Gallican: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 17:58, 31 October 2024

Gallican may refer to:

Gallican Church (French: Église gallicane), a term referring to the Catholic Church in France
Église gallicane, a Catholic denomination founded in 1869 by Hyacinthe Loyson
Gallicanism, a doctrince that civil authority over the Catholic Church is comparable to that of the pope
Gallican Psalter or Psalterium Gallicanum, one of Jerome's Latin translations of the book of Psalms
Gallican Rite, a 1st-millennium Christian liturgy and other ritual practices in Western Christianity
- Gallican chant, the liturgical plainchant repertory of the Gallican rite
Gallican, a largely obsolete synonym of Gallic, referring to:
- France, a country in Western Europe
  - French people, the majority demographic group of France
  - French language, the majority language of France
Gallican, a largely obsolete synonym of Gaulish, referring to:
- Gaul, ancient nation encompassing modern-day France and parts of surrounding countries
  - Gauls, the principal people of Gaul
  - Gaulish language, spoken by the Gauls
  - Roman Gaul, provincial rule of Gaul within the Roman Empire, 1st century BCE to 5th century CE

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Wiktionary|Gallican}}
-{{short description|French Roman Catholic Church from 1682 to 1790}}
-{{distinguish|Gallican Rite}}{{Merge to|Gallicanism|date=18 November 2015|discuss=Talk:Gallicanism#Merge from Gallican Church}}{{Refimprove|date=November 2015}}
-The '''Gallican Church''' was the [[Roman Catholic Church]] in [[France]] from the time of the [[Declaration of the Clergy of France]] (1682) to that of the [[Civil Constitution of the Clergy]] (1790) during the [[French Revolution]].
+'''Gallican''' may refer to:
-[[Gallicanism]] was the theory that the power of [[monarch]]s is independent of the power of [[pope]]s, and that the church of each country should be under the joint control of the pope and the monarch. The opposite doctrine is known as [[Ultramontanism]].
+* Gallican Church ({{Langx|fr|Église gallicane|label=French|link=no}}), a term referring to the [[Catholic Church in France]]
-==History==
+* [[Église gallicane (Loyson)|Église gallicane]], a Catholic denomination founded in 1869 by Hyacinthe Loyson
-The idea made its appearance as early as the reign of [[Philip IV of France|Philip IV]], in some of the protests of that monarch against the policy of [[Pope Boniface VIII]]. Others hold that the popes had ceded a certain degree of ecclesiastical authority to the [[Carolingian]]s in an effort to control [[Franks|Frankish]] nobles, and this same authority was passed down to their successors. In support of this view, they cite [[Louis IX]]'s so-called [[Pragmatic Sanction of Louis IX|Pragmatic Sanction]] of 1269, although historian [[Paul Scheffer-Boichorst]] and others regard this a forgery dating from sometime between 1438 and 1452.<ref name=degert/>
+* [[Gallicanism]], a doctrince that civil authority over the Catholic Church is comparable to that of the pope
+* [[Gallican Psalter]] or {{lang|la|Psalterium Gallicanum}}, one of Jerome's Latin translations of the book of Psalms
+* [[Gallican Rite]], a 1st-millennium Christian liturgy and other ritual practices in Western Christianity
+** [[Gallican chant]], the liturgical plainchant repertory of the Gallican rite
+* Gallican, a largely obsolete synonym of ''Gallic'', referring to:
+** [[France]], a country in Western Europe
+*** [[French people]], the majority demographic group of France
+*** [[French language]], the majority language of France
+* Gallican, a largely obsolete synonym of ''Gaulish'', referring to:
+** [[Gaul]], ancient nation encompassing modern-day France and parts of surrounding countries
+*** [[Gauls]], the principal people of Gaul
+*** [[Gaulish language]], spoken by the Gauls
+*** [[Roman Gaul]], provincial rule of Gaul within the Roman Empire, 1st century BCE to 5th century CE
+== See also ==
-The ''droit de régale'' implied that the king was not only the legitimate guardian of the temporalities of vacant sees, but also that he had the right to the patronage belonging to them. Accordingly, he would confer cathedral dignities and benefices. This derived from a view that ecclesiastical sees were feudal fiefs. The [[Concordat of Bologna]] of 1516 confirmed the King of France's right to nominate appointments to benefices—archbishops, bishops, abbots and priors— enabling the Crown, by controlling its personnel, to decide who was to lead the Gallican Church. Canonical installation of those church officers was reserved to the Pope; in this way the agreement confirmed the papal veto of any leader the King of France chose who might be deemed truly unqualified.<ref name=jervis>[https://archive.org/stream/thegallicanchurc00henluoft#page/28/mode/2up Jervis, W. Henley. ''The Gallican Church'', John Murray, London, 1872]</ref>
+* [[Gallic (disambiguation)]]
+* [[Gallica]]
+{{Disambiguation}}
-According to Gallicanism, papal primacy was limited, first, by the temporal power of princes; secondly by the authority of the general council and that of the bishops; and lastly, by the canons and customs of particular Churches, which the pope was bound to take into account when he exercised his authority.<ref name=degert/>
-The Declarations of the French clergy (''Declarationes Cleri Gallicani'') was drawn up in 1682 by [[Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet]] at the direction of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]].<ref name=ripley>[http://chestofbooks.com/reference/American-Cyclopaedia-V7/Gallican-Church.html#.VkvcIoeFPIV Ripley, George and Dana, Charles A., "Gallican Church", ''The American Cyclopaedia'', vol. 7, D. Appleton And Company, 1873]</ref>
-It stated that the Church had dominion [puissance] only over things spiritual and such as concern salvation and not over things temporal and civil. Hence kings and sovereigns are not by God's command subject to any ecclesiastical dominion in things temporal; they cannot be deposed, whether directly or indirectly, by the authority of the rulers of the Church, their subjects cannot be dispensed from that submission and obedience which they owe, or absolved from the oath of allegiance.<ref name=degert>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06351a.htm Dégert, Antoine. "Gallicanism." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 17 November 2015]</ref>
-The propositions were proclaimed by a royal ordinance, and promulgated to the theological schools of France, but publicly burned by the common executioner in Rome.<ref name=ripley/>
-After the [[French Revolution]], [[Napoleon]] negotiated a concordat with [[Pope Pius VII]] in 1801 and then subsequently unilaterally amended it with the [[Organic Articles]] of April 8, 1802 which stated that the proclamation of papal decrees depended upon the discretion of the government; and that there shall always be an opportunity for an appeal to the council of state against the abuses of ecclesiastical power.<ref name=ripley/>
-The theory had both religious and political applications. French bishops used it to justify increased power in the government of their dioceses and lessen the doctrinal authority of the pope in favour of that of the bishops. Magistrates used it to extend their jurisdiction so as to cover ecclesiastical affairs and tended to augment the rights of the State more and more, to the prejudice of those of the Church.<ref name=degert/>
-The following privileges were claimed, but never accepted by the Holy See:
-*[[French monarchy|Kings of France]] had the right to assemble [[church council]]s in their dominions.
-*Kings of France had the right to make laws and regulations touching [[ecclesiastical]] matters.
-*The [[pope]] required the king's consent to send [[papal legate]]s into France.
-*Those legates required the king's consent to exercise their power within France.
-*[[Bishop]]s, even when commanded by the pope, could not go out of the kingdom without the king's consent.
-*Royal officers could not be [[excommunicated]] for any act performed in the discharge of their official duties.
-*The pope could not authorize the [[wiktionary:alienate|alienation]] of landed church estates in France, or the diminishing of any [[Foundation (nonprofit organization)|foundation]]s.
-*[[Papal bull]]s and [[Ecclesiastical letter|letters]] required the ''[[pareatis]]'' of the king or his officers before they took effect within France.
-*The pope could not issue [[Dispensation (Catholic Church)|dispensation]]s "to the prejudice of the laudable customs and statutes" of the French [[cathedral]] churches.
-*It was lawful to appeal from the pope to a future council or to have recourse to the "[[appeal as from an abuse]]" (''appel comme d'abus'') against acts of the ecclesiastical power.
-In 1438, in the reign of [[Charles VII of France|Charles VII]], the highly Gallican Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges gave diocesan clergy - and in particular chapters of canons- the right to elect bishops (the King could influence chapters to appoint his man). Imposed strict limits on the stream of money (first fruits and annates) and of judicial appeals that had flowed from the Church in France to Rome.
-Both French Church and Rome were accused of sapping French supplies of [[bullion]] (with some exaggeration). This sacrilegious act was an irritant to Rome's Curia. Later, under [[Louis XI of France|Louis XI]] it became a give and take. It was annulled or reformulated in stronger terms depending on the state of elations between Rome and [[Plessis-les-Tours]].
-King [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] was keen to extend French influence in Italy, to which end he wanted to treat the Pope tactfully. He decided to put the Pragmatic sanction behind him once and for all by the terms of the [[Concordat of Bologna]] (1516) made between France and Rome in the wake of Francis' dazzling victory at [[Battle of Marignano]]. The right of chapters to appoint bishops was removed; henceforth the king would appoint and the Pope institute them. Beneficed canons (below rank of bishop) were the primary casualties.
-Royal centralism thus made considerable advances; what had been formal control now became real in the appointment of over 100 bishops who owed most of their position to the king and paid him considerable revenue.
-Papal influence also increased in 1516 since the papacy now had the right to scrutinize episcopal appointments at the expense of anti-papal conciliar-ism, so dear to later medieval France, which aimed to subordinate the pope to the bishops.
-==See also==
-*[[Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution]]
-*[[Gallican Rite]]
-*[[Roman Catholicism in France]]
-*[[Temporal power (papal)]]
-*[[Ultramontanism]]
-*[[Claude Fauchet (historian)|Claude Fauchet]]
-==References==
-{{Reflist}}
-{{catholic}}
-[[Category:History of Catholicism in France]]
-[[Category:Religion in the Ancien Régime]]
-[[Category:National churches|France]]