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{{Short description|Sacred mountain in Imphal Valley}}
{{Short description|Hill in Imphal Valley, India}}
{{About|a mountain in [[Imphal Valley]]|the associated reserved forest|Nongmaiching Reserved Forest}}
{{About|a mountain in [[Imphal Valley]]|the associated reserved forest|Nongmaiching Reserved Forest}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox mountain
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Nongmaiching Ching
| name = Nongmaiching Hill
| other_name = Selloi Langmai Ching
| other_name = Nongmaijing Hill
| photo =
| photo =
| photo_size =
| photo_size =
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| photo_caption =
| photo_caption =
<!-- MAP CODE TBA -->
<!-- MAP CODE TBA -->
| map = India
| map = India Manipur#India
<!----------------------- HIGHEST POINT -->
<!----------------------- HIGHEST POINT -->
| highest =
| highest =
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| elevation_m =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft = 5133
| elevation_ft = 5133
| elevation_ref = <ref name="Basanta"/><ref name="The Indian Forester"/>
| elevation_ref = <ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2wMAQAAMAAJ&q=nongmaiching+ching |title=Modernisation, Challenge and Response A Study of the Chakpa Community of Manipur |year=2008 |isbn=9788183701525 |page=16 |language=en |quote=The 'Nongmaiching' hill is around 5133 ft, above the sea|last1=Basanta |first1=Ningombam }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7lOAAAAMAAJ&q=nongmaijing |title=The Indian Forester |date=1960 |publisher=R.P. Sharma |pages=100, 107 |language=en |quote=The formation is observed at Nongmaijing hill rising upto 1564m. in altitude. ... This forest is observed at Nongmaijing. The hill runs in a north and south direction. The highest peak is 1564 m. high above the sea level.}}</ref>
| elevation_system =
| elevation_system =
| prominence =
| prominence =
| prominence_m =
| prominence_m =
| prominence_ft = 2500
| prominence_ft = 2500
| prominence_ref = <ref>
| prominence_ref = <ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75k6AQAAMAAJ&q=nong-mai-ching+ching&pg=PA881 |title=The Twentieth Century |date=1891 |publisher=Nineteenth Century and After |page=881 |language=en |quote=Nong-mai-Ching, a fine hill rising 2,500 feet above the valley; turning to the northward and crossing two rivers we come again to the place from which we started.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQ8uAAAAYAAJ&q=nong-mai-ching+ching&pg=PA94 |title=The Living Age |date=1891 |publisher=Littell, Son and Company |page=94 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SbwCAAAAIAAJ&q=nong-mai-ching+ching&pg=PA881 |title=The Nineteenth Century |date=1891 |publisher=Henry S. King & Company |page=881 |language=en}}</ref>
{{Cite book |title=The Nineteenth Century - A Monthly Review |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Co |date=1891 |page=881 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75k6AQAAMAAJ&q=nong-mai-ching+ching&pg=PA881 |quote=Nong-mai-Ching, a fine hill rising 2,500 feet above the valley; turning to the northward and crossing two rivers we come again to the place from which we started.}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite book |title=The Living Age |date=1891 |publisher=Littell, Son and Company |page=94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQ8uAAAAYAAJ&q=nong-mai-ching+ching&pg=PA94}}
</ref>
| parent_peak =
| parent_peak =
| isolation =
| isolation =
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| native_name = {{native name|mni|Nongmaijing Ching}}
| native_name = {{native name|mni|Nongmaijing Ching}}
| native_name_lang = mni <!-- not used by |native_name= -->
| native_name_lang = mni <!-- not used by |native_name= -->
| translation = "Nongmaijing Mountain" or "Nongmaijing Hill" ([[#Etymology|see here]])
| translation =
| pronunciation = /nong-māi-jīng chīng/
| pronunciation = /nong-māi-jīng chīng/
| authority = {{flagicon image|..Manipur Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Government of Manipur]]
| authority = [[Government of Manipur]]
<!----------------------- GEOGRAPHY -->
<!----------------------- GEOGRAPHY -->
| location = [[Imphal Valley]] <!-- While location is not deprecated, use of country,state,region,district is preferred -->
| location = [[Imphal Valley]]
| country_type = <!-- For Antarctica, set to Continent -->
| country_type =
| country =
| country = India
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Manipur.svg}} [[Ancient Kangleipak]] (historical)
* {{IND}} (present)
<!-- If multiple, use {{enum}} or {{hlist}}. country1 to country18 is deprecated. -->
| state_type =
| state_type =
| state = [[Manipur]] <!-- If multiple, use {{enum}} or {{hlist}}. state1 to state18 is deprecated. -->
| state = [[Manipur]]
| region_type =
| region_type =
| region = [[Imphal Valley]] <!-- If multiple, use {{enum}} or {{hlist}}. region1 to region23 is deprecated. -->
| region = [[Imphal Valley]]
| district_type =
| district_type =
| district = [[Imphal East district]] <!-- If multiple, use {{enum}} or {{hlist}}. district1 to district18 is deprecated. -->
| district = [[Imphal East district]]
| part_type =
| part = <!-- If multiple, use {{enum}} or {{hlist}}. part1 to part19 is deprecated. -->
| settlement_type =
| settlement = <!-- If multiple, use {{enum}} or {{hlist}}. settlement1 to settlement18 is deprecated. -->
| range_coordinates =
| range_coordinates_ref =
| range =
| borders_on =
| topo_maker =
| topo_maker =
| topo_map =
| topo_map =
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| module =
| module =
}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
The '''Nongmaiching Ching''' ({{lang-mni|Nongmaijing Ching||Nongmaijing Mountain}}{{efn|The terms "Nongmaiching" ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯥꯏꯆꯤꯡ}}}}) and "Nongmaijing" ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯥꯏꯖꯤꯡ}}}}) are interchangeably used.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIBymmBWqgsC&dq=Nongmaiching+%2F+Nongmaijing&pg=PA6 |title=The Lois of Manipur Andro, Khurkhul, Phayeng and Sekmai |year=2002 |isbn=9788170998495 |page=6 |language=en|last1=Devi |first1=Lairenlakpam Bino }}</ref> But "Nongmaiching" is the one mentioned officially in the "Manipur Gazette".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iai4CiJApZAC&q=nongmaiching+ching |title=Manipur Gazette |publisher=[[Government of Manipur]] |year=1959 |location=India |page=4 |language=en}}</ref>}}), also known as the '''Selloi Langmai Ching''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanamahi Kiyong inaugurated: 09th jun19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=14..090619.jun19 |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=e-pao.net |quote=Selloi Langmai Ching (Nongmaijing Ching)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Dr Yumlembam Gopi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&q=Sheloi+Langmaiching+Nongmaijing+Hillsearch&pg=PA33 |title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture |publisher= |isbn=978-0-359-72919-7 |location=India |page=33 |language=en}}</ref> is a [[mountain]] in [[Imphal Valley]], [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite dictionary |entry-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1&matchtype=default |dictionary=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary |entry=nongmāijing |year=2006 |language=en, mni}}</ref> It has an altitude of around {{convert|5133|ft|m}}.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2wMAQAAMAAJ&q=nongmaiching+ching |title=Modernisation, Challenge and Response A Study of the Chakpa Community of Manipur |year=2008 |isbn=9788183701525 |page=16 |language=en |quote=The 'Nongmaiching' hill is around 5133 ft, above the sea|last1=Basanta |first1=Ningombam }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7lOAAAAMAAJ&q=nongmaijing |title=The Indian Forester |date=1960 |publisher=R.P. Sharma |pages=100, 107 |language=en |quote=The formation is observed at Nongmaijing hill rising upto 1564m. in altitude. ... This forest is observed at Nongmaijing. The hill runs in a north and south direction. The highest peak is 1564 m. high above the sea level.}}</ref> It is a holy [[pilgrimage]] site for the [[Meitei people]]. In [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei religion|religion]] ([[Sanamahism]]), it is a [[sacred mountain]] and the abode of God [[Nongpok Ningthou]] and Goddess [[Panthoibi]].<ref name="archive.org">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/politicssocietyc00brar/page/72/mode/2up?q=Nongpok+Ningthou+Panthoibi+Nongmaiching|title=Politics, society, and cosmology in India's North East|year=1998 |page=73|isbn=978-0-19-564331-2 |last1=Vijaylakshmi Brara |first1=N. }}</ref><ref name="Religion Of Manipur">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108375/page/13/mode/2up?q=Nongpok+Ningthou|title=Religion Of Manipur|year=1980 |publisher=Firma Klm }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Manipuri Literature|last=Singh|first=Ch Manihar|date=1996|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|isbn=978-81-260-0086-9|language=en}}</ref>
'''Nongmaiching Hill''' or '''Nongmaijing Hill''',<ref name="Bino Devi"/> also known as the '''Selloi Langmai Ching''',<ref name="Sanamahi Kiyong">
In [[Meitei folklore]], the Nongmaiching is described as the hill that produces ''"the seven [[days]] of a [[week]]"''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2wMAQAAMAAJ&q=nongmaiching+ching |title=Modernisation, Challenge and Response A Study of the Chakpa Community of Manipur |year=2008 |isbn=9788183701525 |page=19 |language=en |quote=So when an account is given on Nongmaiching' hill it is described as a hill which produces the seven (7) days of a week.|last1=Basanta |first1=Ningombam }}</ref>
{{Cite web |title=Sanamahi Kiyong inaugurated |newspaper=The Sangai Express |date=9 June 2019 |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=14..090619.jun19 |via=e-pao.net |quote=Selloi Langmai Ching (Nongmaijing Ching)}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Dr Yumlembam Gopi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&q=Sheloi+Langmaiching+Nongmaijing+Hillsearch&pg=PA33 |title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture |date=16 June 2019 |publisher= |isbn=978-0-359-72919-7 |location=India |page=33 }}
</ref> is a hill in the [[Imphal Valley]] in [[Manipur]], India.<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu">
{{Cite encyclopedia |entry-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1&matchtype=default |dictionary=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary |entry=nongmāijing |year=2006 |language=en, mni}}
</ref> It rises to the east of the [[Imphal|Imphal City]] with a peak at an elevation of {{convert|5133|ft|m}} above sea level.{{sfnp|Hodson, The Meitheis|1908|p=107}}<ref name="Basanta">
{{Cite book |last1=Basanta |first1=Ningombam |title=Modernisation, Challenge and Response A Study of the Chakpa Community of Manipur |year=2008 |isbn=9788183701525 |page=16 |quote=The 'Nongmaiching' hill is around 5133 ft, above the sea |publisher=Akansha Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2wMAQAAMAAJ&q=nongmaiching+ching}}
</ref><ref name="The Indian Forester">
{{Cite book |title=The Indian Forester |date=1960 |publisher=R.P. Sharma |pages=100, 107 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7lOAAAAMAAJ&q=nongmaijing |quote=The formation is observed at Nongmaijing hill rising upto 1564m. in altitude. ... This forest is observed at Nongmaijing. The hill runs in a north and south direction. The highest peak is 1564 m. high above the sea level.}}
</ref> It is a holy [[pilgrimage]] site for the [[Meitei people]]. In [[Meitei mythology]] and religion ([[Sanamahism]]), it is a [[sacred mountain]] and the abode of God [[Nongpok Ningthou]] and Goddess [[Panthoibi]].<ref name="Brara">
{{Cite book |last1=Brara |first1=N. Vijaylakshmi |title=Politics, society, and cosmology in India's North East |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |page=73 |isbn=978-0-19-564331-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/politicssocietyc00brar/page/72/mode/2up?q=Nongpok+Ningthou+Panthoibi+Nongmaiching}}
</ref><ref name="Parratt">
{{Cite book |last=Parratt |first=Saroj Nalini |title=Religion Of Manipur |year=1980 |publisher=Firma KLM |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108375/page/13/mode/2up?q=Nongpok+Ningthou |via=arachive.org}}
</ref><ref name="Singh 1996">
{{Cite book |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 }}
</ref>
In [[Meitei folklore]], the Nongmaiching is described as the hill that produces ''"the seven [[days]] of a [[week]]"''.<ref>
{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2wMAQAAMAAJ&q=nongmaiching+ching |title=Modernisation, Challenge and Response A Study of the Chakpa Community of Manipur |year=2008 |isbn=9788183701525 |page=19 |quote=So when an account is given on Nongmaiching' hill it is described as a hill which produces the seven (7) days of a week. |last1=Basanta |first1=Ningombam |publisher=Akansha Publishing House }}
</ref>


== Etymology ==
== Etymology ==
According to many scholars including [[Thomas Callan Hodson]] of the [[Cambridge University]], the [[Meitei language]] term "Nongmaiching" ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯥꯏꯆꯤꯡ}}}}) is derived from the terms, "nong" ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯅꯣꯡ}}}}), "mai" ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯃꯥꯏ}}}}) and "ching" ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯆꯤꯡ}}}}). Nong means [[sun]] or [[rain]], mai means [[face]] or "in front of", and ching means [[hill]] or [[mountain]]. So, "Nongmaiching" means "the hill that fronts the rain or sun".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rV5uAAAAMAAJ&q=nongmaiching+ching |title=Manipur: Law, customs, hill-men, language and religion |date=2003 |publisher=Akansha Publishing House |isbn=978-81-87606-31-4 |location=India |page=682 |language=en |quote=Nongmaiching , which seems to be derived from Nong = sun or rain , mai = face or in front of , and ching = hill , and to mean the hill that fronts the rain or sun .}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hodson |first=Thomas Callan |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.4056/page/n137/mode/1up?q=Nongmaiching+Ching |title=The Meitheis |date=1908 |publisher=D. Nutt |isbn=978-81-7536-149-2 |location=London |page=111 |language=en |quote=Nongmaiching , which seems to be derived from Nong = sun or rain , mai = face or in front of , and ching = hill , and to mean the hill that fronts the rain or sun .}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahluwalia |first=B. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7siAAAAMAAJ&q=nongmaiching+ching |title=Social Change in Manipur |date=1984 |publisher=Cultural Publishing House |page=152 |language=en |quote=Nongmaiching , which seems to be derived from Nong = sun or rain , mai = face or in front of , and ching hill , and to mean the bill that fronts the rain ar sun .}}</ref>
According to many scholars including [[Thomas Callan Hodson]] of the [[Cambridge University]], the [[Meitei language]] term "Nongmaiching" ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯥꯏꯆꯤꯡ}}}}) is derived from the terms, "nong" ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯡ}}}}), "mai" ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯥꯏ}}}}) and "ching" ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯤꯡ}}}}). Nong means [[sun]] or [[rain]], mai means [[face]] or "in front of", and ching means [[hill]] or [[mountain]]. So, "Nongmaiching" means "the hill that fronts the rain or sun".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rV5uAAAAMAAJ&q=nongmaiching+ching |title=Manipur: Law, customs, hill-men, language and religion |date=2003 |publisher=Akansha Publishing House |isbn=978-81-87606-31-4 |location=India |page=682 |quote=Nongmaiching , which seems to be derived from Nong = sun or rain , mai = face or in front of , and ching = hill , and to mean the hill that fronts the rain or sun .}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hodson |first=Thomas Callan |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.4056/page/n137/mode/1up?q=Nongmaiching+Ching |title=The Meitheis |date=1908 |publisher=D. Nutt |isbn=978-81-7536-149-2 |location=London |page=111 |quote=Nongmaiching , which seems to be derived from Nong = sun or rain , mai = face or in front of , and ching = hill , and to mean the hill that fronts the rain or sun .}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahluwalia |first=B. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7siAAAAMAAJ&q=nongmaiching+ching |title=Social Change in Manipur |date=1984 |publisher=Cultural Publishing House |page=152 |quote=Nongmaiching , which seems to be derived from Nong = sun or rain , mai = face or in front of , and ching hill , and to mean the bill that fronts the rain ar sun .}}</ref>


According to [[Tarak Chandra Das]] of the [[Calcutta University]], the term "Nongmaiching" is translated as "the hill which rises to the east of [[Imphal]] and which is the scene of a rain-compelling ceremony."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Tarakchandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gL85AQAAIAAJ&q=nongmaiching+ching |title=The Purums: An Old Kuki Tribe of Manipur |date=1945 |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |location=India |page=109 |language=en |quote=Nongmaiching, "the hill which rises to the east of Imphal and which is ..... the scene of a rain-compelling ceremony."}}</ref>
According to [[Tarak Chandra Das]] of the [[Calcutta University]], the term "Nongmaiching" is translated as "the hill which rises to the east of [[Imphal]] and which is the scene of a rain-compelling ceremony."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Tarakchandra |title=The Purums: An Old Kuki Tribe of Manipur |date=1945 |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |location=India |page=109 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.77636/page/n144/mode/1up |via=archive.org |quote=Nongmaiching, "the hill which rises to the east of Imphal and which is ..... the scene of a rain-compelling ceremony."}}</ref>


The terms "Nongmaiching" and "Nongmaijing" are interchangeably used.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIBymmBWqgsC&dq=Nongmaiching+%2F+Nongmaijing&pg=PA6 |title=The Lois of Manipur Andro, Khurkhul, Phayeng and Sekmai |year=2002 |isbn=9788170998495 |page=6 |language=en|last1=Devi |first1=Lairenlakpam Bino }}</ref>
The terms "Nongmaiching" and "Nongmaijing" are interchangeably used.<ref name="Bino Devi"/>


The term "Nongmaijing" ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯥꯏꯖꯤꯡ}}}}) may also mean [[Sunday]] in [[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]).<ref>{{Cite dictionary |entry-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1&matchtype=default |dictionary=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary |entry=nongmāijing |year=2006 |language=en, mni}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Primrose |first=A. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahkdugaujQ8C&dq=nongmaijing&pg=PA23 |title=A Manipuri Grammar, Vocabulary and Phrase Book |date=1995 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1025-5 |page=23 |language=en, mni}}</ref>
The term "Nongmaijing" may also mean [[Sunday]] in [[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]).<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Primrose |first=A. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahkdugaujQ8C&dq=nongmaijing&pg=PA23 |title=A Manipuri Grammar, Vocabulary and Phrase Book |date=1995 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1025-5 |page=23 |language=en, mni}}</ref>


According to the "Guide to the gods" by Marjorie Leach, the term "Nongmaiching" is defined as ''"A hill god of the [[Meitheis]], Manipur, Assam, India. (Hodson, 1908: 111)"''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leach |first=Marjorie |url=https://archive.org/details/guidetogods0000leac_k3w1/page/362/mode/2up?q=Nongmaiching |title=Guide to the gods |date=1992 |publisher=[[Gale Research]] |isbn=978-1-873477-85-4 |page=362}}</ref>
According to the "Guide to the gods" by Marjorie Leach, the term "Nongmaiching" is defined as ''"A hill god of the [[Meitheis]], Manipur, Assam, India. (Hodson, 1908: 111)"''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leach |first=Marjorie |url=https://archive.org/details/guidetogods0000leac_k3w1/page/362/mode/2up?q=Nongmaiching |title=Guide to the gods |date=1992 |publisher=[[Gale Research]] |isbn=978-1-873477-85-4 |page=362}}</ref>

== Geography ==
The Nongmaiching lies to the eastern side of [[Imphal]] city.<ref>
{{Cite book |last1=Prakash |first1=Col Ved |title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India Volume 4 |year=2007 |isbn=9788126907069 |page=1599 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxkC9S2jYCkC&dq=nongmaijing&pg=PA1599 }}
</ref> It separates [[Thoubal River]] valley from that of the [[Iril River]] and the [[Imphal River]]. The Nongmaiching is close to the [[Nongpok Sanjenbam, Imphal East]].<ref name="Bino Devi">
{{Cite book |last1=Bino Devi |first1=Lairenlakpam |title=The Lois of Manipur Andro, Khurkhul, Phayeng and Sekmai |year=2002 |isbn=9788170998495 |page=6 |publisher=Mittal Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIBymmBWqgsC&dq=Nongmaiching+%2F+Nongmaijing&pg=PA6}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite book |title=Louise Lightfoot in Search of India An Australian Dancer's Experience |publisher=[[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]] |isbn=9781443892582 |date=2017 |page=149 |quote=Nongmaijing Hill is one of the highest hills which separates the Thoubal Valley from that of the Iril and the Imphal. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6WfXDgAAQBAJ&dq=nongmaijing&pg=PA149}}
</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
{{See|Nongpok Ningthou#History|Nongmaiching Reserved Forest#History}}
{{Further|Nongpok Ningthou#History|Nongmaiching Reserved Forest#History}}
In the history of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]), the three out of the seven clans of [[Meitei ethnicity]], namely the [[Mangang]] ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|[[ꯃꯉꯥꯡ]]}}}}), the [[Luwang]] ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|[[ꯂꯨꯋꯥꯡ]]}}}}) and the [[Angom]] ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|[[ꯑꯉꯣꯝ]]}}}}) are historically associated with the Nongmaiching.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=nongmaiching+ching&pg=PA405 |title=Manipur, Past and Present The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization · Volume 4 |year=1988 |isbn=9788170998532 |location=India |page=405 |language=en|last1=Sanajaoba |first1=Naorem }}</ref>
In the history of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]), the three out of the seven clans of [[Meitei ethnicity]], namely the [[Mangang]], the [[Luwang]] and the [[Angom]] are historically associated with the Nongmaiching.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=nongmaiching+ching&pg=PA405 |title=Manipur, Past and Present The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization · Volume 4 |year=1988 |isbn=9788170998532 |location=India |page=405 |last1=Sanajaoba |first1=Naorem }}</ref>


Meitei King [[:simple:Ura Konthouba|Konthouba]] ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯎꯔꯥ ꯀꯣꯟꯊꯧꯕ}}}}) defeated many tribal chiefs and controlled their villages of Shelloi (Selloi) and Longmai (Langmai), near the present day Nongmaiching.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FsUJ0E3BXkMC&dq=nongmaiching+ching&pg=PA97 |title=Bleeding Manipur |year=2003 |isbn=9788124109021 |page=97 |language=en|last1=Tarapot |first1=Phanjoubam }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgHgCwAAQBAJ&dq=nongpok+ningthou&pg=PA80|title=Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness|last=Birajit|first=Soibam|date=2014-12-01|publisher=ARECOM ( Advanced Research Consortium, Manipur)|language=en|page=80}}</ref>
Meitei King [[:simple:Ura Konthouba|Konthouba]] defeated many tribal chiefs and controlled their villages of Shelloi (Selloi) and Longmai (Langmai), near the present day Nongmaiching.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FsUJ0E3BXkMC&dq=nongmaiching+ching&pg=PA97 |title=Bleeding Manipur |year=2003 |isbn=9788124109021 |page=97 |last1=Tarapot |first1=Phanjoubam |publisher=Har-Anand Publications }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgHgCwAAQBAJ&dq=nongpok+ningthou&pg=PA80 |title=Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness |last=Birajit |first=Soibam |date=2014-12-01 |publisher=ARECOM ( Advanced Research Consortium, Manipur) |page=80}}</ref>

== Geography ==
The Nongmaiching lies to the eastern side of [[Imphal]] city.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxkC9S2jYCkC&dq=nongmaijing&pg=PA1599 |title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India Volume 4 |year=2007 |isbn=9788126907069 |page=1599 |language=en|last1=Prakash |first1=Col Ved }}</ref> It separates [[Thoubal]] ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|[[ꯊꯧꯕꯥꯜ]]}}}}) valley from that of the [[Iril River]] ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|[[ꯏꯔꯤꯜ ꯇꯨꯔꯦꯜ]]}}}}) and the [[Imphal River]] ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|[[ꯏꯝꯐꯥꯜ ꯇꯨꯔꯦꯜ]]}}}}). The Nongmaiching is close to the [[Andro, Imphal East]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIBymmBWqgsC&dq=Nongmaiching+%2F+Nongmaijing&pg=PA6 |title=The Lois of Manipur Andro, Khurkhul, Phayeng and Sekmai |year=2002 |isbn=9788170998495 |page=6 |language=en|last1=Devi |first1=Lairenlakpam Bino }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6WfXDgAAQBAJ&dq=nongmaijing&pg=PA149 |title=Louise Lightfoot in Search of India An Australian Dancer's Experience |publisher=[[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]] |isbn=9781443892582 |date=2017 |page=149 |language=en |quote=Nongmaijing Hill is one of the highest hills which separates the Thoubal Valley from that of the Iril and the Imphal.}}</ref>


== Religious associations ==
== Religious associations ==
{{See|Nongpok Ningthou#Mythology}}
{{Further|Nongpok Ningthou#Mythology}}
[[File:Sanamahi Temple Imphal.jpg|thumb|300px|A temple dedicated to God [[Lainingthou Sanamahi]], built in [[Meitei architecture]], in the top of the Nongmaiching in [[Imphal East]]]]
[[File:Sanamahi Temple Imphal.jpg|thumb|300px|A temple dedicated to God [[Lainingthou Sanamahi]], built in [[Meitei architecture]], in the top of the Nongmaiching in [[Imphal East]]]]
The Nongmaiching is a holy [[pilgrimage]] site for the [[Meitei people]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUG4AAAAIAAJ&dq=nongmaiching+ching&pg=PA35 |title=Organizations and Officials Concerned with Wildlife Protection, 1945 |collaboration=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1945 |page=35 |language=en}}</ref>
The Nongmaiching is a holy [[pilgrimage]] site for the [[Meitei people]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Organizations and Officials Concerned with Wildlife Protection, 1945 |collaboration=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1945 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUG4AAAAIAAJ&dq=nongmaiching+ching&pg=PA35 }}</ref>
In [[Meitei religion]] ([[Sanamahism]]), the Nongmaiching is deeply associated with God [[Lainingthou Sanamahi]] ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|[[ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯁꯅꯥꯃꯍꯤ]]}}}}) and God [[Pakhangba]] ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|[[ꯄꯥꯈꯪꯕ]]}}}}). According to one legend, King [[:simple:Ningthou Kangba|Kangba]] ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯀꯥꯡꯕ}}}}) kept an idol of God Sanamahi at a cave in the Nongmaiching.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GmZuAAAAMAAJ&q=nongmaiching+ching |title=Genesis of Indian Tribes An Approach to the History of Meiteis and Thais |year=1993 |isbn=9788121003087 |page=44 |language=en |quote=When King Kaangba grew old he took and kept the idol of Lai-Ningthou Sannamahi which was also popularly known as Saree, in a cave of Nongmai-Ching hills and himself entered into Paakhangba Iren for the rest of his life.|last1=Tensuba |first1=Keerti Chand }}</ref>
In Meitei religion ([[Sanamahism]]), the Nongmaiching is deeply associated with God [[Lainingthou Sanamahi]] and God [[Pakhangba]]. According to one legend, King [[:simple:Ningthou Kangba|Kangba]] kept an idol of God Sanamahi at a cave in the Nongmaiching.<ref>
{{Cite book |last1=Tensuba |first1=Keerti Chand |title=Genesis of Indian Tribes An Approach to the History of Meiteis and Thais |publisher=Inter-India Publications |year=1993 |isbn=9788121003087 |page=44 |quote=When King Kaangba grew old he took and kept the idol of Lai-Ningthou Sannamahi which was also popularly known as Saree, in a cave of Nongmai-Ching hills and himself entered into Paakhangba Iren for the rest of his life. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GmZuAAAAMAAJ&q=nongmaiching+ching}}
</ref>


The Nongmaiching is historically, mythologically and religiously associated with God [[Langmai Ningthou]] ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|[[ꯅꯣꯡꯄꯣꯛ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ]]}}|[[Nongpok Ningthou]]}}) and Goddess [[Panthoibi]] ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|[[ꯅꯣꯡꯄꯣꯛ ꯂꯩꯃ]]}}|[[Nongpok Leima]]}}).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Nunglekpam Premi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqJVDwAAQBAJ&dq=nongmaijing&pg=PT29 |title=A Glimpse of Manipuri Literary Works |date=2018 |publisher= |page=29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="archive.org">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/politicssocietyc00brar/page/72/mode/2up?q=Nongpok+Ningthou+Panthoibi+Nongmaiching|title=Politics, society, and cosmology in India's North East|year=1998 |page=73|isbn=978-0-19-564331-2 |last1=Vijaylakshmi Brara |first1=N. }}</ref><ref name="Religion Of Manipur">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108375/page/13/mode/2up?q=Nongpok+Ningthou|title=Religion Of Manipur|year=1980 |publisher=Firma Klm }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Manipuri Literature|last=Singh|first=Ch Manihar|date=1996|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|isbn=978-81-260-0086-9|language=en}}</ref>
The Nongmaiching is historically, mythologically and religiously associated with God [[Langmai Ningthou]] and Goddess [[Panthoibi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Premi Devi |first=Nunglekpam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqJVDwAAQBAJ&dq=nongmaijing&pg=PT29 |title=A Glimpse of Manipuri Literary Works |date=2018 |publisher= |page=29 }}</ref><ref name="Brara"/><ref name="Parratt"/><ref name="Singh 1996"/>
This is mentioned in the Panthoibi Khongul, an ancient Meitei text.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Sujit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&dq=nongmaijing&pg=PA280 |title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850 |date=1998 |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |isbn=978-81-250-1453-9 |page=280 |language=en |author-link=Sujit Mukherjee}}</ref>
This is mentioned in the Panthoibi Khongul, an ancient Meitei text.<ref>
{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Sujit |title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850 |date=1998 |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |isbn=978-81-250-1453-9 |page=280 |author-link=Sujit Mukherjee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&dq=nongmaijing&pg=PA280}}
</ref>


The Nongmaiching is the place where the [[Lai Haraoba]] was celebrated by the divine beings, after which it was imitated by the humans.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Niraj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IhEHEAAAQBAJ&dq=nongmaijing&pg=PA322 |title=Himalayan Bridge |last2=Driem |first2=George van |last3=Stobdan |first3=Phunchok |date=2020 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-000-21549-6 |page=322 |language=en}}</ref>
The Nongmaiching is the place where the [[Lai Haraoba]] was celebrated by the divine beings, after which it was imitated by the humans.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Niraj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IhEHEAAAQBAJ&dq=nongmaijing&pg=PA322 |title=Himalayan Bridge |last2=Driem |first2=George van |last3=Stobdan |first3=Phunchok |date=2020 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-000-21549-6 |page=322 }}</ref>


"Kanglei Haraoba" ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯀꯪꯂꯩ ꯍꯔꯥꯎꯕ}}}}), one of the major types of the [[Lai Haraoba]] ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|[[ꯂꯥꯏ ꯍꯔꯥꯎꯕ]]}}}}) ceremonial ritualistic festival, is associated with the Nongmaiching.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Meitei |first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhUHEAAAQBAJ&dq=nongmaijing&pg=PA99 |title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur |last2=Chaudhuri |first2=Sarit K. |last3=Arunkumar |first3=M. C. |date=2020 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-000-29629-7 |page=99 |language=en |quote=The developed form of Lai Haraoba from Koubru Hill and Non- gmaijing Hillis the characteristic of Kanglei Haraoba and it is per- formed at Imphal and its surrounding areas.}}</ref>
"Kanglei Haraoba" ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯪꯂꯩ ꯍꯔꯥꯎꯕ}}}}), one of the major types of the [[Lai Haraoba]] ceremonial ritualistic festival, is associated with the Nongmaiching.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Meitei |first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhUHEAAAQBAJ&dq=nongmaijing&pg=PA99 |title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur |last2=Chaudhuri |first2=Sarit K. |last3=Arunkumar |first3=M. C. |date=2020 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-000-29629-7 |page=99 |quote=The developed form of Lai Haraoba from Koubru Hill and Non- gmaijing Hillis the characteristic of Kanglei Haraoba and it is per- formed at Imphal and its surrounding areas.}}</ref>
As a part of the [[Lai Haraoba]], the Kangleithokpa ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯊꯣꯛꯄ}}}}) ritual was performed at the Nongmaiching. It represents the marriage of God [[Khoriphaba]] ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|[[ꯈꯣꯔꯤꯐꯥꯕ]]}}}}).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Meitei |first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhUHEAAAQBAJ&dq=nongmaijing&pg=PA98 |title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur |last2=Chaudhuri |first2=Sarit K. |last3=Arunkumar |first3=M. C. |date=2020 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-000-29629-7 |page=98 |language=en |quote=Later on at Nongmaijing Hill Kangleithokpa and other rituals were included and they represented marriage of the Lainingthou Khoriphaba.}}</ref>
As a part of the [[Lai Haraoba]], the Kangleithokpa ritual was performed at the Nongmaiching. It represents the marriage of God [[Khoriphaba]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Meitei |first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhUHEAAAQBAJ&dq=nongmaijing&pg=PA98 |title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur |last2=Chaudhuri |first2=Sarit K. |last3=Arunkumar |first3=M. C. |date=2020 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-000-29629-7 |page=98 |quote=Later on at Nongmaijing Hill Kangleithokpa and other rituals were included and they represented marriage of the Lainingthou Khoriphaba.}}</ref>


The Nongmaiching is the place where the final prayers for the worship ceremony associated with the three [[ancient Meitei deities]], namely [[Pakhangba]], [[Nongshaba]] and [[Yumjao Leima|Yumjao Lairembi]], are done.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Muthukumaraswamy |first1=M. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xsrgg1Mel8UC&dq=nongmaijing&pg=PA71 |title=Folklore, Public Sphere, and Civil Society |last2=Kaushal |first2=Molly |date=2004 |publisher=[[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]] NFSC www.indianfolklore.org |isbn=978-81-901481-4-6 |page=71 |language=en}}</ref>
The Nongmaiching is the place where the final prayers for the worship ceremony associated with the three [[ancient Meitei deities]], namely [[Pakhangba]], [[Nongshaba]] and [[Yumjao Leima|Yumjao Lairembi]], are done.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Muthukumaraswamy |first1=M. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xsrgg1Mel8UC&dq=nongmaijing&pg=PA71 |title=Folklore, Public Sphere, and Civil Society |last2=Kaushal |first2=Molly |date=2004 |publisher=[[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]] NFSC www.indianfolklore.org |isbn=978-81-901481-4-6 |page=71 }}</ref>


The [[:simple:Loyumba Shinyen|Loiyumba Shinyen]] Constitution mentions that the "Salam" family of [[Meitei ethnicity]] used to idolise the Langmai Ching (Nongmaiching mountain) and to act the role of God [[Nongpok Ningthou]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vO-vtI8NuxIC&dq=nongmaijing&pg=PA6 |title=Manipur: Treatise & Documents |date=1993 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-399-5 |page=6 |language=en}}</ref>
The [[:simple:Loyumba Shinyen|Loiyumba Shinyen]] Constitution mentions that the "Salam" family of [[Meitei ethnicity]] used to idolise the Langmai Ching (Nongmaiching mountain) and to act the role of God [[Nongpok Ningthou]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vO-vtI8NuxIC&dq=nongmaijing&pg=PA6 |title=Manipur: Treatise & Documents |date=1993 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-399-5 |page=6 }}</ref>
The same text mentions that the "Nongmaithem" clan of [[Meitei ethnicity]] used to glorify the Langmai Ching (Nongmaiching).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vO-vtI8NuxIC&dq=nongmaijing&pg=PA4 |title=Manipur: Treatise & Documents |date=1993 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-399-5 |page=4 |language=en}}</ref>
The same text mentions that the "Nongmaithem" clan of [[Meitei ethnicity]] used to glorify the Langmai Ching (Nongmaiching).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vO-vtI8NuxIC&dq=nongmaijing&pg=PA4 |title=Manipur: Treatise & Documents |date=1993 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-399-5 |page=4 }}</ref>


== In literature ==
== In literature ==
{{See|Meitei literature}}
{{Further|Meitei literature}}

=== Nongmaiching Chingkoipa {{anchor|Nongmaijing Chinggoiba}} ===
=== Nongmaiching Chingkoipa {{anchor|Nongmaijing Chinggoiba}} ===
The '''"Nongmaiching Chingkoipa"''' (also called, '''"Nongmaijing Chinggoiba"''') is an ancient [[Meitei language]] text which is an account on the Nongmaiching mountain. It describes the sprawling branches of the mountain extending from the North to the South of the [[Imphal Valley]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |pages=102 |language=en, mni}}</ref>
The '''"Nongmaiching Chingkoipa"''' (also called, '''"Nongmaijing Chinggoiba"''') is an ancient [[Meitei language]] text which is an account on the Nongmaiching mountain. It describes the sprawling branches of the mountain extending from the North to the South of the [[Imphal Valley]].<ref name="Singh 1996 102">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |pages=102 |language=en, mni}}</ref>
The opening lines of the text describes the Nongmaiching to a king as follows:
The opening lines of the text describes the Nongmaiching to a king as follows:
{{Quote|''“O King, the mountain situated in the east and beyond the river is the abode of [[Kainou Chingsomba]], lord of the Langmais. They attain majestic heights, are washed by seven streams, project into nine ranges and abound with deep gorges and sun-drenched ridges... They catch first the sight of every onlooker and stand steadfast unshaken by great earthquakes as if held by strong iron pegs and with their peaks kissed by white flakes of cloud. Their slopes are smoothly carpeted green with [[Centella asiatica|pennywort]]s under the shadow of tall and robust plants of [[sugarcane|cane]] and they are also dotted with dense growth of tall reeds. And the gorges reverberate against the strong current of wind. Of these mountain ranges the bard would like to sing.”''|Nongmaiching Chingkoipa (Nongmaijing Chinggoiba)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |pages=102 |language=en, mni}}</ref>}}
{{Blockquote|''“O King, the mountain situated in the east and beyond the river is the abode of [[Kainou Chingsomba]], lord of the Langmais. They attain majestic heights, are washed by seven streams, project into nine ranges and abound with deep gorges and sun-drenched ridges... They catch first the sight of every onlooker and stand steadfast unshaken by great earthquakes as if held by strong iron pegs and with their peaks kissed by white flakes of cloud. Their slopes are smoothly carpeted green with [[Centella asiatica|pennywort]]s under the shadow of tall and robust plants of [[sugarcane|cane]] and they are also dotted with dense growth of tall reeds. And the gorges reverberate against the strong current of wind. Of these mountain ranges the bard would like to sing.”''|Nongmaiching Chingkoipa (Nongmaijing Chinggoiba)<ref name="Singh 1996 102">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |pages=102 |language=en, mni}}</ref>}}
Following these lines, the author describes on many [[cliff]]s, [[slope]]s and nearby areas of the Nongmaiching mountain.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |pages=102 |language=en, mni}}</ref>
Following these lines, the author describes on many [[cliff]]s, [[slope]]s and nearby areas of the Nongmaiching mountain.<ref name="Singh 1996 102">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |pages=102 |language=en, mni}}</ref>


=== Panthoibi Naheirol ===
=== Panthoibi Naheirol ===
{{See also|Panthoibi#Panthoibi Naheirol}}
{{See also|Panthoibi#Panthoibi Naheirol}}
In accordance to the ancient [[Meitei language]] text named "Panthoibi Naheirol" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ ꯅꯥꯍꯩꯔꯣꯜ}}|pānthoibī nāheirōl}}), [[Panthoibi]] pretended to be unwell in front of her mother, just to make her mother call physician [[Nongpok Ningthou]] for the treatment of her illness.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |pages=61 |language=en, mni}}</ref>
In accordance to the ancient [[Meitei language]] text named "Panthoibi Naheirol" ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ ꯅꯥꯍꯩꯔꯣꯜ}}|pānthoibī nāheirōl}}), [[Panthoibi]] pretended to be unwell in front of her mother, just to make her mother call physician [[Nongpok Ningthou]] for the treatment of her illness.<ref name="Singh 1996 61">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |pages=61 |language=en, mni}}</ref>
While telling her mother about Nongpok Ningthou, princess Panthoibi mentioned the Nongmaiching (aka Langmai Ching) as follows:
While telling her mother about Nongpok Ningthou, princess Panthoibi mentioned the Nongmaiching (aka Langmai Ching) as follows:
{{Quote|''“As I told you there is one who is reigning supreme in the Langmai Hills on whose slope the sun shines first.”''|Panthoibi to her mother in the "Panthoibi Naheirol"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |pages=61 |language=en, mni}}</ref>}}
{{Blockquote |''“As I told you there is one who is reigning supreme in the Langmai Hills on whose slope the sun shines first.”'' |Panthoibi to her mother in the "Panthoibi Naheirol"<ref name="Singh 1996 61">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |pages=61 |language=en, mni}}</ref>}}


== University of Sanamahi Culture {{anchor|Sanamahi Culture University}} ==
== University of Sanamahi Culture {{anchor|Sanamahi Culture University}} ==
[[File:ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯥꯏꯆꯤꯡ ꯆꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯁꯅꯥꯃꯍꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯪ (ꯁꯅꯥꯃꯍꯤ ꯀꯤꯌꯣꯡ)ꯒꯤ ꯅꯣꯡꯆꯨꯞ ꯊꯪꯕ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤ ꯑꯃ.jpg|thumb|300px|The [[Sanamahi Kiyong]] shrine is the central body of the University of Sanamahi Culture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanamahi Kiyong Donation: 15th dec08 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp8..151208.dec08 |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=e-pao.net |quote=THE DONATIONS for the construction of Sanamahi Kiyong, which will be the central body of Sanamahi Lainingkol (University of Sanamahi Culture) at Chingoi Maru Langmaiching (Nongmaiching) is going on.}}</ref>]]
[[File:ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯥꯏꯆꯤꯡ ꯆꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯁꯅꯥꯃꯍꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯪ (ꯁꯅꯥꯃꯍꯤ ꯀꯤꯌꯣꯡ)ꯒꯤ ꯅꯣꯡꯆꯨꯞ ꯊꯪꯕ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤ ꯑꯃ.jpg|thumb|300px|The [[Sanamahi Kiyong]] shrine is the central body of the University of Sanamahi Culture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanamahi Kiyong Donation: 15th dec08 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp8..151208.dec08 |website=e-pao.net |quote=THE DONATIONS for the construction of Sanamahi Kiyong, which will be the central body of Sanamahi Lainingkol (University of Sanamahi Culture) at Chingoi Maru Langmaiching (Nongmaiching) is going on.}}</ref>]]
The '''University of Sanamahi Culture (Sanamahi Culture University)''' is a university under construction in the Nongmaiching Ching. It is deeply associated with the [[Sanamahi Kiyong]] shrine. The university aims to teach the future generations of people about the ancient Meitei culture of the [[Sanamahi religion]]. It will offer its students various subjects about indigenous art forms, dance forms, music, [[Thang-Ta]] and {{langnf|mni|[[Sagol Kangjei]]|[[polo]]}} etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanamahi Kiyong inaugurated: 09th jun19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=14..090619.jun19 |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanamahi University on the card: 25th jan04 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=11.12.250104.jan04 |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>
The '''University of Sanamahi Culture (Sanamahi Culture University)''' is a university under construction in the Nongmaiching Hills. It is deeply associated with the [[Sanamahi Kiyong]] shrine. The university aims to teach the future generations of people about the ancient Meitei culture of the [[Sanamahi religion]]. It will offer its students various subjects about indigenous art forms, dance forms, music, [[Thang-Ta]] and {{langnf |mni |[[Sagol Kangjei]] |[[polo]]}} etc.<ref name="Sanamahi Kiyong"/><ref>
{{Cite web |title=Sanamahi University on the card |newspaper=The Sangai Express |date=24 January 2004 |url=http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=11.12.250104.jan04 |via=e-pao.net}}
</ref>
Around {{INRConvert|23,70,000|year=2009}} has been spent as of 2009 on the construction of the University and around {{INRConvert|25|l|year=2009}}, including construction materials, were donated by volunteers.
Around {{INRConvert|23,70,000|year=2009}} has been spent as of 2009 on the construction of the University and around {{INRConvert|25|l|year=2009}}, including construction materials, were donated by volunteers.
It is estimated that the total cost of the construction of the University will be around {{INRConvert|7|c|year=2009}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction of Sanamahi shrine at Nongmaiching progressing: 09th apr09 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=23..090409.apr09 |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
It is estimated that the total cost of the construction of the University will be around {{INRConvert|7|c|year=2009}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction of Sanamahi shrine at Nongmaiching progressing |newspaper=Hueiyen News Service |date=8 April 2009 |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=23..090409.apr09 |via=e-pao.net}}</ref>


== World War II ==
== World War II ==
During [[World War II]], when there was an active combat between the troops of the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Japan]] in [[Manipur]] and other [[Northeast India]]n states, the Nongmaiching serves as the most strategically important point in [[Imphal Valley]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=91OpCwAAQBAJ&dq=nongmaiching+ching&pg=PA116 |title=The Battlefields of Imphal The Second World War and North East India |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2016 |isbn=9781317274025 |page=116 |language=en}}</ref>
During [[World War II]], when there was an active combat between the troops of the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Japan]] in [[Manipur]] and other [[Northeast India]]n states, the Nongmaiching serves as the most strategically important point in [[Imphal Valley]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=91OpCwAAQBAJ&dq=nongmaiching+ching&pg=PA116 |title=The Battlefields of Imphal The Second World War and North East India |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2016 |isbn=9781317274025 |page=116 }}</ref>


== Deforestation and forestation ==
== Deforestation and forestation ==
{{See|Nongmaiching Reserved Forest#Deforestation|Nongmaiching Reserved Forest#Forestation}}
{{Further|Nongmaiching Reserved Forest#Deforestation|Nongmaiching Reserved Forest#Forestation}}

== Ecotourism development ==
== Ecotourism development ==
The Nongmaiching is one of the important hills and mountains in [[Manipur]] that have the strong potential for ecotourism development.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YQ8EAAAQBAJ&dq=nongmaiching+ching&pg=PA78 |title=Ecotourism Development Ventures in Manipur: Green Skill Development and Livelihood Mission |year=2021 |isbn=9789391145590 |page=78 |language=en|last1=Singh |first1=Arambam Sanatomba }}</ref>
The Nongmaiching is one of the important hills and mountains in [[Manipur]] that have the strong potential for ecotourism development.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YQ8EAAAQBAJ&dq=nongmaiching+ching&pg=PA78 |title=Ecotourism Development Ventures in Manipur: Green Skill Development and Livelihood Mission |year=2021 |isbn=9789391145590 |page=78 |last1=Singh |first1=Arambam Sanatomba |publisher=Walnut Publication }}</ref>

=== Reserve Forest ===
=== Reserve Forest ===
{{Main|Nongmaiching Reserved Forest}}
{{Main|Nongmaiching Reserved Forest}}
There is a [[Reserved forests and protected forests of India|reserved forest]] in the Nongmaiching.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=SAHA |first1=GOUTAM KUMAR |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UCstDwAAQBAJ&q=nongmaijing+reserve+forest+Imphal+East+district&pg=PA93 |title=WILDLIFE BIOLOGY: AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE |last2=MAZUMDAR |first2=SUBHENDU |date=2017 |publisher=PHI Learning |isbn=978-81-203-5313-8 |page=93 |language=en}}</ref>
There is a [[Reserved forests and protected forests of India|reserved forest]] in the Nongmaiching.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=SAHA |first1=GOUTAM KUMAR |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UCstDwAAQBAJ&q=nongmaijing+reserve+forest+Imphal+East+district&pg=PA93 |title=WILDLIFE BIOLOGY: AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE |last2=MAZUMDAR |first2=SUBHENDU |date=2017 |publisher=PHI Learning |isbn=978-81-203-5313-8 |page=93 }}</ref>


=== Santhei Natural Park ===
=== Santhei Natural Park ===
The Santhei Natural Park located in the Santhei village of [[Andro, Imphal East]], is at the foothills of the Nongmaiching. It is best known for its scenic natural beauty and serving as a picnic area.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Guha |first1=Samapti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZYwEAAAQBAJ&dq=nongmaijing&pg=PA221 |title=In Search of Business Models in Social Entrepreneurship: Concepts and Cases |last2=Majumdar |first2=Satyajit |date=2021 |publisher= |isbn=978-981-16-0390-7 |page=221 |language=en}}</ref>
The Santhei Natural Park located in the Santhei village of [[Andro, Imphal East]], is at the foothills of the Nongmaiching. It is best known for its scenic natural beauty and serving as a picnic area.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Guha |first1=Samapti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZYwEAAAQBAJ&dq=nongmaijing&pg=PA221 |title=In Search of Business Models in Social Entrepreneurship: Concepts and Cases |last2=Majumdar |first2=Satyajit |date=2021 |publisher= Springer |isbn=978-981-16-0390-7 |page=221 }}</ref>


=== Plant life ===
=== Plant life ===
The Nongmaiching is the natural habitat for various plant species, including [[Cymbopogon flexuosus]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Huidrom Birkumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUuwWoxml7YC&dq=nongmaijing&pg=PA14 |title=Herbal Medicine of Manipur: A Colour Encyclopaedia |date=2003 |publisher= |isbn=978-81-7035-300-3 |page=14 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Goniothalamus|Goniothalamus sesquipedalis]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Huidrom Birkumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUuwWoxml7YC&dq=nongmaijing&pg=PA20 |title=Herbal Medicine of Manipur: A Colour Encyclopaedia |date=2003 |publisher= |isbn=978-81-7035-300-3 |page=20 |language=en}}</ref>
The Nongmaiching is the natural habitat for various plant species, including [[Cymbopogon flexuosus]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Huidrom Birkumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUuwWoxml7YC&dq=nongmaijing&pg=PA14 |title=Herbal Medicine of Manipur: A Colour Encyclopaedia |date=2003 |publisher= Daya Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7035-300-3 |page=14 }}</ref> and [[Goniothalamus|Goniothalamus sesquipedalis]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Huidrom Birkumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUuwWoxml7YC&dq=nongmaijing&pg=PA20 |title=Herbal Medicine of Manipur: A Colour Encyclopaedia |date=2003 |publisher= Daya Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7035-300-3 |page=20 }}</ref>


== In popular culture ==
== In popular culture ==
* Saktam Machet Machet Mang Macha Macha ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯁꯛꯇꯝ ꯃꯆꯦꯠ ꯃꯆꯦꯠ ꯃꯪ ꯃꯆꯥ ꯃꯆꯥ}}}}): A 1999 [[Meitei language]] prose book by Kamal, Toijamba<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kamal |first=Toijamba |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465710 |title=Saktam Machet Machet Mang Macha Macha |date=1999 |publisher=Toijam Publications Thengra Leirak, Churachandpur |location=India |language=mni}}</ref>
* Saktam Machet Machet Mang Macha Macha ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯛꯇꯝ ꯃꯆꯦꯠ ꯃꯆꯦꯠ ꯃꯪ ꯃꯆꯥ ꯃꯆꯥ}}}}): A 1999 [[Meitei language]] prose book by Kamal, Toijamba<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kamal |first=Toijamba |title=Saktam Machet Machet Mang Macha Macha |date=1999 |publisher=Toijam Publications Thengra Leirak, Churachandpur |location=India |language=mni |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465710 |via=archive.org}}</ref>
* Thaloi Nungkhailon ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯊꯥꯂꯣꯏ ꯅꯨꯡꯈꯥꯏꯂꯣꯟ}}}}): A [[Meitei language]] astronomy and astrology book by Bhudhachandra, Yumnamcha<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhudhachandra |first=Yumnamcha |title=Thaloi Nungkhailon |date=1986 |publisher=Enat Kanba Amasung Samgatpa Lup, Nambul Mapal |location=India |language=mni |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465692 |via=archive.org}}</ref>

* Thaloi Nungkhailon ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯊꯥꯂꯣꯏ ꯅꯨꯡꯈꯥꯏꯂꯣꯟ}}}}): A [[Meitei language]] astronomy and astrology book by Bhudhachandra, Yumnamcha<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhudhachandra |first=Yumnamcha |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465692 |title=Thaloi Nungkhailon |date=1986 |publisher=Enat Kanba Amasung Samgatpa Lup, Nambul Mapal |location=India |language=mni}}</ref>
* Tingkhanglakta Gulap ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯇꯤꯡꯈꯪꯂꯛꯇ ꯒꯨꯂꯥꯞ}}}}): A [[Meitei language]] poetry book by Kullachandra H<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kullachandra H. |title=Tingkhanglakta Gulap |publisher=Shri H. Kulachandra Singh, Imphal |location=India |language=mni |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466221 |via=archive.org}}</ref>

* Tingkhanglakta Gulap ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯇꯤꯡꯈꯪꯂꯛꯇ ꯒꯨꯂꯥꯞ}}}}): A [[Meitei language]] poetry book by Kullachandra H<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kullachandra H. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466221 |title=Tingkhanglakta Gulap |publisher=Shri H. Kulachandra Singh, Imphal |location=India |language=mni}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 203: Line 227:
== Notes ==
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |last=Dun |first=E. W. |title=Gazetteer of Manipur |publisher=Manas Publications |year=1992 |orig-year=1886 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32037 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Dun, Gazetteer of Manipur|1886}}}}
* {{citation |last=Hodson |first=T. C. |title=The Meitheis |publisher=David Nutt |location=London |year=1908 |url=https://archive.org/details/meitheis01hods |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Hodson, The Meitheis|1908}}}}
* {{citation |last=Jhalajit Singh |first=R. K. |title=A Short History of Manipur |publisher= |edition=Second |year=1992 |url=https://archive.org/details/a-short-history-of-manipur |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Jhalajit Singh, A Short History of Manipur|1992}}}}

== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commonscat|Nongmaiching Ching}}
{{Commons category|Nongmaiching Ching}}
{{Wikivoyage|Nongmaiching Ching}}
{{Wikivoyage|Nongmaiching Ching}}
* [https://archive.org/search?sin=TXT&query=Nongmaiching+Ching Nongmaiching Ching] at [[Internet Archive]]
* [https://archive.org/search?sin=TXT&query=Nongmaiching+Ching Nongmaiching Ching] at [[Internet Archive]]
* [http://e-pao.net/epSearchResults.asp?cx=partner-pub-3342616103029311%3A3788634109&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=Nongmaiching&sa.x=0&sa.y=0 Nongmaiching] at {{URL|e-pao.net}}
* [http://e-pao.net/epSearchResults.asp?cx=partner-pub-3342616103029311%3A3788634109&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=Nongmaiching&sa.x=0&sa.y=0 Nongmaiching] at {{URL|e-pao.net}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Meiteimyth navbox long}}


[[Category:Cultural heritage of India]]
[[Category:Cultural heritage of India]]
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[[Category:Meitei pilgrimage sites]]
[[Category:Meitei pilgrimage sites]]
[[Category:Mountains in Sanamahism]]
[[Category:Mountains in Sanamahism]]
[[Category:Sacred mountains]]
[[Category:Sacred mountains of India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Manipur]]
{{Meiteimyth navbox long}}

Latest revision as of 22:14, 31 October 2024

Nongmaiching Hill
Nongmaijing Hill
Nongmaiching Hill is located in Manipur
Nongmaiching Hill
Nongmaiching Hill
Nongmaiching Hill is located in India
Nongmaiching Hill
Nongmaiching Hill
Nongmaiching Hill (India)
Highest point
Elevation5,133 ft (1,565 m)[1][2]
Prominence2,500 ft (760 m)[3][4]
Coordinates24°48′14″N 94°02′06″E / 24.804°N 94.035°E / 24.804; 94.035
Naming
Etymology"Nongmaiching Mountain" or "Nongmaiching Hill" (see here)
Native nameNongmaijing Ching (Meitei)
Pronunciation/nong-māi-jīng chīng/
Defining authorityGovernment of Manipur
Geography
LocationImphal Valley
CountryIndia
StateManipur
RegionImphal Valley
DistrictImphal East district
BiomeNongmaiching Reserved Forest
Climbing
First ascentBy religious pilgrims or priests in Antiquity
Easiest routehiking
Normal routeNongmaiching Chingka Lambi
(Meitei for 'Nongmaiching mountain climbing route')

Nongmaiching Hill or Nongmaijing Hill,[5] also known as the Selloi Langmai Ching,[6][7] is a hill in the Imphal Valley in Manipur, India.[8] It rises to the east of the Imphal City with a peak at an elevation of 5,133 feet (1,565 m) above sea level.[9][1][2] It is a holy pilgrimage site for the Meitei people. In Meitei mythology and religion (Sanamahism), it is a sacred mountain and the abode of God Nongpok Ningthou and Goddess Panthoibi.[10][11][12] In Meitei folklore, the Nongmaiching is described as the hill that produces "the seven days of a week".[13]

Etymology

[edit]

According to many scholars including Thomas Callan Hodson of the Cambridge University, the Meitei language term "Nongmaiching" (Meitei: ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯥꯏꯆꯤꯡ) is derived from the terms, "nong" (Meitei: ꯅꯣꯡ), "mai" (Meitei: ꯃꯥꯏ) and "ching" (Meitei: ꯆꯤꯡ). Nong means sun or rain, mai means face or "in front of", and ching means hill or mountain. So, "Nongmaiching" means "the hill that fronts the rain or sun".[14][15][16]

According to Tarak Chandra Das of the Calcutta University, the term "Nongmaiching" is translated as "the hill which rises to the east of Imphal and which is the scene of a rain-compelling ceremony."[17]

The terms "Nongmaiching" and "Nongmaijing" are interchangeably used.[5]

The term "Nongmaijing" may also mean Sunday in Meitei language (officially called Manipuri).[8][18]

According to the "Guide to the gods" by Marjorie Leach, the term "Nongmaiching" is defined as "A hill god of the Meitheis, Manipur, Assam, India. (Hodson, 1908: 111)".[19]

Geography

[edit]

The Nongmaiching lies to the eastern side of Imphal city.[20] It separates Thoubal River valley from that of the Iril River and the Imphal River. The Nongmaiching is close to the Nongpok Sanjenbam, Imphal East.[5][21]

History

[edit]

In the history of Ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur), the three out of the seven clans of Meitei ethnicity, namely the Mangang, the Luwang and the Angom are historically associated with the Nongmaiching.[22]

Meitei King Konthouba defeated many tribal chiefs and controlled their villages of Shelloi (Selloi) and Longmai (Langmai), near the present day Nongmaiching.[23][24]

Religious associations

[edit]
A temple dedicated to God Lainingthou Sanamahi, built in Meitei architecture, in the top of the Nongmaiching in Imphal East

The Nongmaiching is a holy pilgrimage site for the Meitei people.[25] In Meitei religion (Sanamahism), the Nongmaiching is deeply associated with God Lainingthou Sanamahi and God Pakhangba. According to one legend, King Kangba kept an idol of God Sanamahi at a cave in the Nongmaiching.[26]

The Nongmaiching is historically, mythologically and religiously associated with God Langmai Ningthou and Goddess Panthoibi.[27][10][11][12] This is mentioned in the Panthoibi Khongul, an ancient Meitei text.[28]

The Nongmaiching is the place where the Lai Haraoba was celebrated by the divine beings, after which it was imitated by the humans.[29]

"Kanglei Haraoba" (Meitei: ꯀꯪꯂꯩ ꯍꯔꯥꯎꯕ), one of the major types of the Lai Haraoba ceremonial ritualistic festival, is associated with the Nongmaiching.[30] As a part of the Lai Haraoba, the Kangleithokpa ritual was performed at the Nongmaiching. It represents the marriage of God Khoriphaba.[31]

The Nongmaiching is the place where the final prayers for the worship ceremony associated with the three ancient Meitei deities, namely Pakhangba, Nongshaba and Yumjao Lairembi, are done.[32]

The Loiyumba Shinyen Constitution mentions that the "Salam" family of Meitei ethnicity used to idolise the Langmai Ching (Nongmaiching mountain) and to act the role of God Nongpok Ningthou.[33] The same text mentions that the "Nongmaithem" clan of Meitei ethnicity used to glorify the Langmai Ching (Nongmaiching).[34]

In literature

[edit]

Nongmaiching Chingkoipa

[edit]

The "Nongmaiching Chingkoipa" (also called, "Nongmaijing Chinggoiba") is an ancient Meitei language text which is an account on the Nongmaiching mountain. It describes the sprawling branches of the mountain extending from the North to the South of the Imphal Valley.[35] The opening lines of the text describes the Nongmaiching to a king as follows:

“O King, the mountain situated in the east and beyond the river is the abode of Kainou Chingsomba, lord of the Langmais. They attain majestic heights, are washed by seven streams, project into nine ranges and abound with deep gorges and sun-drenched ridges... They catch first the sight of every onlooker and stand steadfast unshaken by great earthquakes as if held by strong iron pegs and with their peaks kissed by white flakes of cloud. Their slopes are smoothly carpeted green with pennyworts under the shadow of tall and robust plants of cane and they are also dotted with dense growth of tall reeds. And the gorges reverberate against the strong current of wind. Of these mountain ranges the bard would like to sing.”

— Nongmaiching Chingkoipa (Nongmaijing Chinggoiba)[35]

Following these lines, the author describes on many cliffs, slopes and nearby areas of the Nongmaiching mountain.[35]

Panthoibi Naheirol

[edit]

In accordance to the ancient Meitei language text named "Panthoibi Naheirol" (Meitei: ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ ꯅꯥꯍꯩꯔꯣꯜ, romanized: pānthoibī nāheirōl), Panthoibi pretended to be unwell in front of her mother, just to make her mother call physician Nongpok Ningthou for the treatment of her illness.[36] While telling her mother about Nongpok Ningthou, princess Panthoibi mentioned the Nongmaiching (aka Langmai Ching) as follows:

“As I told you there is one who is reigning supreme in the Langmai Hills on whose slope the sun shines first.”

— Panthoibi to her mother in the "Panthoibi Naheirol"[36]

University of Sanamahi Culture

[edit]
The Sanamahi Kiyong shrine is the central body of the University of Sanamahi Culture.[37]

The University of Sanamahi Culture (Sanamahi Culture University) is a university under construction in the Nongmaiching Hills. It is deeply associated with the Sanamahi Kiyong shrine. The university aims to teach the future generations of people about the ancient Meitei culture of the Sanamahi religion. It will offer its students various subjects about indigenous art forms, dance forms, music, Thang-Ta and Sagol Kangjei (Meitei for 'polo') etc.[6][38] Around 23,70,000 (equivalent to 6.0 million or US$71,000 in 2023) has been spent as of 2009 on the construction of the University and around 25 lakh (equivalent to 63 lakh or US$75,000 in 2023), including construction materials, were donated by volunteers. It is estimated that the total cost of the construction of the University will be around 7 crore (equivalent to 18 crore or US$2.1 million in 2023).[39]

World War II

[edit]

During World War II, when there was an active combat between the troops of the United Kingdom and Japan in Manipur and other Northeast Indian states, the Nongmaiching serves as the most strategically important point in Imphal Valley.[40]

Deforestation and forestation

[edit]

Ecotourism development

[edit]

The Nongmaiching is one of the important hills and mountains in Manipur that have the strong potential for ecotourism development.[41]

Reserve Forest

[edit]

There is a reserved forest in the Nongmaiching.[42]

Santhei Natural Park

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The Santhei Natural Park located in the Santhei village of Andro, Imphal East, is at the foothills of the Nongmaiching. It is best known for its scenic natural beauty and serving as a picnic area.[43]

Plant life

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The Nongmaiching is the natural habitat for various plant species, including Cymbopogon flexuosus[44] and Goniothalamus sesquipedalis.[45]

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  • Saktam Machet Machet Mang Macha Macha (Meitei: ꯁꯛꯇꯝ ꯃꯆꯦꯠ ꯃꯆꯦꯠ ꯃꯪ ꯃꯆꯥ ꯃꯆꯥ): A 1999 Meitei language prose book by Kamal, Toijamba[46]
  • Thaloi Nungkhailon (Meitei: ꯊꯥꯂꯣꯏ ꯅꯨꯡꯈꯥꯏꯂꯣꯟ): A Meitei language astronomy and astrology book by Bhudhachandra, Yumnamcha[47]
  • Tingkhanglakta Gulap (Meitei: ꯇꯤꯡꯈꯪꯂꯛꯇ ꯒꯨꯂꯥꯞ): A Meitei language poetry book by Kullachandra H[48]

See also

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Notes

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References

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  1. ^ a b Basanta, Ningombam (2008). Modernisation, Challenge and Response A Study of the Chakpa Community of Manipur. Akansha Publishing House. p. 16. ISBN 9788183701525. The 'Nongmaiching' hill is around 5133 ft, above the sea
  2. ^ a b The Indian Forester. R.P. Sharma. 1960. pp. 100, 107. The formation is observed at Nongmaijing hill rising upto 1564m. in altitude. ... This forest is observed at Nongmaijing. The hill runs in a north and south direction. The highest peak is 1564 m. high above the sea level.
  3. ^ The Nineteenth Century - A Monthly Review. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Co. 1891. p. 881. Nong-mai-Ching, a fine hill rising 2,500 feet above the valley; turning to the northward and crossing two rivers we come again to the place from which we started.
  4. ^ The Living Age. Littell, Son and Company. 1891. p. 94.
  5. ^ a b c Bino Devi, Lairenlakpam (2002). The Lois of Manipur Andro, Khurkhul, Phayeng and Sekmai. Mittal Publications. p. 6. ISBN 9788170998495.
  6. ^ a b "Sanamahi Kiyong inaugurated". The Sangai Express. 9 June 2019 – via e-pao.net. Selloi Langmai Ching (Nongmaijing Ching)
  7. ^ Devi, Dr Yumlembam Gopi (16 June 2019). Glimpses of Manipuri Culture. India. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-359-72919-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ a b "nongmāijing". Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary (in English and Manipuri). 2006.
  9. ^ Hodson, The Meitheis (1908), p. 107.
  10. ^ a b Brara, N. Vijaylakshmi (1998). Politics, society, and cosmology in India's North East. Oxford University Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-19-564331-2.
  11. ^ a b Parratt, Saroj Nalini (1980). Religion Of Manipur. Firma KLM – via arachive.org.
  12. ^ a b Singh, Ch Manihar (1996). A History of Manipuri Literature. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9.
  13. ^ Basanta, Ningombam (2008). Modernisation, Challenge and Response A Study of the Chakpa Community of Manipur. Akansha Publishing House. p. 19. ISBN 9788183701525. So when an account is given on Nongmaiching' hill it is described as a hill which produces the seven (7) days of a week.
  14. ^ Sanajaoba, Naorem (2003). Manipur: Law, customs, hill-men, language and religion. India: Akansha Publishing House. p. 682. ISBN 978-81-87606-31-4. Nongmaiching , which seems to be derived from Nong = sun or rain , mai = face or in front of , and ching = hill , and to mean the hill that fronts the rain or sun .
  15. ^ Hodson, Thomas Callan (1908). The Meitheis. London: D. Nutt. p. 111. ISBN 978-81-7536-149-2. Nongmaiching , which seems to be derived from Nong = sun or rain , mai = face or in front of , and ching = hill , and to mean the hill that fronts the rain or sun .
  16. ^ Ahluwalia, B. K. (1984). Social Change in Manipur. Cultural Publishing House. p. 152. Nongmaiching , which seems to be derived from Nong = sun or rain , mai = face or in front of , and ching hill , and to mean the bill that fronts the rain ar sun .
  17. ^ Das, Tarakchandra (1945). The Purums: An Old Kuki Tribe of Manipur. India: University of Calcutta. p. 109 – via archive.org. Nongmaiching, "the hill which rises to the east of Imphal and which is ..... the scene of a rain-compelling ceremony."
  18. ^ Primrose, A. J. (1995). A Manipuri Grammar, Vocabulary and Phrase Book (in English and Manipuri). Asian Educational Services. p. 23. ISBN 978-81-206-1025-5.
  19. ^ Leach, Marjorie (1992). Guide to the gods. Gale Research. p. 362. ISBN 978-1-873477-85-4.
  20. ^ Prakash, Col Ved (2007). Encyclopaedia of North-East India Volume 4. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 1599. ISBN 9788126907069.
  21. ^ Louise Lightfoot in Search of India An Australian Dancer's Experience. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 2017. p. 149. ISBN 9781443892582. Nongmaijing Hill is one of the highest hills which separates the Thoubal Valley from that of the Iril and the Imphal.
  22. ^ Sanajaoba, Naorem (1988). Manipur, Past and Present The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization · Volume 4. India. p. 405. ISBN 9788170998532.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  23. ^ Tarapot, Phanjoubam (2003). Bleeding Manipur. Har-Anand Publications. p. 97. ISBN 9788124109021.
  24. ^ Birajit, Soibam (2014-12-01). Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness. ARECOM ( Advanced Research Consortium, Manipur). p. 80.
  25. ^ Organizations and Officials Concerned with Wildlife Protection, 1945. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1945. p. 35.
  26. ^ Tensuba, Keerti Chand (1993). Genesis of Indian Tribes An Approach to the History of Meiteis and Thais. Inter-India Publications. p. 44. ISBN 9788121003087. When King Kaangba grew old he took and kept the idol of Lai-Ningthou Sannamahi which was also popularly known as Saree, in a cave of Nongmai-Ching hills and himself entered into Paakhangba Iren for the rest of his life.
  27. ^ Premi Devi, Nunglekpam (2018). A Glimpse of Manipuri Literary Works. p. 29.
  28. ^ Mukherjee, Sujit (1998). A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850. Orient Blackswan. p. 280. ISBN 978-81-250-1453-9.
  29. ^ Kumar, Niraj; Driem, George van; Stobdan, Phunchok (2020). Himalayan Bridge. Routledge. p. 322. ISBN 978-1-000-21549-6.
  30. ^ Meitei, Sanjenbam Yaiphaba; Chaudhuri, Sarit K.; Arunkumar, M. C. (2020). The Cultural Heritage of Manipur. Routledge. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-000-29629-7. The developed form of Lai Haraoba from Koubru Hill and Non- gmaijing Hillis the characteristic of Kanglei Haraoba and it is per- formed at Imphal and its surrounding areas.
  31. ^ Meitei, Sanjenbam Yaiphaba; Chaudhuri, Sarit K.; Arunkumar, M. C. (2020). The Cultural Heritage of Manipur. Routledge. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-000-29629-7. Later on at Nongmaijing Hill Kangleithokpa and other rituals were included and they represented marriage of the Lainingthou Khoriphaba.
  32. ^ Muthukumaraswamy, M. D.; Kaushal, Molly (2004). Folklore, Public Sphere, and Civil Society. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts NFSC www.indianfolklore.org. p. 71. ISBN 978-81-901481-4-6.
  33. ^ Sanajaoba, Naorem (1993). Manipur: Treatise & Documents. Mittal Publications. p. 6. ISBN 978-81-7099-399-5.
  34. ^ Sanajaoba, Naorem (1993). Manipur: Treatise & Documents. Mittal Publications. p. 4. ISBN 978-81-7099-399-5.
  35. ^ a b c Singh, Ch Manihar (1996). A History of Manipuri Literature (in English and Manipuri). Sahitya Akademi. p. 102. ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9.
  36. ^ a b Singh, Ch Manihar (1996). A History of Manipuri Literature (in English and Manipuri). Sahitya Akademi. p. 61. ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9.
  37. ^ "Sanamahi Kiyong Donation: 15th dec08 ~ E-Pao! Headlines". e-pao.net. THE DONATIONS for the construction of Sanamahi Kiyong, which will be the central body of Sanamahi Lainingkol (University of Sanamahi Culture) at Chingoi Maru Langmaiching (Nongmaiching) is going on.
  38. ^ "Sanamahi University on the card". The Sangai Express. 24 January 2004 – via e-pao.net.
  39. ^ "Construction of Sanamahi shrine at Nongmaiching progressing". Hueiyen News Service. 8 April 2009 – via e-pao.net.
  40. ^ The Battlefields of Imphal The Second World War and North East India. Taylor & Francis. 2016. p. 116. ISBN 9781317274025.
  41. ^ Singh, Arambam Sanatomba (2021). Ecotourism Development Ventures in Manipur: Green Skill Development and Livelihood Mission. Walnut Publication. p. 78. ISBN 9789391145590.
  42. ^ SAHA, GOUTAM KUMAR; MAZUMDAR, SUBHENDU (2017). WILDLIFE BIOLOGY: AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE. PHI Learning. p. 93. ISBN 978-81-203-5313-8.
  43. ^ Guha, Samapti; Majumdar, Satyajit (2021). In Search of Business Models in Social Entrepreneurship: Concepts and Cases. Springer. p. 221. ISBN 978-981-16-0390-7.
  44. ^ Singh, Huidrom Birkumar (2003). Herbal Medicine of Manipur: A Colour Encyclopaedia. Daya Publishing House. p. 14. ISBN 978-81-7035-300-3.
  45. ^ Singh, Huidrom Birkumar (2003). Herbal Medicine of Manipur: A Colour Encyclopaedia. Daya Publishing House. p. 20. ISBN 978-81-7035-300-3.
  46. ^ Kamal, Toijamba (1999). Saktam Machet Machet Mang Macha Macha (in Manipuri). India: Toijam Publications Thengra Leirak, Churachandpur – via archive.org.
  47. ^ Bhudhachandra, Yumnamcha (1986). Thaloi Nungkhailon (in Manipuri). India: Enat Kanba Amasung Samgatpa Lup, Nambul Mapal – via archive.org.
  48. ^ Singh, Kullachandra H. Tingkhanglakta Gulap (in Manipuri). India: Shri H. Kulachandra Singh, Imphal – via archive.org.

Bibliography

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