Architecture of Iraq: Difference between revisions
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[[File:001125-SaddamPalace-Iraq-IMG 8055-2.jpg|thumb|Saddam Hussein's Palace in [[Hillah]]]]<!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> |
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| ⚫ | [[File:Uruk Archaeological site at Warka.jpg|thumb|[[Uruk]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=The Ahwar of Southern Iraq: Refuge of Biodiversity and the Relict Landscape of the Mesopotamian Cities|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1481/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721194513/http://whc.unesco.org:80/en/list/1481 |archive-date=2016-07-21 |access-date=2021-01-30|website=[[UNESCO]]|language=en}}</ref>]] |
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== Mesopotamian == |
== Mesopotamian == |
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== Islamic == |
== Islamic == |
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| ⚫ | [[File:سامراء_Samarra-Wielki_Meczet_ze_spiralnym_minaretem_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|The spiral minaret of the [[Great Mosque of Samarra]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Samarra Archaeological City|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/276/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-30|website=[[UNESCO]]|language=en}}</ref>]] |
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[[Islamic architecture]] would flourish during the Umayyad, Abbasid, and Ottoman periods. |
[[Islamic architecture]] would flourish during the Umayyad, Abbasid, and Ottoman periods. |
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===Early Caliphate=== |
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{{see also|Rashidun Caliphate|Islamic architecture|Kufa|Basra}} |
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| ⚫ | In the mid 8th century, the [[Round city of Baghdad]] was founded as the Abbasid capital, following the Abbasid victory over the Umayyad |
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| ⚫ | [[File:سامراء_Samarra-Wielki_Meczet_ze_spiralnym_minaretem_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|The spiral minaret of the [[Great Mosque of Samarra]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Samarra Archaeological City |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/276/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912052029/http://whc.unesco.org:80/en/list/276 |archive-date=2007-09-12 |access-date=2021-01-30 |website=[[UNESCO]] |language=en}}</ref>|left]] |
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Under Early Caliphs buildings and Mosques were built. The city of [[Basra]] was founded by caliph [[Omar]]. Kufa was also founded by Omar and given its name in 637–638 CE, about the same time as Basra. The region of Iraq was the important Military base of [[Rashidun Caliphate|early Caliphate]] |
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===Umayyad architecture=== |
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{{see also|Umayyad architecture}} |
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Umayyad architecture developed in the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] between 661 and 750, primarily in its heartlands of [[Syria]], [[Jund Filastin|Palestine]] and [[List of Umayyad governors of Iraq|Iraq]]. |
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The Umayyad caliphate was established in 661, when Caliph [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] [[Hasan–Muawiya treaty|abdicated]] to Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan, founder of the [[Umayyad dynasty]]. [[Muawiyah I]], governor of Syria, became the first Umayyad caliph. Under the Umayyads the [[Caliphate|Arab empire]] continued to expand, eventually extending to Central Asia and the borders of [[India]] in the east, Yemen in the south, the Atlantic coast of what is now [[Morocco]] and the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in the west.{{sfn|Petersen|2002|p=295}} The Umayyads built new cities, often unfortified military camps that provided bases for further conquests. [[Wasit, Iraq|Wasit]] in [[Iraq]] was the most important of these, and included a square Friday mosque with a [[hypostyle]] roof.{{sfn|Petersen|2002|p=295}} |
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===Abbasid architecture=== |
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{{see also|Abbasid architecture}} |
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| ⚫ | In the mid 8th century, the [[Round city of Baghdad]] was founded as the Abbasid capital, following the Abbasid victory over the Umayyad caliphate. While the Umayyads had typically reused pre-Islamic buildings in the cities they had conquered, by the Abbasid era many of these structures required replacement. Abbasids founded many cities throughout the Empire. In 836 [[Abbasid Samarra|Samarra]] was founded. The core area of the city was initially constructed in the reign of [[al-Mu'tasim]], with further development taking place under [[al-Wathiq]] and [[al-Mutawakkil]].<ref>{{harvnb|Northedge|2008|pp=97–100, 122 ff.}}</ref> |
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=== Ottoman === |
=== Ottoman === |
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=== Kingdom of Iraq === |
=== Kingdom of Iraq === |
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In the |
In the 1950s, as Iraq became wealthier due to oil revenue during the reign of [[Faisal II of Iraq|King Faisal II]], several important projects were commissioned. Numerous foreign architects, including [[Walter Gropius|Walter Groupius]] and [[Le Corbusier]] were invited to Iraq to design various public buildings during this period.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=CNN.com - Frank Lloyd Wright's plans for greater Baghdad - Sep. 29, 2003|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2003/TRAVEL/09/29/hln.hot.eye.baghdad.architecture/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040917084857/http://edition.cnn.com:80/2003/TRAVEL/09/29/hln.hot.eye.baghdad.architecture/ |archive-date=2004-09-17 |access-date=2021-01-30|website=edition.cnn.com}}</ref> Among these was American architect [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], who drew up the [[Plan for Greater Baghdad]], which would include a cultural center, opera house, and university on the outskirts of Baghdad.<ref name=":0" /> However, it was never built due to the collapse of the monarchy in 1958. |
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=== Post 1958 === |
=== Post 1958 === |
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During his tenure as President, [[Saddam Hussein]] oversaw the construction of several monuments and palaces, including the [[Victory Arch]].<ref>{{Cite web |
During his tenure as President, [[Saddam Hussein]] oversaw the construction of several monuments and palaces, including the [[Victory Arch]] and [[al Faw Palace]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saddam Hussain's architectural heritage—and what to do with it|url=https://archinect.com/news/article/149968391/saddam-hussain-s-architectural-heritage-and-what-to-do-with-it|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916102747/http://archinect.com:80/news/article/149968391/saddam-hussain-s-architectural-heritage-and-what-to-do-with-it |archive-date=2016-09-16 |access-date=2021-01-30|website=Archinect|language=en}}</ref> Many of these have been described as [[Kitsch|tacky]], and unrepresentative of actual Iraqi architectural tradition.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Donaldson-Evans|first=Catherine|date=2015-03-25|title=Saddam's Palaces Are Tasteless and Tacky|url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/saddams-palaces-are-tasteless-and-tacky|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-30|website=Fox News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Architecture After Excess: The Palaces of Saddam's Baghdad|url=https://failedarchitecture.com/architecture-after-excess-the-palaces-of-saddams-baghdad/|access-date=2021-01-29|website=Failed Architecture|language=en}}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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=== Bibliography === |
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* {{cite book | title=The Historical Topography of Samarra: Samarra Studies I | last=Northedge | first=Alastair | year=2008 | publisher=The British School of Archeology in Iraq | location=London |isbn=9780903472227 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xmhtAAAAMAAJ }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Petersen|first=Andrew|title=Dictionary of Islamic Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gVQj7bW0W9MC&pg=PA86|access-date=2013-03-06 |date=2002-03-11|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-20387-3}} |
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{{Asia in topic|Architecture of|state=}} |
{{Asia in topic|Architecture of|state=}} |
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[[Category:Architecture |
[[Category:Architecture in Iraq]] |
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Latest revision as of 19:32, 31 October 2024
The architecture of Iraq encompasses the buildings of various architectural styles that exist in Iraq.
Mesopotamian
[edit]![[icon]](/enwiki/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2021) |
Islamic
[edit]Islamic architecture would flourish during the Umayyad, Abbasid, and Ottoman periods.
Early Caliphate
[edit]
Under Early Caliphs buildings and Mosques were built. The city of Basra was founded by caliph Omar. Kufa was also founded by Omar and given its name in 637–638 CE, about the same time as Basra. The region of Iraq was the important Military base of early Caliphate
Umayyad architecture
[edit]Umayyad architecture developed in the Umayyad Caliphate between 661 and 750, primarily in its heartlands of Syria, Palestine and Iraq.
The Umayyad caliphate was established in 661, when Caliph Hasan abdicated to Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan, founder of the Umayyad dynasty. Muawiyah I, governor of Syria, became the first Umayyad caliph. Under the Umayyads the Arab empire continued to expand, eventually extending to Central Asia and the borders of India in the east, Yemen in the south, the Atlantic coast of what is now Morocco and the Iberian Peninsula in the west.[3] The Umayyads built new cities, often unfortified military camps that provided bases for further conquests. Wasit in Iraq was the most important of these, and included a square Friday mosque with a hypostyle roof.[3]
Abbasid architecture
[edit]In the mid 8th century, the Round city of Baghdad was founded as the Abbasid capital, following the Abbasid victory over the Umayyad caliphate. While the Umayyads had typically reused pre-Islamic buildings in the cities they had conquered, by the Abbasid era many of these structures required replacement. Abbasids founded many cities throughout the Empire. In 836 Samarra was founded. The core area of the city was initially constructed in the reign of al-Mu'tasim, with further development taking place under al-Wathiq and al-Mutawakkil.[4]
Ottoman
[edit]The Al-Wazeer Mosque, Al-Maqam Mosque, are examples of Ottoman architecture in Iraq.
Modern
[edit]Kingdom of Iraq
[edit]In the 1950s, as Iraq became wealthier due to oil revenue during the reign of King Faisal II, several important projects were commissioned. Numerous foreign architects, including Walter Groupius and Le Corbusier were invited to Iraq to design various public buildings during this period.[5] Among these was American architect Frank Lloyd Wright, who drew up the Plan for Greater Baghdad, which would include a cultural center, opera house, and university on the outskirts of Baghdad.[5] However, it was never built due to the collapse of the monarchy in 1958.
Post 1958
[edit]During his tenure as President, Saddam Hussein oversaw the construction of several monuments and palaces, including the Victory Arch and al Faw Palace.[6] Many of these have been described as tacky, and unrepresentative of actual Iraqi architectural tradition.[7][8]
References
[edit]- ^ "The Ahwar of Southern Iraq: Refuge of Biodiversity and the Relict Landscape of the Mesopotamian Cities". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2016-07-21. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
- ^ "Samarra Archaeological City". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2007-09-12. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
- ^ a b Petersen 2002, p. 295.
- ^ Northedge 2008, pp. 97–100, 122 ff.
- ^ a b "CNN.com - Frank Lloyd Wright's plans for greater Baghdad - Sep. 29, 2003". edition.cnn.com. Archived from the original on 2004-09-17. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
- ^ "Saddam Hussain's architectural heritage—and what to do with it". Archinect. Archived from the original on 2016-09-16. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
- ^ Donaldson-Evans, Catherine (2015-03-25). "Saddam's Palaces Are Tasteless and Tacky". Fox News. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
- ^ "Architecture After Excess: The Palaces of Saddam's Baghdad". Failed Architecture. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
Bibliography
[edit]- Al-Janabi, Tariq Jawad (1982). Studies In Mediaeval Iraqi Architecture. Baghdad: Republic of Iraq. Iraq: Ministry of Culture and Information State Organization of Antiquities and Heritage.
- Le Strange, Guy (1900). Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate from contemporary Arabic and Persian Sources.
- Northedge, Alastair (2008). The Historical Topography of Samarra: Samarra Studies I. London: The British School of Archeology in Iraq. ISBN 9780903472227.
- Petersen, Andrew (2002-03-11). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-203-20387-3. Retrieved 2013-03-06.
