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Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 27°31′58″N 85°17′05″E / 27.53278°N 85.28472°E / 27.53278; 85.28472
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{{EngvarB|date=July 2014}}
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{{More citations needed|date=July 2009}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2009}}

{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| name = Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268
| name = Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268
| image = Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268 Crashsite.jpg
| image = Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268 Crashsite.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_upright = 1.15
| alt =
| alt =
| caption = Wreckage of AP-BCP
| caption = Wreckage of AP-BCP
Line 17: Line 15:
| coordinates = {{coord|27|31|58|N|85|17|05|E|region:NP_type:event|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|27|31|58|N|85|17|05|E|region:NP_type:event|display=inline,title}}
| total_fatalities = <!-- Only for occurrences involving more than one aircraft or victims on the ground -->
| total_fatalities = <!-- Only for occurrences involving more than one aircraft or victims on the ground -->
| plane1_image = A300B-Pia-AP-BCP-438.jpg
| total_injuries =
⚫
| plane1_caption = AP-BCP, the aircraft involved about seven months before the accident.
| total_missing =
| total_survivors =
| ground_fatalities =
| ground_injuries =
| aircraft_type = [[Airbus A300|Airbus A300B4-103]]
| aircraft_type = [[Airbus A300|Airbus A300B4-103]]
| aircraft_name =
| operator = [[Pakistan International Airlines]]
| operator = [[Pakistan International Airlines]]
| IATA = PK268
| IATA = PK268
Line 30: Line 24:
| tail_number = AP-BCP
| tail_number = AP-BCP
| origin = [[Jinnah International Airport]]
| origin = [[Jinnah International Airport]]
| stopover =
| stopover0 =
| last_stopover =
| destination = [[Tribhuvan International Airport]]
| destination = [[Tribhuvan International Airport]]
| occupants = 167
| occupants = 167
Line 38: Line 29:
| crew = 12
| crew = 12
| fatalities = 167
| fatalities = 167
| injuries =
| missing =
| survivors = 0
| survivors = 0
}}
}}
'''Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268''' was an [[Airbus A300]], [[Aircraft registration|registration]] {{Airreg|AP|BCP|,}} which [[Aviation accidents and incidents|crash]]ed while approaching [[Kathmandu]]'s [[Tribhuvan International Airport]] on 28 September 1992. All 167 people on board were killed. Flight 268 is the worst crash of [[Pakistan International Airlines]], and the worst ever to occur in [[Nepal]].<ref name="ASN" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=Nepal air safety profile |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/country/country.php?id=9N |access-date=2019-02-11 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation}}</ref>
'''Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268''' was an [[Airbus A300]], [[Aircraft registration|registration]] {{Airreg|AP|BCP|,}} which [[Aviation accidents and incidents|crash]]ed while approaching [[Kathmandu]]'s [[Tribhuvan International Airport]] on 28 September 1992. All 167 people on board were killed. Flight 268 is the worst accident in the history of [[Pakistan International Airlines]], and the worst ever to occur in [[Nepal]].<ref name="ASN" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=Nepal air safety profile |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/country/country.php?id=9N |access-date=2019-02-11 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation}}</ref>


== Aircraft and crew ==
== Background ==
=== Aircraft ===
⚫
[[File:A300B-Pia-AP-BCP-438.jpg|thumb| AP-BCP, the aircraft involved in the accident about 7 months before the incident.]]
The aircraft involved was a 16-year-old Airbus A300B4-103 registered as AP-BCP (serial number 025). The aircraft was built in 1976. The aircraft had a total of 39,045 flying hours and 19,172 landings at the time of the crash.<ref name="ASN" />
The aircraft involved was a 16-year-old Airbus A300B4-103 [[Aircraft registration|registered]] as AP-BCP with [[serial number]] 025. The aircraft was built in 1976. The aircraft had a total of 39,045 flying hours and 19,172 flight cycles at the time of the accident.<ref name="ASN" />


=== Crew ===
The captain was 49-year-old Iftikhar Janjua, who had 13,192 flight hours, including 6,260 hours on the Airbus A300. The first officer was 38-year-old Hassan Akhtar, who had 5,849 flight hours, with 1,469 of them on the Airbus A300.
The [[Pilot in command|captain]] was 49-year-old Iftikhar Janjua, who had logged 13,192 flight hours, including 6,260 hours on the Airbus A300. The [[first officer (aviation)|first officer]] was 38-year-old Hassan Akhtar, who had 5,849 flight hours, with 1,469 of them on the Airbus A300.


There were two flight engineers on board: one operating and the other observing. The operating flight engineer was an unnamed 40-year-old male who had 5,289 flight hours, with 2,516 of them on the Airbus A300. The observing flight engineer, 42-year-old Muhammad Ashraf, had 8,220 flight hours, including 4,503 hours on the Airbus A300.{{Cn|date=July 2024}}
Two flight engineers were on board: one operating and the other observing. The operating flight engineer was a 40-year-old male named Pervaiz Malik <ref>https://historyofpia.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=13303</ref> who had 5,289 flight hours, with 2,516 of them on the Airbus A300. The observing flight engineer, 42-year-old Muhammad Ashraf, had 8,220 flight hours, including 4,503 hours on the Airbus A300.{{Cn|date=July 2024}}


==Accident==
==Accident==
Line 92: Line 82:


==Investigation and causes==
==Investigation and causes==
After the crash, the Nepali Military assisted with investigators to find the aircraft's [[Flight recorder|black box]]. The investigation was handled by Andrew Robinson from the [[Air Accident Investigation Branch]] (AAIB). The black box was initially sent to Paris for decoding.<ref name="Aviation Nepal">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2020 |title=Pakistan International Airlines, Flight PK 268, an unknown mystery |url=https://www.aviationnepal.com/pakistan-international-airlines-flight-pk-268-an-unknown-mystery/ |website=Aviation Nepal}}</ref>
After the accident, the Nepali Military assisted with investigators to find the aircraft's [[Flight recorder|black box]]. The investigation was handled by Andrew Robinson from the [[Air Accident Investigation Branch]] (AAIB). The black box was initially sent to Paris for decoding.<ref name="Aviation Nepal">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2020 |title=Pakistan International Airlines, Flight PK 268, an unknown mystery |url=https://www.aviationnepal.com/pakistan-international-airlines-flight-pk-268-an-unknown-mystery/ |website=Aviation Nepal}}</ref>


At the time of impact, eye witnesses near the accident site confirmed that there was little to no wind, rain, and no thunderstorms in the area. Investigators found no technical problems documented for the A300 and, after considering it as a cause, subsequently ruled out terrorism.<ref name="Aviation Nepal" />
At the time of impact, eye witnesses near the accident site confirmed that there was little to no wind, rain, and no thunderstorms in the area. Investigators found no technical problems documented for the A300 and, after considering it as a cause, subsequently ruled out terrorism.<ref name="Aviation Nepal" />
Line 101: Line 91:


==Memorials==
==Memorials==
PIA paid for - and maintains - the Lele PIA Memorial Park at [[Lele, Nepal|Lele]], at the foot of a mountain about 10&nbsp;km north of the crash site.<ref name=memorial>{{cite web |first=Fazal |last=Khaliq |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1213722 |title=PIA memorial park in Nepal honours 1992 air crash victims |website=Dawn |date=17 October 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/air-crash-relatives-arrive-in-nepal-1554857.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/air-crash-relatives-arrive-in-nepal-1554857.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Air crash relatives arrive in Nepal|date=1992-10-02|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-02-10|language=en-GB}}</ref>
PIA paid for the Lele PIA Memorial Park at [[Lele, Nepal|Lele]], at the foot of a mountain about 10&nbsp;km north of the accident site. In 2012 they ceased paying for the maintenance of the site and was left to relatives of the victims of the accident to fund. In 2023 the local district council took responsibility for the preservation and development of the site.<ref name=memorial>{{cite web |first=Fazal |last=Khaliq |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1213722 |title=PIA memorial park in Nepal honours 1992 air crash victims |website=Dawn |date=17 October 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/air-crash-relatives-arrive-in-nepal-1554857.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/air-crash-relatives-arrive-in-nepal-1554857.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Air crash relatives arrive in Nepal|date=1992-10-02|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-02-10|language=en-GB}}</ref>


The Wilkins Memorial Trust, a UK charitable organisation that provides aid to Nepal, was established in memory of a family killed in the crash.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wmt.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/WMT-Autumn-07-2.pdf |title=WMT |work=WMT News |date=Autumn 2007 |volume=19 |type=pdf |access-date=10 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510160530/http://www.wmt.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/WMT-Autumn-07-2.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The Wilkins Memorial Trust, a UK charitable organisation that provides aid to Nepal, was established in memory of a family killed in the accident.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wmt.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/WMT-Autumn-07-2.pdf |title=WMT |work=WMT News |date=Autumn 2007 |volume=19 |type=pdf |access-date=10 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510160530/http://www.wmt.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/WMT-Autumn-07-2.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


== In popular culture ==
== In popular culture ==
The accident is featured in the first episode of Season 20 of ''[[Mayday (Canadian TV series)|Mayday]],'' also known as ''Air Crash Investigation.'' The episode is titled "Kathmandu Descent".<ref>{{IMDB title|9904846}}</ref>
The accident is featured in the first episode of Season 20 of ''[[Mayday (Canadian TV series)|Mayday]],'' also known as ''Air Crash Investigation.'' The episode is titled "Kathmandu Descent".<ref>{{IMDb title|qid=Q123570387|id=tt9904846}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Latest revision as of 18:19, 31 October 2024

Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268
Wreckage of AP-BCP
Accident
Date28 September 1992 (1992-09-28)
SummaryControlled flight into terrain
SiteBhattedanda, Nepal
27°31′58″N 85°17′05″E / 27.53278°N 85.28472°E / 27.53278; 85.28472
Aircraft

AP-BCP, the aircraft involved about seven months before the accident.
Aircraft typeAirbus A300B4-103
OperatorPakistan International Airlines
IATA flight No.PK268
ICAO flight No.PIA268
Call signPAKISTAN 268
RegistrationAP-BCP
Flight originJinnah International Airport
DestinationTribhuvan International Airport
Occupants167
Passengers155
Crew12
Fatalities167
Survivors0

Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268 was an Airbus A300, registration AP-BCP, which crashed while approaching Kathmandu's Tribhuvan International Airport on 28 September 1992. All 167 people on board were killed. Flight 268 is the worst accident in the history of Pakistan International Airlines, and the worst ever to occur in Nepal.[1][2]

Background

[edit]

Aircraft

[edit]

The aircraft involved was a 16-year-old Airbus A300B4-103 registered as AP-BCP with serial number 025. The aircraft was built in 1976. The aircraft had a total of 39,045 flying hours and 19,172 flight cycles at the time of the accident.[1]

Crew

[edit]

The captain was 49-year-old Iftikhar Janjua, who had logged 13,192 flight hours, including 6,260 hours on the Airbus A300. The first officer was 38-year-old Hassan Akhtar, who had 5,849 flight hours, with 1,469 of them on the Airbus A300.

Two flight engineers were on board: one operating and the other observing. The operating flight engineer was a 40-year-old male named Pervaiz Malik [3] who had 5,289 flight hours, with 2,516 of them on the Airbus A300. The observing flight engineer, 42-year-old Muhammad Ashraf, had 8,220 flight hours, including 4,503 hours on the Airbus A300.[citation needed]

Accident

[edit]

Flight 268 departed Karachi at 11:13 AM Pakistan Standard Time for Kathmandu. Upon contacting Nepalese air traffic control, the aircraft was cleared for an approach from the south called the Sierra approach. An aircraft cleared to use this approach was at the time directed to pass over a reporting point called "Romeo" located 41 nautical miles (76 km) south of the Kathmandu VOR (or at 41 DME) at an altitude of 15,000 feet. The aircraft was to then descend in seven steps to 5,800 feet, passing over a reporting point known as "Sierra" located at 10 DME at an altitude of 9,500 feet, before landing at Kathmandu. This approach allowed aircraft to pass over the Mahabharat Range directly south of Kathmandu (the crest of which is located just north of the Sierra reporting point) at a safe altitude.

Shortly after reporting at 10 DME, at 2.30 pm the aircraft crashed at approximately 7,300 feet (2,200 m) into the side of the 8,250 ft (2,524 m) mountain at Bhattedanda, disintegrating on impact, instantly killing all on board; the tail fin separated and fell into the forest at the base of the mountainside.[1][4][5]

This accident occurred 59 days after Thai Airways International Flight 311 crashed north of Kathmandu.[6]

Victims

[edit]
Nationality Passengers Crew Total
United Kingdom 36 - 36
Nepal 30 - 30
Spain 30 - 30
Pakistan 11 12 23
Netherlands 14 - 14
Other Europeans 14 - 14
Bangladesh 4 - 4
United States 3 - 3
Canada 2 - 2
Unknown 2 - 2
Japan 1 - 1
New Zealand 1 - 1
Total 155 12 167[5]

Investigation and causes

[edit]

After the accident, the Nepali Military assisted with investigators to find the aircraft's black box. The investigation was handled by Andrew Robinson from the Air Accident Investigation Branch (AAIB). The black box was initially sent to Paris for decoding.[7]

At the time of impact, eye witnesses near the accident site confirmed that there was little to no wind, rain, and no thunderstorms in the area. Investigators found no technical problems documented for the A300 and, after considering it as a cause, subsequently ruled out terrorism.[7]

Although no pertinent flight deck conversation was recovered from Flight 268's cockpit voice recorder by investigators with the Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB), which assisted with the investigation, data recovered from the flight data recorder by the TSB showed that the aircraft initiated each step of its descent one step too early.[4] At 16 DME the aircraft was a full 1,000 feet below its cleared altitude; at 10 DME (the Sierra reporting point) it was 1,300 feet below its cleared altitude. The aircraft approached the Mahabharat Range at an insufficient altitude and crashed into the south slope.[1] Although the pilots of Flight 268 reported their aircraft's altitude accurately to air traffic control, controllers did nothing to warn them of their inappropriate altitude until seconds before the accident.[4]

Investigators determined that the accident had been caused mainly by pilot error. Visibility was poor due to overcast conditions and the ground proximity warning system would not have been triggered in time because of the steep terrain.[4] The approach plates for Kathmandu issued to PIA pilots were also determined to be unclear,[1][4] and Nepalese air traffic controllers were judged timid and reluctant to intervene in what they saw as piloting matters such as terrain separation.[8] The report recommended that ICAO review navigational charts and encourage their standardisation, and that the approach to Kathmandu Airport be changed to be less complex.[4]

Memorials

[edit]

PIA paid for the Lele PIA Memorial Park at Lele, at the foot of a mountain about 10 km north of the accident site. In 2012 they ceased paying for the maintenance of the site and was left to relatives of the victims of the accident to fund. In 2023 the local district council took responsibility for the preservation and development of the site.[9][10]

The Wilkins Memorial Trust, a UK charitable organisation that provides aid to Nepal, was established in memory of a family killed in the accident.[11]

[edit]

The accident is featured in the first episode of Season 20 of Mayday, also known as Air Crash Investigation. The episode is titled "Kathmandu Descent".[12]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network
  2. ^ Ranter, Harro. "Nepal air safety profile". Aviation Safety Network. Flight Safety Foundation. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  3. ^ https://historyofpia.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=13303
  4. ^ a b c d e f Gero, David (2000). Aviation Disasters: The World's Major Civil Airliner Crashes since 1950 (3rd ed.). Sparkford, nr. Yeovil, Somerset: Patrick Stephens (Haynes). p. 232. ISBN 9781852606022.
  5. ^ a b McGirk, Tim; Wolmar, Christian (1 October 1992). "Hunt goes on for black box in Airbus wreckage". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  6. ^ Ranter, Harro. "Accident Description". Aviation Safety Network. Flight Safety Foundation. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  7. ^ a b "Pakistan International Airlines, Flight PK 268, an unknown mystery". Aviation Nepal. 28 July 2020.
  8. ^ "Airbus crash blamed on pilot error". The Independent. 30 September 1992. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
  9. ^ Khaliq, Fazal (17 October 2015). "PIA memorial park in Nepal honours 1992 air crash victims". Dawn.
  10. ^ "Air crash relatives arrive in Nepal". The Independent. 2 October 1992. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
  11. ^ "WMT" (PDF). WMT News (pdf). Autumn 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  12. ^ Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268 at IMDb

Further reading

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pakistan_International_Airlines_Flight_268&oldid=1254581537"