County of Osona: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Medieval Catalan countship}} |
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{{redirect|Ausona|the modern Catalan ''comarca''|Osona|the ancient city in Latium|Ausona (ancient city)}} |
{{redirect|Ausona|the modern Catalan ''comarca''|Osona|the ancient city in Latium|Ausona (ancient city)}} |
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| ⚫ | The '''County of Osona''', also '''Ausona''' ({{langx|ca|Comtat d'Osona}}, {{IPA|ca|kumˈtad duˈzonə|IPA}}; {{langx|la|Comitatus Ausonae}}), was one of the [[Catalan counties]] of the ''[[Marca Hispanica]]'' in the [[Early Middle Ages|Early]] and [[High Middle Ages]]. It was based around the capital city of [[Vic, Catalonia|Vic]] (''Vicus'') and the corresponding [[Diocese of Vic|diocese]], whose territory was roughly the current ''[[comarca]]'' of [[Osona]]. |
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| ⚫ | The '''County of Osona''', also '''Ausona''' ({{ |
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{{Infobox former country |
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| ⚫ | The ancient diocese of Osona was [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania| |
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|native_name = {{Plainlist| |
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*Comtat d'Osona ([[Catalan language|Catalan]]) |
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*Comitatus Ausonae ([[Latin]])}} |
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|conventional_long_name = County of Osona |
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|common_name = Osona |
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|era = [[Middle Ages]] |
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|status = |
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|status_text = |
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|empire = Crown of Aragon |
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|government_type = [[County]] |
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|event_start = |
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|year_start = 798 |
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|event_end = Became a permanent territory of the [[Principality of Catalonia]] |
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|year_end = 1111 |
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|event1 = |
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|date_event1 = |
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|event2 = |
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|date_event2 = |
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|event3 = |
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|event4 = |
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|date_event4 = |
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|event_pre = |
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|date_pre = |
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|event_post = |
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|date_post = |
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|p1 = Al-Andalus |
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|flag_p1 = |
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|image_p1 = |
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|p2 = |
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|flag_p2 = |
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|s1 = Principality of Catalonia |
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|flag_s1 = |
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|image_s1 = |
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|s2 = |
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|flag_s2 = |
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|image_flag = |
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|flag_alt = |
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|image_flag2 = |
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|flag_alt2 = |
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|flag = |
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|flag2 = |
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|flag_type = |
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|flag2_type = |
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|image_coat = |
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|coa_size = |
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|coat_alt = |
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|symbol_type = |
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|symbol_type_article = |
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|image_map = Borrell.png |
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|image_map_alt = |
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| ⚫ | |||
|capital = [[Vic, Catalonia|Vic]] |
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|common_languages = [[Old Catalan]] |
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|religion = |
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|demonym = |
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|currency = |
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|leader1 = [[Borrell, Count of Osona|Borrel I]] <small>(first)</small> |
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|leader2 = [[Bernard III of Besalú|Bernard III]] <small> (last [[de facto]] count)</small> |
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|leader3 = |
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|leader4 = |
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|year_leader1 = 798–820 |
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|year_leader2 = 1107–1111 |
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|year_leader3 = |
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|year_leader4 = |
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|title_leader = [[Count of Osona]] |
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|stat_year1 = |
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|stat_area1 = |
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|stat_pop1 = |
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|today = [[Osona]] |
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}} |
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| ⚫ | The ancient diocese of Osona was [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania|sacked by the Arabs]] in the mid eighth century (c. 750–755). Its [[Reconquista|reconquest by Christian powers]] began in 798; in that year [[Louis the Pious|Louis of Aquitaine]] ordered a [[Visigoths|Goth]] [[Borrell of Ausona|Borrell]] to enter the abandoned region and repair the castles of Vic, [[Cardona, Spain|Cardona]], and [[Casserès]].<ref>Lewis, 41.</ref> Vic was in Frankish hands by 799. After the successful siege of [[Barcelona]] in 801, Borrell, already [[Count of Cerdanya]] and [[Count of Urgel|Urgell]], received Osona as a countship from his liege lord, King Louis. On Borrell's death, Osona was granted to the [[Franks|Frankish]] [[Count of Barcelona]], [[Rampon, Count of Barcelona|Rampon]]. After the rebellion of 826, during which [[Guillemundus|Guillemó]] and [[Aissó]] succeeded in taking it with help from the [[Emirate of Córdoba]], Osona remained depopulated and outside of Frankish control until 879.<ref>Lewis, 47.</ref> It was considered to be part of the County of Barcelona throughout that period. |
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In 879, [[Wilfred the Hairy]] began the [[Repoblación|repopulation]] of the county with free ''minores'', who cultivated the lands given them as ''[[aprisio]]nes''; they turned Osona into a central and important part of Catalonia.<ref>Lewis, 73.</ref> There was a viscounty of Osona from 900.<ref>Lewis, 117.</ref> The viscounts controlled the region on behalf of the counts, who were usually resident in Barcelona. The viscountship later changed its name to viscounty of Cabrera{{cn|date=May 2013}}. Wilfred, who established the viscounty, also built new castles along the frontier of Osona, at [[Torelló]] (881), [[Montgrony]] (887), and [[Tarabaldi]] (892).<ref>Lewis, 131.</ref> All these fortresses were controlled either directly by the count or by a castellan who also controlled the ''appendici'' or surrounding territory on certain specific terms.<ref>Lewis, 133–134.</ref> The castle, in fact, and its ''mandamenta'' (commandment) were the central organising feature of Osona after its repopulation. Wilfred also reorganised the church in Osona — after the bishopric, Wilfred's foundation of the convent of [[Sant Joan de les Abadesses]], originally under his daughter [[Emma of Sant Joan de les Abadesses|Emma]], was the most important ecclesiastical institution in the county<ref>Lewis, 251.</ref> — and introduced [[serfdom]] on a limited scale. |
In 879, [[Wilfred the Hairy]] began the [[Repoblación|repopulation]] of the county with free ''minores'', who cultivated the lands given them as ''[[aprisio]]nes''; they turned Osona into a central and important part of Catalonia.<ref>Lewis, 73.</ref> There was a viscounty of Osona from 900.<ref>Lewis, 117.</ref> The viscounts controlled the region on behalf of the counts, who were usually resident in Barcelona. The viscountship later changed its name to viscounty of Cabrera{{cn|date=May 2013}}. Wilfred, who established the viscounty, also built new castles along the frontier of Osona, at [[Torelló]] (881), [[Montgrony]] (887), and [[Tarabaldi]] (892).<ref>Lewis, 131.</ref> All these fortresses were controlled either directly by the count or by a castellan who also controlled the ''appendici'' or surrounding territory on certain specific terms.<ref>Lewis, 133–134.</ref> The castle, in fact, and its ''mandamenta'' (commandment) were the central organising feature of Osona after its repopulation. Wilfred also reorganised the church in Osona — after the bishopric, Wilfred's foundation of the convent of [[Sant Joan de les Abadesses]], originally under his daughter [[Emma of Sant Joan de les Abadesses|Emma]], was the most important ecclesiastical institution in the county<ref>Lewis, 251.</ref> — and introduced [[serfdom]] on a limited scale. |
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Throughout the tenth century, Osona remained tied to Barcelona, except for the brief rule of [[Ermengol of Ausona|Ermengol]] from 939 to 943. In 990, the small ''[[pagus]]'' of [[Berga]] was detached from it and granted to Cerdanya. In 1035, Osona was detached from Barcelona for another brief period when [[Berenguer Ramon I, Count of Barcelona|Berenguer Ramon I]] left it to his widow, [[Guisla de Lluça]], on his death. She ruled it with her son [[William of Ausona|William]] until she remarried and he renounced it. After that it was reattached to Barcelona, but was augmented by the addition of the [[County of Manresa]], which was subsumed within Osona and ceased to be a distinct polity in the region{{cn|date=May 2013}}. |
Throughout the tenth century, Osona remained tied to Barcelona, except for the brief rule of [[Ermengol of Ausona|Ermengol]] from 939 to 943. In 990, the small ''[[pagus]]'' of [[Berga]] was detached from it and granted to Cerdanya. In 1035, Osona was detached from Barcelona for another brief period when [[Berenguer Ramon I, Count of Barcelona|Berenguer Ramon I]] left it to his widow, [[Guisla de Lluça]], on his death. She ruled it with her son [[William of Ausona|William]] until she remarried and he renounced it. After that, it was reattached to Barcelona, but was augmented by the addition of the [[County of Manresa]], which was subsumed within Osona and ceased to be a distinct polity in the region.{{cn|date=May 2013}}. |
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[[Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona|Ramon Berenguer III]] ceded the county to his son-in-law [[Bernard III of Besalú]], as [[dowry]] of his daughter [[Jimena of Ausona|Jimena]] in 1107. When both Jimena and Bernard died without heirs, Osona returned to Barcelona. This was to be the end for Osona as a nominally distinct county; the use of the terms " |
[[Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona|Ramon Berenguer III]] ceded the county to his son-in-law [[Bernard III of Besalú]], as [[dowry]] of his daughter [[Jimena of Ausona|Jimena]] in 1107. When both Jimena and Bernard died without heirs, Osona returned to Barcelona. This was to be the end for Osona as a nominally distinct county; the use of the terms "county" and "count" of Osona disappeared subsequently. From that point, its history was linked to the [[Principality of Catalonia]]. The title was revived for the [[House of Cabrera|Cabrera]] family in 1356 and it passed to the [[House of Montcada]] in 1574 and the [[Medinaceli]] in 1722, but none of these families ever controlled the feudal region. |
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==List of counts== |
==List of counts== |
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*[[William of Osona|William]] 1035–1054 |
*[[William of Osona|William]] 1035–1054 |
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*to the [[List of Counts of Barcelona|Counts of Barcelona]] 1054–1107 |
*to the [[List of Counts of Barcelona|Counts of Barcelona]] 1054–1107 |
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*[[ |
*[[Ximena of Ausona|Ximena]] 1107–1149 |
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*[[Bernard III of Besalú|Bernard]] 1107–1111 |
*[[Bernard III of Besalú|Bernard]] 1107–1111 |
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*[[Bernard III of Cabrera]] 1356–1364 |
*[[Bernard III of Cabrera]] 1356–1364 |
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[[Category:Medieval Catalonia]] |
[[Category:Medieval Catalonia]] |
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[[Category:Principality of Catalonia|Osona]] |
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Latest revision as of 23:39, 31 October 2024
The County of Osona, also Ausona (Catalan: Comtat d'Osona, IPA: [kumˈtad duˈzonə]; Latin: Comitatus Ausonae), was one of the Catalan counties of the Marca Hispanica in the Early and High Middle Ages. It was based around the capital city of Vic (Vicus) and the corresponding diocese, whose territory was roughly the current comarca of Osona.
County of Osona | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 798–1111 | |||||||||
 The county of Ausona at the start, united with the other counties of Borrell (in brown). | |||||||||
| Capital | Vic | ||||||||
| Common languages | Old Catalan | ||||||||
| Government | County | ||||||||
| Count of Osona | |||||||||
• 798–820 | Borrel I (first) | ||||||||
• 1107–1111 | Bernard III (last de facto count) | ||||||||
| Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||
• Established | 798 | ||||||||
• Became a permanent territory of the Principality of Catalonia | 1111 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Osona | ||||||||
The ancient diocese of Osona was sacked by the Arabs in the mid eighth century (c. 750–755). Its reconquest by Christian powers began in 798; in that year Louis of Aquitaine ordered a Goth Borrell to enter the abandoned region and repair the castles of Vic, Cardona, and Casserès.[1] Vic was in Frankish hands by 799. After the successful siege of Barcelona in 801, Borrell, already Count of Cerdanya and Urgell, received Osona as a countship from his liege lord, King Louis. On Borrell's death, Osona was granted to the Frankish Count of Barcelona, Rampon. After the rebellion of 826, during which Guillemó and Aissó succeeded in taking it with help from the Emirate of Córdoba, Osona remained depopulated and outside of Frankish control until 879.[2] It was considered to be part of the County of Barcelona throughout that period.
In 879, Wilfred the Hairy began the repopulation of the county with free minores, who cultivated the lands given them as aprisiones; they turned Osona into a central and important part of Catalonia.[3] There was a viscounty of Osona from 900.[4] The viscounts controlled the region on behalf of the counts, who were usually resident in Barcelona. The viscountship later changed its name to viscounty of Cabrera[citation needed]. Wilfred, who established the viscounty, also built new castles along the frontier of Osona, at Torelló (881), Montgrony (887), and Tarabaldi (892).[5] All these fortresses were controlled either directly by the count or by a castellan who also controlled the appendici or surrounding territory on certain specific terms.[6] The castle, in fact, and its mandamenta (commandment) were the central organising feature of Osona after its repopulation. Wilfred also reorganised the church in Osona — after the bishopric, Wilfred's foundation of the convent of Sant Joan de les Abadesses, originally under his daughter Emma, was the most important ecclesiastical institution in the county[7] — and introduced serfdom on a limited scale.
Throughout the tenth century, Osona remained tied to Barcelona, except for the brief rule of Ermengol from 939 to 943. In 990, the small pagus of Berga was detached from it and granted to Cerdanya. In 1035, Osona was detached from Barcelona for another brief period when Berenguer Ramon I left it to his widow, Guisla de Lluça, on his death. She ruled it with her son William until she remarried and he renounced it. After that, it was reattached to Barcelona, but was augmented by the addition of the County of Manresa, which was subsumed within Osona and ceased to be a distinct polity in the region.[citation needed].
Ramon Berenguer III ceded the county to his son-in-law Bernard III of Besalú, as dowry of his daughter Jimena in 1107. When both Jimena and Bernard died without heirs, Osona returned to Barcelona. This was to be the end for Osona as a nominally distinct county; the use of the terms "county" and "count" of Osona disappeared subsequently. From that point, its history was linked to the Principality of Catalonia. The title was revived for the Cabrera family in 1356 and it passed to the House of Montcada in 1574 and the Medinaceli in 1722, but none of these families ever controlled the feudal region.
List of counts
[edit]- Borrell 798–820
- Rampon 820–825
- Bernard 825–826
- Aisso 826–827
- Guillemó 826–827
- to the Counts of Barcelona 827–939
- Ermengol 939–943
- to the Counts of Barcelona 943–1035
- Guisla de Lluça 1035–1054
- William 1035–1054
- to the Counts of Barcelona 1054–1107
- Ximena 1107–1149
- Bernard 1107–1111
- Bernard III of Cabrera 1356–1364
- to the Counts of Barcelona permanently
Sources
[edit]- Lewis, Archibald Ross. The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050. University of Texas Press: Austin, 1965.
- Bolòs, Jordi and Víctor Hurtado. Atles del comtat d'Osona (798–993). Barcelona: Rafael Dalmau, 2001. ISBN 84-232-0632-7.
Notes
[edit]