuschi", Artibus Asiae, Vol.1, No.3 (1926), pp. 190–202
  • "À propos de la chute du royaume de Çrīvijaya". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, Deel 83, 2de/3de Afl. (1927), pp. 459–472
  • "The excavations at Pong Tuk and their importance for the ancient history of Siam"[permanent dead link‍], Journal of the Siam Society, Vol.21, part 3, Mar. 1928, pp. 195–209
  • "Études cambodgiennes: XXXI. Nouvelles notes sur tcheou ta-kouan", Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient (BEFEO), II, pp. 148–151
  • "Les inscriptions malaises de Çrīvijaya". Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient, 30 (1930), pp. 29–80.
  • "Pa-sseu-wei", T'oung Pao, Second Series, Vol. 30, No. 3/5 (1933), pp. 224–230
  • Un grand roi du Cambodge: Jayavarman VII, Phnom Penh, Editions de la Bibliothèque Royale, 1935
  • "L'origine du cycle des douze animaux au Cambodge", T'oung Pao, Second Series, Vol.31, Livr.3/5 (1935), pp. 315–329
  • Inscriptions du Cambodge, Hanoi, Imp. d'Extreme-Orient, 1937–1966
  • Pour mieux comprendre Angkor, 1943
  • Les stèles de Sdok Kok Thom, Phnom Sandak et Prah Vihar, 1943–1946
  • Histoire ancienne des États hindouisés d'Extrême-Orient, Hanoi, Imprimerie d'Extrême-Orient, 1944
  • "Fouilles en Cochinchine: Le Site de Go Oc Eo, Ancien Port du Royaume de Fou-nan", Artibus Asiae, Vol.10, No.3 (1947), pp. 193–199
  • Les états hindouisés d'Indochine et d'Indonésie, 1948
  • "Un yantra recemment decouvert a Angkor", Journal asiatique, Année 1952, p. [465]–477.
  • "Une Roue de la Loi avec inscription en Pāli provenant du Site de P'ră Păthŏm", Artibus Asiae, Vol.19, No.3/4 (1956), pp. 221–226
  • "The Traibhūmikathā Buddhist Cosmology and Treaty on Ethics", East and West, Vol.7, No.4 (January 1957), pp. 349–352
  • "Note sur une stele indienne d'epoque Pāla decouverte a Ayudhyā (Siam)", Artibus Asiae, Vol.22, No.1/2 (1959), pp. 9–14
  • "Les Môns de Dvāravatī", Artibus Asiae. Supplementum, Vol.23, pp. 112–116
  • Les Peuples de la péninsule indochinoise, 1962
  • Decouverte numismatique au Siam interessant le royaume de Dvaravati, Paris, Librairie C. Klincksieck, 1964.
  • L'avenir des etudes khmeres, Saigon, Imprimerie nouvelle d'Extrême-Orient, 1965
  • Angkor: an Introduction translated and edited by Emily Floyd Gardiner, photographs by George Bliss, Hong Kong, Oxford University Press, 1966
  • The making of South East Asia, translated by H. M. Wright, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966
  • Catalogue des manuscrits en pali, laotien et siamois provenant de la Thailande, Copenhague, Bibliothèque Royale, 1966
  • The Indianized States of Southeast Asia, edited by Walter F. Vella, translated by Susan Brown Cowing, Canberra, Australian National University Press, 1968
  • —and Charles Archaimbault, Les trois mondes = Traibhumi Brah R'van Paris, École française d'Extrême-Orient 1973
  • Sriwijaya: history, religion & language of an early Malay polity. Collected studies by George Cœdès and Louis-Charles Damais, Kuala Lumpur, MBRAS, 1992

Further reading

[edit]
  • Higham, Charles (2001). The Civilization of Angkor. Phoenix. ISBN 1-84212-584-2.
  • National Library of Australia. Asia's French Connection : Georges Cœdès and the Cœdès Collection Archived 2011-10-21 at the Wayback Machine

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Cœdès family archives
  2. ^ Alatas, Farid, et al. (2004)Asia in Europe, Europe in Asia International Institute for Asian Studies, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies ISBN 981-230-206-9
  3. ^ Aczel, Amir (2015). Finding Zero. New York, NY, USA: Palgrave MacMillan. pp. ix, 95, 96, 174–178, 219. ISBN 978-1-137-27984-2.
  4. ^ Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia: Peoples and Histories. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 8–9. ISBN 0-300-10518-5.
  5. ^ Grant Evans (2014). "The Ai-Lao and Nan Chao/Tali Kingdom: A Re-orientation" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  6. ^ The Royal Gazette, Vol. 46, Page 3425. 29 December, B.E 2472 (C.E. 1929). Retrieved on 20 November 2008.
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