Jump to content

Brook floater: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Content deleted Content added
m Distribution: minor fixes, mostly disambig links using AWB
small grammatical errors, no content changes.
 
(29 intermediate revisions by 18 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Species of bivalve}}
<!-- This article was auto-generated by [[User:Polbot]]. -->
{{Speciesbox
{{Taxobox
| name = Brook floater
| name = Brook floater
| image = Alasmidonta varicosa - Springfield Science Museum - Springfield, MA - DSC03461.JPG
| image = Alasmidonta varicosa - Springfield Science Museum - Springfield, MA - DSC03461.JPG
| status = DD | status_system = IUCN2.3
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref =<ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Woolnough, D. |author2=Bogan, A.E. |date=2017 |title=''Alasmidonta varicosa'' |volume=2017 |page=e.T781A69490583 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T781A69490583.en |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Mollusca]]
| genus = Alasmidonta
| classis = [[Bivalvia]]
| species = varicosa
| authority = ([[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarck]], 1819)
| ordo = [[Unionoida]]
| synonyms = ''Alismodonta varicosa'' (Lamarck, 1819)
| familia = [[Unionidae]]
}}
| genus = ''[[Alasmidonta]]''
| species = '''''A. varicosa'''''
| binomial = ''Alasmidonta varicosa''
| binomial_authority = ([[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarck]], 1819)
| synonyms = ''Alismodonta varicosa'' (Lamarck, 1819)}}
{{Commons category|Alasmidonta varicosa}}
{{Commons category|Alasmidonta varicosa}}


The '''brook floater''' (also known as swollen wedgmussel),<ref name="mass.gov">{{cite web|last=Nedeau|first=Ethan|url=http://www.mass.gov/eea/docs/dfg/nhesp/species-and-conservation/nhfacts/alasmidonta-varicosa.pdf|title=Brook Floater|date=2007|publisher=mass.gov|accessdate=June 23, 2015}}</ref> ''Alasmidonta varicosa'', is a [[species]] of freshwater mussel, an [[Aquatic animal|aquatic]] [[bivalve]] [[mollusk]] in the family [[Unionidae]], the river mussels. It measures 25.1 mm to 80.2 mm in length<ref>{{cite web|author=Janet L. Clayton, Craig W. Stihler and Jack L. Wallace|url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1656/1092-6194%282001%29008%5B0179:SOAPIT%5D2.0.CO%3B2|title=STATUS OF AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS TO THE FRESHWATER BIVALVES (UNIONIDAE) IN PATTERSON CREEK, WEST VIRGINIA|date=2001|publisher=bioone.org|accessdate=June 23, 2015}}</ref> although other research also suggests it rarely exceeds three inces (75 mm).<ref name="mass.gov"/>
The '''brook floater'''<ref name="mass.gov">{{cite web|last=Nedeau|first=Ethan|url=http://www.mass.gov/eea/docs/dfg/nhesp/species-and-conservation/nhfacts/alasmidonta-varicosa.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921133437/http://www.mass.gov/eea/docs/dfg/nhesp/species-and-conservation/nhfacts/alasmidonta-varicosa.pdf|archive-date=21 September 2017|date=1 November 2009|orig-date=Originally published as "Brook Floater Fact Sheet" in December 2007|title=Brook Floater|publisher=mass.gov}}</ref> or '''swollen wedgemussel''',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mass.gov/news/species-spotlight-brook-floater|title=News Species Spotlight: Brook floater|author=MassWildlife's Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program|date=28 February 2020|website=Division of Fisheries and Wildlife|publisher=Commonwealth of Massachusetts|access-date=7 August 2023}}</ref> '''''Alasmidonta varicosa''''', is a [[species]] of freshwater mussel, an [[Aquatic animal|aquatic]] [[bivalve]] [[mollusk]] in the family [[Unionidae]], the river mussels. It measures 25.1&nbsp;mm to 80.2&nbsp;mm in length<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Janet L. Clayton, Craig W. Stihler and Jack L. Wallace|title=Status of and Potential Impacts to the Freshwater Bivalves (Unionidae) in Patterson Creek, West Virginia|journal=Northeastern Naturalist|volume=8|issue=2|pages=179–188|date=2001|doi=10.1656/1092-6194(2001)008[0179:SOAPIT]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> although other research also suggests it rarely exceeds three inches (75&nbsp;mm).<ref name="mass.gov"/>


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
This species is found in [[Canada]] (New Brunswick and Nova Scotia)<ref>Caroline Caissie, Dominique Audet, [http://shediacbaywatershed.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Freshwater-mussel-Inventory-in-Shd-and-Scd-Rivers-FWM_Final-Report-March_2006.pdf Freshwater Mussel Inventory in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers], New Brunswick Wildlife Trust Fund, 2006, p. 12. Accessed August 21, 2014</ref> and northeastern [[United States]] ([[Connecticut]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Maine]], [[Maryland]], [[Massachusetts]], [[New Hampshire]], [[New Jersey]], [[New York]], [[North Carolina]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[South Carolina]], [[Vermont]], [[Virginia]] and [[West Virginia]]);<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=F03D#conservationPlans|title=Brook floater (Alasmidonta varicosa)|publisher=ecos.fws.gov|accessdate=June 23, 2015}}</ref> It was formerly found in [[Rhode Island]] and four watersheds in Massachusetts.<ref name="mass.gov"/> 1897 Research by [[Arnold Edward Ortmann]] showed it to be common in the [[Delaware River|Delaware]] and [[Susquehanna River|Susquehanna]] Rivers.<ref>{{cite book |author=Arnold Edward Ortmann |date=1897 |title=Collected papers, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GnYuAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA370&dq=Alasmidonta+varicosa&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OU6KVcGkJ4ScyQSAsaL4Cw&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Alasmidonta%20varicosa&f=false |publisher=self-published |access-date=June 23, 2015}}</ref>
This species is found in [[Canada]] (New Brunswick and Nova Scotia)<ref>Caroline Caissie, Dominique Audet, [http://shediacbaywatershed.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Freshwater-mussel-Inventory-in-Shd-and-Scd-Rivers-FWM_Final-Report-March_2006.pdf Freshwater Mussel Inventory in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624133003/http://shediacbaywatershed.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Freshwater-mussel-Inventory-in-Shd-and-Scd-Rivers-FWM_Final-Report-March_2006.pdf |date=2015-06-24 }}, New Brunswick Wildlife Trust Fund, 2006, p. 12. Accessed August 21, 2014</ref> and northeastern [[United States]] ([[Connecticut]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Maine]], [[Maryland]], [[Massachusetts]], [[New Hampshire]], [[New Jersey]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[North Carolina]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[South Carolina]], [[Vermont]], [[Virginia]] and [[West Virginia]]);<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=F03D#conservationPlans|title=Brook floater (Alasmidonta varicosa)|publisher=ecos.fws.gov|accessdate=June 23, 2015}}</ref> It was formerly found in [[Rhode Island]] and four watersheds in Massachusetts but are now extinct in Rhode Island and almost extinct in Massachusetts.<ref name="mass.gov"/> 1897 Research by [[Arnold Edward Ortmann]] showed it to be common in the [[Delaware River|Delaware]] and [[Susquehanna River|Susquehanna]] Rivers.<ref>{{cite book |author=Arnold Edward Ortmann |date=1897 |title=Collected papers, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GnYuAAAAIAAJ&q=Alasmidonta+varicosa&pg=RA1-PA370 |publisher=self-published |access-date=June 23, 2015}}</ref>


==Habitat and behavior==
==Habitat and behavior==
This mussel lives in high relief streams, under boulders and in sand. Research has shown that it is highly sensitive to increased thermal temperature.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.co2science.org/articles/V16/N14/B1.php|title=Thermal History Impacts Thermal Tolerance of Freshwater Mussels|publisher=co2science.org|accessdate=June 23, 2015}}</ref> It associates with [[longnose dace|longnose]] and [[blacknose dace]], [[golden shiner]], [[pumpkinseed]], [[slimy sculpin]] and [[yellow perch]].<ref name="ConnecticutWildlife">{{cite book |last=Hammerson |first=Geoffrey A. |date=2004 |title=Connecticut Wildlife: Biodiversity, Natural History, and Conservation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FWc3zDq9P10C&pg=PA205&dq=Alasmidonta+varicosa&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qkaKVerMNMzwsAXOhangAw&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Alasmidonta%20varicosa&f=false |publisher=[[University Press of New England]] |page=205 |isbn=1584653698 |access-date=June 23, 2015}}</ref>
This mussel lives in high relief streams, under boulders and in sand. Research has shown that it is highly sensitive to increased thermal temperature.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.co2science.org/articles/V16/N14/B1.php|title=Thermal History Impacts Thermal Tolerance of Freshwater Mussels|publisher=co2science.org|accessdate=June 23, 2015}}</ref> It associates with [[longnose dace|longnose]] and [[eastern blacknose dace]], [[golden shiner]], [[pumpkinseed]], [[slimy sculpin]] and [[yellow perch]].<ref name="ConnecticutWildlife">{{cite book |last=Hammerson |first=Geoffrey A. |date=2004 |title=Connecticut Wildlife: Biodiversity, Natural History, and Conservation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FWc3zDq9P10C&q=Alasmidonta+varicosa&pg=PA205 |publisher=[[University Press of New England]] |page=205 |isbn=978-1584653691 |access-date=June 23, 2015}}</ref>


==Survival threats and conservation==
==Survival threats and conservation==
The brook floater is sensitive to habitat loss for development, dams and road crossings, pollution, summer droughts, trampling, sedimentation, flow alteration, and low oxygen conditions. Hybridization with [[elktoe]] (''Alasmidonta marginata''), a longtime ally, has also shown to be a threat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1674/0003-0031%281999%29142%5B0328:CITDOF%5D2.0.CO%3B2|title=Changes in the Distribution of Freshwater Mussels (Unionidae) in the Upper Susquehanna River Basin, 1955–1965 to 1996–1997|publisher=bioone.org|accessdate=June 23, 2015}}</ref> Research has also shown the population is highly fragmented, low in density, prone to mortality due to old age and there are also low chances of longevity and viable reproduction.<ref name="mass.gov"/> [[Trematoda]] ''rhopalocercous cercaria'' is a parsite of the brook floater.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3223759?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents|title=Cercaria tiogae Fischthal, 1953, a Rhopalocercous Form from the Clam, Alasmidonta varicosa (Lamarck)|date=1954|publisher=American Microscopical Society|accessdate=June 23, 2015}}</ref> Current research shows population that were largely and widespread known declined by 50% t0 95% to almost extinct.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rcngrants.org/content/conservation-status-brook-floater-mussel-alasmidonta-varicosa-northeastern-united-states|title=The conservation status of the brook floater mussel, Alasmidonta varicosa, in the Northeastern United States: trends in distribution, occurrence, and condition of populations|publisher=rcngrants.org|accessdate=June 23, 2015}}</ref>
The brook floater is sensitive to habitat loss for development, dams and road crossings, pollution, summer droughts, trampling, sedimentation, flow alteration, and low oxygen conditions. Hybridization with [[elktoe]] (''Alasmidonta marginata''), a longtime ally, has also been shown to be a threat.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Changes in the Distribution of Freshwater Mussels (Unionidae) in the Upper Susquehanna River Basin, 1955–1965 to 1996–1997|journal=The American Midland Naturalist|volume=142|issue=2|pages=328|doi=10.1674/0003-0031(1999)142[0328:CITDOF]2.0.CO;2|year=1999|last1=Strayer|first1=David L.|last2=Fetterman|first2=Andrew R.}}</ref> Research has also shown the population is highly fragmented, low in density, prone to mortality due to old age and there are also low chances of longevity and viable reproduction.<ref name="mass.gov"/> [[Trematoda]] ''rhopalocercous cercaria'' is a parasite of the brook floater.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=3223759|title=Cercaria tiogae Fischthal, 1953, a Rhopalocercous Form from the Clam, Alasmidonta varicosa (Lamarck)|journal=Transactions of the American Microscopical Society|volume=73|issue=2|pages=210–215|date=1954|last1=Fischthal|first1=Jacob H.|doi=10.2307/3223759}}</ref> Current research shows populations that were large and widespread have declined by 50% to 95% to almost extinct.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rcngrants.org/content/conservation-status-brook-floater-mussel-alasmidonta-varicosa-northeastern-united-states|title=The conservation status of the brook floater mussel, Alasmidonta varicosa, in the Northeastern United States: trends in distribution, occurrence, and condition of populations|publisher=rcngrants.org|accessdate=June 23, 2015}}</ref>


While the IUCN lists it as Data Deficient, the states of New Jersey, Virginia, Massachusetts and New Hampshire<ref name="mass.gov"/> all list it as Endangered,<ref>{{cite book |author=Thomas F. Nalepa, Don W. Schloesser |date=2013 |title=Quagga and Zebra Mussels: Biology, Impacts, and Control, Second Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cy7OBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA206&dq=Alasmidonta+varicosa&hl=en&sa=X&ei=90iKVejFMNCSyATy9qDICQ&ved=0CBwQ6AEwADgU#v=onepage&q=Alasmidonta%20varicosa&f=false |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |page=206 |isbn=1439854378 |access-date=June 23, 2015}}</ref> Threatened in Vermont, Maine and New York,<ref>{{cite book |last=McBroom |first=Matthew |date=2013 |title=The Effects of Induced Hydraulic Fracturing on the Environment: Commercial Demands vs. Water, Wildlife, and Human Ecosystems |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U6GNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA285&dq=Alasmidonta+varicosa&hl=en&sa=X&ei=90iKVejFMNCSyATy9qDICQ&ved=0CEMQ6AEwCDgU#v=onepage&q=Alasmidonta%20varicosa&f=false |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |page=285 |isbn=1926895835 |access-date=June 23, 2015}}</ref> Rare/Endangered in Connecticut,<ref name="ConnecticutWildlife"/> and "Species of Special Concern" by the federal government.<ref>{{cite book |author=Bruce E. Beans, Larry Niles |date=2003 |title=Endangered and Threatened Wildlife of New Jersey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AihUrC8PfOkC&pg=PA257&dq=Alasmidonta+varicosa&hl=en&sa=X&ei=D0eKVeGkCsqjsAWEipCwBA&ved=0CDIQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=Alasmidonta%20varicosa&f=false |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |page=257 |isbn=0813532094 |access-date=June 23, 2015}}</ref>
While the IUCN lists it as Vulnerable, the states of New Jersey, Virginia, Massachusetts and New Hampshire<ref name="mass.gov"/> all list it as Endangered,<ref>{{cite book |author=Thomas F. Nalepa, Don W. Schloesser |date=2013 |title=Quagga and Zebra Mussels: Biology, Impacts, and Control, Second Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cy7OBQAAQBAJ&q=Alasmidonta+varicosa&pg=PA206 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |page=206 |isbn=978-1439854372 |access-date=June 23, 2015}}</ref> Threatened in Vermont, Maine and New York,<ref>{{cite book |last=McBroom |first=Matthew |date=2013 |title=The Effects of Induced Hydraulic Fracturing on the Environment: Commercial Demands vs. Water, Wildlife, and Human Ecosystems |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U6GNAgAAQBAJ&q=Alasmidonta+varicosa&pg=PA285 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |page=285 |isbn=978-1926895833 |access-date=June 23, 2015}}</ref> Rare/Endangered in Connecticut,<ref name="ConnecticutWildlife"/> Extinct in Rhode Island and "Species of Special Concern" by the federal government.<ref>{{cite book |author=Bruce E. Beans, Larry Niles |date=2003 |title=Endangered and Threatened Wildlife of New Jersey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AihUrC8PfOkC&q=Alasmidonta+varicosa&pg=PA257 |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |page=257 |isbn=978-0813532097 |access-date=June 23, 2015}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
* Bogan, A.E 2000. [http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/781/all Alasmidonta varicosa]. [http://www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. ] Downloaded on 6 August 2007.


{{Taxonbar|from=Q307597}}
[[Category:Alasmidonta]]


[[Category:Alasmidonta]]
[[Category:Bivalves described in 1819]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]


{{Unionidae-stub}}
{{Unionidae-stub}}

Latest revision as of 21:12, 31 October 2024

Brook floater
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Order: Unionida
Family: Unionidae
Genus: Alasmidonta
Species:
A. varicosa
Binomial name
Alasmidonta varicosa
(Lamarck, 1819)
Synonyms

Alismodonta varicosa (Lamarck, 1819)

The brook floater[2] or swollen wedgemussel,[3] Alasmidonta varicosa, is a species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Unionidae, the river mussels. It measures 25.1 mm to 80.2 mm in length[4] although other research also suggests it rarely exceeds three inches (75 mm).[2]

Distribution

[edit]

This species is found in Canada (New Brunswick and Nova Scotia)[5] and northeastern United States (Connecticut, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia and West Virginia);[6] It was formerly found in Rhode Island and four watersheds in Massachusetts but are now extinct in Rhode Island and almost extinct in Massachusetts.[2] 1897 Research by Arnold Edward Ortmann showed it to be common in the Delaware and Susquehanna Rivers.[7]

Habitat and behavior

[edit]

This mussel lives in high relief streams, under boulders and in sand. Research has shown that it is highly sensitive to increased thermal temperature.[8] It associates with longnose and eastern blacknose dace, golden shiner, pumpkinseed, slimy sculpin and yellow perch.[9]

Survival threats and conservation

[edit]

The brook floater is sensitive to habitat loss for development, dams and road crossings, pollution, summer droughts, trampling, sedimentation, flow alteration, and low oxygen conditions. Hybridization with elktoe (Alasmidonta marginata), a longtime ally, has also been shown to be a threat.[10] Research has also shown the population is highly fragmented, low in density, prone to mortality due to old age and there are also low chances of longevity and viable reproduction.[2] Trematoda rhopalocercous cercaria is a parasite of the brook floater.[11] Current research shows populations that were large and widespread have declined by 50% to 95% to almost extinct.[12]

While the IUCN lists it as Vulnerable, the states of New Jersey, Virginia, Massachusetts and New Hampshire[2] all list it as Endangered,[13] Threatened in Vermont, Maine and New York,[14] Rare/Endangered in Connecticut,[9] Extinct in Rhode Island and "Species of Special Concern" by the federal government.[15]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Woolnough, D.; Bogan, A.E. (2017). "Alasmidonta varicosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T781A69490583. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T781A69490583.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e Nedeau, Ethan (1 November 2009) [Originally published as "Brook Floater Fact Sheet" in December 2007]. "Brook Floater" (PDF). mass.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2017.
  3. ^ MassWildlife's Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program (28 February 2020). "News Species Spotlight: Brook floater". Division of Fisheries and Wildlife. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  4. ^ Janet L. Clayton, Craig W. Stihler and Jack L. Wallace (2001). "Status of and Potential Impacts to the Freshwater Bivalves (Unionidae) in Patterson Creek, West Virginia". Northeastern Naturalist. 8 (2): 179–188. doi:10.1656/1092-6194(2001)008[0179:SOAPIT]2.0.CO;2.
  5. ^ Caroline Caissie, Dominique Audet, Freshwater Mussel Inventory in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Archived 2015-06-24 at the Wayback Machine, New Brunswick Wildlife Trust Fund, 2006, p. 12. Accessed August 21, 2014
  6. ^ "Brook floater (Alasmidonta varicosa)". ecos.fws.gov. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
  7. ^ Arnold Edward Ortmann (1897). Collected papers, Volume 1. self-published. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
  8. ^ "Thermal History Impacts Thermal Tolerance of Freshwater Mussels". co2science.org. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
  9. ^ a b Hammerson, Geoffrey A. (2004). Connecticut Wildlife: Biodiversity, Natural History, and Conservation. University Press of New England. p. 205. ISBN 978-1584653691. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
  10. ^ Strayer, David L.; Fetterman, Andrew R. (1999). "Changes in the Distribution of Freshwater Mussels (Unionidae) in the Upper Susquehanna River Basin, 1955–1965 to 1996–1997". The American Midland Naturalist. 142 (2): 328. doi:10.1674/0003-0031(1999)142[0328:CITDOF]2.0.CO;2.
  11. ^ Fischthal, Jacob H. (1954). "Cercaria tiogae Fischthal, 1953, a Rhopalocercous Form from the Clam, Alasmidonta varicosa (Lamarck)". Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 73 (2): 210–215. doi:10.2307/3223759. JSTOR 3223759.
  12. ^ "The conservation status of the brook floater mussel, Alasmidonta varicosa, in the Northeastern United States: trends in distribution, occurrence, and condition of populations". rcngrants.org. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
  13. ^ Thomas F. Nalepa, Don W. Schloesser (2013). Quagga and Zebra Mussels: Biology, Impacts, and Control, Second Edition. CRC Press. p. 206. ISBN 978-1439854372. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
  14. ^ McBroom, Matthew (2013). The Effects of Induced Hydraulic Fracturing on the Environment: Commercial Demands vs. Water, Wildlife, and Human Ecosystems. CRC Press. p. 285. ISBN 978-1926895833. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
  15. ^ Bruce E. Beans, Larry Niles (2003). Endangered and Threatened Wildlife of New Jersey. Rutgers University Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-0813532097. Retrieved June 23, 2015.