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{{Infobox royalty
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Antonia Minor
| name = Antonia Minor
| image = Antonia_minor_pushkin.jpg
| image = (Venice) Antonia Minore in Museo Archeologico Nazionale.jpg
| title = [[Augusta (honorific)|Augusta]]
| caption = The [[Juno Ludovisi]], said to represent a youthful Antonia Minor
| caption = Antonia Minor in Museo Archeologico Nazionale of Venice
| birth_date = 31 January 36 BC
| birth_date = 31 January 36 BC
| birth_place = [[Athens]], [[Greece in the Roman era|Greece]]
| birth_place = [[Athens]], [[Greece in the Roman era|Greece]]
Line 13: Line 14:
| mother = [[Octavia Minor]]
| mother = [[Octavia Minor]]
}}
}}
'''Antonia Minor'''{{Efn|Also known as '''Antonia the Younger''' or simply '''Antonia'''.}} (31 January 36 BC - 1 May 37 AD) was the younger of two surviving daughters of [[Mark Antony]] and [[Octavia Minor]]. She was a niece of the [[Roman emperor|Emperor]] [[Augustus]], sister-in-law of the Emperor [[Tiberius]], paternal grandmother of the Emperor [[Caligula]] and Empress [[Agrippina the Younger]], mother of the Emperor [[Claudius]], and maternal great-grandmother of the Emperor [[Nero]]. She outlived her husband [[Nero Claudius Drusus|Drusus]], her oldest son, her daughter and several of her grandchildren.
'''Antonia Minor'''{{Efn|Also known as '''Antonia the Younger''' or simply '''Antonia'''.}} (31 January 36 BC – 1 May 37 AD) was the younger of two surviving daughters of [[Mark Antony]] and [[Octavia Minor]]. She was a niece of the [[Roman emperor|Emperor]] [[Augustus]], sister-in-law of the Emperor [[Tiberius]], paternal grandmother of the Emperor [[Caligula]] and Empress [[Agrippina the Younger]], mother of the Emperor [[Claudius]], and maternal great-grandmother of the Emperor [[Nero]]. She outlived her husband [[Nero Claudius Drusus|Drusus]], her oldest son, her daughter, and several of her grandchildren.


==Biography==
==Biography==
===Birth and early life===
===Birth and early life===
She was born in Athens and after 36 BC was taken to Rome by her mother with her siblings. She was the youngest of five. Her mother had three children, named [[Claudia Marcella Major]], [[Claudia Marcella Minor]], and [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (nephew of Augustus)|Marcus Claudius Marcellus]], from her first marriage and another daughter, named [[Antonia Major]] by the same father (Mark Antony). Antonia never knew her father; Mark Antony divorced her mother in 32 BC and committed suicide in 30 BC.
She was born in Athens, and after 36 BC was taken to Rome by her mother with her siblings. She was the youngest of five. Her mother had three children, named [[Claudia Marcella Major]], [[Claudia Marcella Minor]], and [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (nephew of Augustus)|Marcus Claudius Marcellus]], from her first marriage and another daughter, named [[Antonia Major]], by the same father (Mark Antony). Antonia never knew her father; Mark Antony divorced her mother in 32 BC and committed suicide in 30 BC.


She was raised by her mother, her uncle, and her aunt, [[Livia]] Drusilla. Having inherited properties in [[Italy]], [[Greece]], and [[Egypt]], she was a wealthy and influential woman, who often received visitors to Rome. She had many male friends, including [[Alexander the Alabarch]], a wealthy Jew, and [[Lucius Vitellius]], a consul and the father of [[Vitellius|Aulus Vitellius]], a future emperor.
She was raised by her mother, her uncle, and her aunt, [[Livia]] Drusilla. Having inherited properties in [[Italy]], [[Greece]], and [[Egypt]], she was a wealthy and influential woman in domus Caesaris ("Empire's household"), who often received visitors to Rome. She had many male friends, including [[Lucius Vitellius]], a consul and the father of [[Vitellius|Aulus Vitellius]], a future emperor.


===Marriage and family===
===Marriage and family===
In 16 BC, she married the Roman general and future consul (9 BC) [[Nero Claudius Drusus]]. Drusus was the stepson of her uncle Augustus, second son of Livia Drusilla and brother of future Emperor [[Tiberius]]. They had many children, but only three survived: the famous general [[Germanicus]], [[Livilla]] and the Roman Emperor [[Claudius]].<ref name=Kikkinos11>{{Cite book|title=Antonia Augusta: Portrait of a Great Roman Lady|last=Kokkinos|first=Nikos|publisher=Psychology Press|year=1992|isbn=9780415080293|pages=11}}</ref>
In 16 BC, she married the Roman general and future consul (9 BC) [[Nero Claudius Drusus]]. Drusus was the stepson of her uncle Augustus, second son of Livia Drusilla, and brother of future Emperor [[Tiberius]]. They had many children, but only three survived: the famous general [[Germanicus]], [[Livilla]], and the Roman Emperor [[Claudius]].<ref name=Kikkinos11>{{Cite book|title=Antonia Augusta: Portrait of a Great Roman Lady|last=Kokkinos|first=Nikos|publisher=Psychology Press|year=1992|isbn=9780415080293|pages=11}}</ref>


A poem by [[Crinagoras of Mytilene]] mentions Antonia's first pregnancy, which may be of a child before Germanicus who must have died in infancy or early childhood.<ref name=Kikkinos11/><ref>{{Cite book|title=Matrona Docta: Educated Women in the Roman Élite from Cornelia to Julia Domna|last=Hemelrijk|first=Emily Ann|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2004|isbn=9780415341271|pages=109}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10098742/1/out.pdf |title=An Edition with Commentary of the Selected Epigrams of Crinagoras|last=Ypsilanti|first=Maria|year=2003|publisher=University College London}}</ref>
A poem by [[Crinagoras of Mytilene]] mentions Antonia's first pregnancy, which may be of a child before Germanicus who must have died in infancy or early childhood.<ref name=Kikkinos11/><ref>{{Cite book|title=Matrona Docta: Educated Women in the Roman Élite from Cornelia to Julia Domna|last=Hemelrijk|first=Emily Ann|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2004|isbn=9780415341271|pages=109}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10098742/1/out.pdf |title=An Edition with Commentary of the Selected Epigrams of Crinagoras|last=Ypsilanti|first=Maria|year=2003|publisher=University College London}}</ref>
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Drusus died in June 9 BC in [[Germany]], due to complications from injuries he sustained after falling from a horse. After his death, although pressured by her uncle to remarry, she never did.
Drusus died in June 9 BC in [[Germany]], due to complications from injuries he sustained after falling from a horse. After his death, although pressured by her uncle to remarry, she never did.


Antonia raised her children in Rome. Tiberius adopted Germanicus in AD 4.<ref>(Suetonius Tiberius 15, Gai. 1., Div. Claudius 2)</ref> Germanicus died in 19 AD, allegedly poisoned through the handiwork of [[Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso (consul 7 BC)|Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso]] and [[Munatia Plancina]]. Tacitus suggests but does not outright say in ''Annals'' 3.3 that, on the orders of [[Tiberius]] and Livia Drusilla, Antonia was forbidden to go to his funeral. When Livia Drusilla died in June of [[29 AD]], Antonia took care of her younger grandchildren Caligula, Agrippina the Younger, [[Julia Drusilla]], [[Julia Livilla]] and later [[Claudia Antonia]].{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
Antonia raised her children in Rome. Tiberius adopted Germanicus in 4 AD.<ref>(Suetonius Tiberius 15, Gai. 1., Div. Claudius 2)</ref> Germanicus died in 19 AD, allegedly poisoned through the handiwork of [[Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso (consul 7 BC)|Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso]] and [[Munatia Plancina]]. Tacitus suggests but does not outright say in ''Annals'' 3.3 that, on the orders of [[Tiberius]] and Livia Drusilla, Antonia was forbidden to go to his funeral. When Livia Drusilla died in June of [[29 AD]], Antonia took care of her younger grandchildren Caligula, Agrippina the Younger, [[Julia Drusilla]], [[Julia Livilla]], and later [[Claudia Antonia]].{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}


===Conflict with Livilla===
===Conflict with Livilla===
In 31 AD, a plot by her daughter [[Livilla]] and Tiberius’ notorious Praetorian prefect, [[Sejanus]], was exposed by [[Apicata]], the estranged ex-wife of Sejanus, to murder the Emperor Tiberius and Caligula and to seize the throne for themselves. Livilla allegedly poisoned her husband, Tiberius' son, [[Drusus Julius Caesar]] (nicknamed "Castor"), in 23 AD to remove him as a rival.
In 31 AD, a plot by her daughter [[Livilla]] and Tiberius’ notorious Praetorian prefect, [[Sejanus]], to murder the Emperor Tiberius and Caligula and to seize the throne for themselves, was exposed by [[Apicata]], the estranged ex-wife of Sejanus. Livilla allegedly poisoned her husband, Tiberius' son, [[Drusus Julius Caesar]] (nicknamed "Castor"), in 23 AD to remove him as a rival.


Sejanus was executed before Livilla was implicated in the crime. After Apicata's accusation, which came in the form of a letter to the emperor, several co-conspirators were executed while Livilla was handed over to her formidable mother for punishment. [[Cassius Dio]] states that Antonia imprisoned Livilla in her room until she starved to death.<ref>Cassius Dio Histories 58.11.7</ref>
Sejanus was executed before Livilla was implicated in the crime. After Apicata's accusation, which came in the form of a letter to the emperor, several co-conspirators were executed while Livilla was handed over to her formidable mother for punishment. [[Cassius Dio]] states that Antonia imprisoned Livilla in her room until she starved to death.<ref>Cassius Dio Histories 58.11.7</ref>
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When [[Tiberius]] died, [[Caligula]] became emperor in March 37 AD. Caligula awarded her a senatorial decree, granting her all the honors that [[Livia Drusilla]] had received in her lifetime. She was also offered the title of ''[[Augusta (honorific)|Augusta]]'', previously only given to Augustus's wife Livia, but rejected it.
When [[Tiberius]] died, [[Caligula]] became emperor in March 37 AD. Caligula awarded her a senatorial decree, granting her all the honors that [[Livia Drusilla]] had received in her lifetime. She was also offered the title of ''[[Augusta (honorific)|Augusta]]'', previously only given to Augustus's wife Livia, but rejected it.


Antonia died on 1 May 37. Suetonius and Cassius Dio claim she was driven to suicide by Caligula. According to Barrett,<ref>Barrett, A. A., 1989, ''Caligula. The Corruption of Power'', 62. The date is derived from the ''Fasti Ostienses'' which states that Antonia died on the Kalends of May, 'K. Mais Antonia diem suum obit', supplied by Smallwood, E., 1967, ''Documents Illustrating The Principates of Gaius, Claudius and Nero'', Cambridge University Press, no. 31, p. 28.</ref> <blockquote>But since he had not reached Rome until 28 March, and was absent from the city for much of April, collecting the remains of his mother and brother, there would hardly have been much time to drive Antonia to her death by insulting behaviour. It is also difficult to imagine that he would have paid her no honours on her death, as Suetonius implies. She died at a time when the euphoria of the beginning of his reign was still rampant, and quite apart from any question of personal affection, a public slight at this time to the most respected woman in Rome, whose death was marked in local Fasti, would have been politically unimaginable.</blockquote>
Six months into his reign, Caligula became seriously ill. Antonia would often offer Caligula advice, but he once told her, "I can treat anyone exactly as I please!" Caligula was rumored to have had his young cousin [[Tiberius Gemellus|Gemellus]] beheaded, to remove him as a rival to the throne. This act was said to have outraged Antonia, who was grandmother to Gemellus as well as to Caligula.


Having had enough of Caligula's anger at her criticisms and of his behavior, she committed suicide. Suetonius ''Caligula'' 23, relates how he might have poisoned her.<blockquote>When his grandmother Antonia asked for a private interview, he refused it except in the presence of the prefect [[Naevius Sutorius Macro|Macro]], and by such indignities and annoyances he caused her death; although some think that he also gave her poison. After she was dead, he paid her no honour, but viewed her burning pyre from his dining-room.</blockquote>

Antonia died on 1 May 37.<ref>Barrett, A. A., 1989, ''Caligula. The Corruption of Power'', 62. The date is derived from the ''Fasti Ostienses'' which states that Antonia died on the Kalends of May, 'K. Mais Antonia diem suum obit', supplied by Smallwood, E., 1967, ''Documents Illustrating The Principates of Gaius, Claudius and Nero'', Cambridge University Press, no. 31, p. 28.</ref>


When Claudius became emperor after his nephew's assassination in 41 AD, he gave his mother the title of ''Augusta''. Her birthday became a public holiday, which had yearly games and public sacrifices held. An image of her was paraded in a carriage.
When Claudius became emperor after his nephew's assassination in 41 AD, he gave his mother the title of ''Augusta''. Her birthday became a public holiday, which had yearly games and public sacrifices held. An image of her was paraded in a carriage.


==Cultural depictions==
==Cultural depictions==
[[File:Uc2.ark 13960 t8rb76g72-seq 369 (cropped Antonia).jpg|thumb|Likeness after a bust of Antonia on an engraved gem found at Stanwix, near Carlisle.]]
⚫
She is remembered in ''[[De Mulieribus Claris]]'', a collection of biographies of historical and mythological women by the [[Florence|Florentine]] author [[Giovanni Boccaccio]], composed in 1361{{endash}}62. It is notable as the first collection devoted exclusively to biographies of women in Western literature.<ref name="Brown_xi">{{cite book |last=Boccaccio |first=Giovanni |authorlink=Giovanni Boccaccio |year=2003 |translator=Virginia Brown |title=Famous Women |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, MA |series=I Tatti Renaissance Library |volume=1 |isbn=0-674-01130-9 |page=xi}}</ref> Antonia is one of the main characters in the novel ''[[Claudius (novel)|I, Claudius]]''. In the [[I, Claudius (TV series)|television adaptation]] of the book she is portrayed by [[Margaret Tyzack]]. She is a loyal wife deeply in love with her husband Nero Claudius Drusus. However, she is unloving towards her son Claudius, whom she regards as a fool. Furthermore, after finding evidence that Livilla murdered her husband [[Drusus Julius Caesar]] and rightfully believing she was also poisoning her daughter for the same reason, she kills Livilla by locking her in her room until she starves to death. During the reign of Caligula she is so disgusted by the state of Rome that she commits suicide.
She is remembered in ''[[De Mulieribus Claris]]'', a collection of biographies of historical and mythological women by the [[Florence|Florentine]] author [[Giovanni Boccaccio]], composed in 1361{{endash}}62. It is notable as the first collection devoted exclusively to biographies of women in Western literature.<ref name="Brown_xi">{{cite book |last=Boccaccio |first=Giovanni |authorlink=Giovanni Boccaccio |year=2003 |translator=Virginia Brown |title=Famous Women |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, MA |series=I Tatti Renaissance Library |volume=1 |isbn=0-674-01130-9 |page=xi}}</ref>

⚫
Antonia is one of the main characters in the novel ''[[Claudius (novel)|I, Claudius]]''. In the 1976 [[I, Claudius (TV series)|television adaptation]] of the book she is portrayed by [[Margaret Tyzack]]. She is a loyal wife deeply in love with her husband Nero Claudius Drusus. However, she is unloving towards her son Claudius, whom she regards as a fool. Furthermore, after finding evidence that Livilla murdered her husband [[Drusus Julius Caesar]] and rightfully believing she was also poisoning her daughter for the same reason, she kills Livilla by locking her in her room until she starves to death. During the reign of Caligula she is so disgusted by the state of Rome that she commits suicide.


She is a leading character in the novel by Lindsey Davis, ''The Course of Honour'' (1997), where she guides and advises Claudius and his supporters.
She is a leading character in the novel by Lindsey Davis, ''The Course of Honour'' (1997), where she guides and advises Claudius and his supporters.
Line 54: Line 55:


[[Colleen Dewhurst]] portrayed Antonia opposite [[Susan Sarandon]] as Livilla in the 1985 miniseries ''[[A.D. (miniseries)|A.D.]]''
[[Colleen Dewhurst]] portrayed Antonia opposite [[Susan Sarandon]] as Livilla in the 1985 miniseries ''[[A.D. (miniseries)|A.D.]]''

Isabelle Connolly (adult) and Beau Gadsdon (child) portrayed Antonia in British-Italian historical drama television series ''[[Domina (TV series)|Domina]]'' (2021).


==Notes==
==Notes==
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* [[Tacitus]] - [[Tacitus#The Annals|Annals of Imperial Rome]]
* [[Tacitus]] - [[Tacitus#The Annals|Annals of Imperial Rome]]
* [[Valerius Maximus]], ''Factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri iv.3.3''
* [[Valerius Maximus]], ''Factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri iv.3.3''
{{Commons|Antonia Minor}}
{{Commons}}


===Secondary===
===Secondary===
*{{Aut|E. Groag, A. Stein, L. Petersen - e.a.}} (edd.), ''Prosopographia Imperii Romani saeculi I, II et III'', Berlin, 1933 - . ('''''PIR<sup>2</sup>''''')
*{{Aut|E. Groag, A. Stein, L. Petersen - e.a.}} (edd.), ''Prosopographia Imperii Romani saeculi I, II et III'', Berlin, 1933 - . ('''''PIR<sup>2</sup>''''')

*https://web.archive.org/web/20221221143437/roman-emperors.org/antoniaminor.htm


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:37 deaths]]
[[Category:37 deaths]]
[[Category:1st-century BC Roman women]]
[[Category:1st-century BC Roman women]]
[[Category:1st-century BC Romans]]
[[Category:1st-century Roman women]]
[[Category:1st-century Roman women]]
[[Category:Ancient Romans who committed suicide]]
[[Category:1st-century Romans]]
[[Category:Suicides in Ancient Rome]]
[[Category:Antonii]]
[[Category:Antonii]]
[[Category:Augustae]]
[[Category:Augustae]]
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[[Category:Julio-Claudian dynasty]]
[[Category:Julio-Claudian dynasty]]
[[Category:Roman-era Athenian women]]
[[Category:Roman-era Athenian women]]
[[Category:Mothers of Roman emperors]]

Latest revision as of 18:44, 31 October 2024

Antonia Minor
Augusta
Antonia Minor in Museo Archeologico Nazionale of Venice
Born31 January 36 BC
Athens, Greece
Died1 May 37 AD (aged 72)
Rome, Italy
SpouseNero Claudius Drusus
IssueGermanicus
Livilla
Claudius, Roman Emperor
FatherMark Antony
MotherOctavia Minor

Antonia Minor[a] (31 January 36 BC – 1 May 37 AD) was the younger of two surviving daughters of Mark Antony and Octavia Minor. She was a niece of the Emperor Augustus, sister-in-law of the Emperor Tiberius, paternal grandmother of the Emperor Caligula and Empress Agrippina the Younger, mother of the Emperor Claudius, and maternal great-grandmother of the Emperor Nero. She outlived her husband Drusus, her oldest son, her daughter, and several of her grandchildren.

Biography

[edit]

Birth and early life

[edit]

She was born in Athens, and after 36 BC was taken to Rome by her mother with her siblings. She was the youngest of five. Her mother had three children, named Claudia Marcella Major, Claudia Marcella Minor, and Marcus Claudius Marcellus, from her first marriage and another daughter, named Antonia Major, by the same father (Mark Antony). Antonia never knew her father; Mark Antony divorced her mother in 32 BC and committed suicide in 30 BC.

She was raised by her mother, her uncle, and her aunt, Livia Drusilla. Having inherited properties in Italy, Greece, and Egypt, she was a wealthy and influential woman in domus Caesaris ("Empire's household"), who often received visitors to Rome. She had many male friends, including Lucius Vitellius, a consul and the father of Aulus Vitellius, a future emperor.

Marriage and family

[edit]

In 16 BC, she married the Roman general and future consul (9 BC) Nero Claudius Drusus. Drusus was the stepson of her uncle Augustus, second son of Livia Drusilla, and brother of future Emperor Tiberius. They had many children, but only three survived: the famous general Germanicus, Livilla, and the Roman Emperor Claudius.[1]

A poem by Crinagoras of Mytilene mentions Antonia's first pregnancy, which may be of a child before Germanicus who must have died in infancy or early childhood.[1][2][3]

Drusus died in June 9 BC in Germany, due to complications from injuries he sustained after falling from a horse. After his death, although pressured by her uncle to remarry, she never did.

Antonia raised her children in Rome. Tiberius adopted Germanicus in 4 AD.[4] Germanicus died in 19 AD, allegedly poisoned through the handiwork of Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso and Munatia Plancina. Tacitus suggests but does not outright say in Annals 3.3 that, on the orders of Tiberius and Livia Drusilla, Antonia was forbidden to go to his funeral. When Livia Drusilla died in June of 29 AD, Antonia took care of her younger grandchildren Caligula, Agrippina the Younger, Julia Drusilla, Julia Livilla, and later Claudia Antonia.[citation needed]

Conflict with Livilla

[edit]

In 31 AD, a plot by her daughter Livilla and Tiberius’ notorious Praetorian prefect, Sejanus, to murder the Emperor Tiberius and Caligula and to seize the throne for themselves, was exposed by Apicata, the estranged ex-wife of Sejanus. Livilla allegedly poisoned her husband, Tiberius' son, Drusus Julius Caesar (nicknamed "Castor"), in 23 AD to remove him as a rival.

Sejanus was executed before Livilla was implicated in the crime. After Apicata's accusation, which came in the form of a letter to the emperor, several co-conspirators were executed while Livilla was handed over to her formidable mother for punishment. Cassius Dio states that Antonia imprisoned Livilla in her room until she starved to death.[5]

Succession of Caligula and death

[edit]

When Tiberius died, Caligula became emperor in March 37 AD. Caligula awarded her a senatorial decree, granting her all the honors that Livia Drusilla had received in her lifetime. She was also offered the title of Augusta, previously only given to Augustus's wife Livia, but rejected it.

Antonia died on 1 May 37. Suetonius and Cassius Dio claim she was driven to suicide by Caligula. According to Barrett,[6]

But since he had not reached Rome until 28 March, and was absent from the city for much of April, collecting the remains of his mother and brother, there would hardly have been much time to drive Antonia to her death by insulting behaviour. It is also difficult to imagine that he would have paid her no honours on her death, as Suetonius implies. She died at a time when the euphoria of the beginning of his reign was still rampant, and quite apart from any question of personal affection, a public slight at this time to the most respected woman in Rome, whose death was marked in local Fasti, would have been politically unimaginable.


When Claudius became emperor after his nephew's assassination in 41 AD, he gave his mother the title of Augusta. Her birthday became a public holiday, which had yearly games and public sacrifices held. An image of her was paraded in a carriage.

Cultural depictions

[edit]
Likeness after a bust of Antonia on an engraved gem found at Stanwix, near Carlisle.

She is remembered in De Mulieribus Claris, a collection of biographies of historical and mythological women by the Florentine author Giovanni Boccaccio, composed in 1361–62. It is notable as the first collection devoted exclusively to biographies of women in Western literature.[7]

Antonia is one of the main characters in the novel I, Claudius. In the 1976 television adaptation of the book she is portrayed by Margaret Tyzack. She is a loyal wife deeply in love with her husband Nero Claudius Drusus. However, she is unloving towards her son Claudius, whom she regards as a fool. Furthermore, after finding evidence that Livilla murdered her husband Drusus Julius Caesar and rightfully believing she was also poisoning her daughter for the same reason, she kills Livilla by locking her in her room until she starves to death. During the reign of Caligula she is so disgusted by the state of Rome that she commits suicide.

She is a leading character in the novel by Lindsey Davis, The Course of Honour (1997), where she guides and advises Claudius and his supporters.

In the 1968 ITV historical drama The Caesars, Antonia was indirectly mentioned by Tiberius (played by André Morell), who noted that Germanicus was a blood relative of Augustus on his mother's [Antonia] side.

Colleen Dewhurst portrayed Antonia opposite Susan Sarandon as Livilla in the 1985 miniseries A.D.

Isabelle Connolly (adult) and Beau Gadsdon (child) portrayed Antonia in British-Italian historical drama television series Domina (2021).

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Also known as Antonia the Younger or simply Antonia.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Kokkinos, Nikos (1992). Antonia Augusta: Portrait of a Great Roman Lady. Psychology Press. p. 11. ISBN 9780415080293.
  2. ^ Hemelrijk, Emily Ann (2004). Matrona Docta: Educated Women in the Roman Élite from Cornelia to Julia Domna. Psychology Press. p. 109. ISBN 9780415341271.
  3. ^ Ypsilanti, Maria (2003). An Edition with Commentary of the Selected Epigrams of Crinagoras (PDF) (Thesis). University College London.
  4. ^ (Suetonius Tiberius 15, Gai. 1., Div. Claudius 2)
  5. ^ Cassius Dio Histories 58.11.7
  6. ^ Barrett, A. A., 1989, Caligula. The Corruption of Power, 62. The date is derived from the Fasti Ostienses which states that Antonia died on the Kalends of May, 'K. Mais Antonia diem suum obit', supplied by Smallwood, E., 1967, Documents Illustrating The Principates of Gaius, Claudius and Nero, Cambridge University Press, no. 31, p. 28.
  7. ^ Boccaccio, Giovanni (2003). Famous Women. I Tatti Renaissance Library. Vol. 1. Translated by Virginia Brown. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. xi. ISBN 0-674-01130-9.

Sources

[edit]

Ancient

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Antonia Minor.

Secondary

[edit]
  • E. Groag, A. Stein, L. Petersen - e.a. (edd.), Prosopographia Imperii Romani saeculi I, II et III, Berlin, 1933 - . (PIR2)
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