National Assembly (Eritrea): Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Unicameral legislature of Eritrea}} |
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{{Infobox legislature |
{{Infobox legislature |
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| name = National Assembly |
| name = National Assembly |
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| native_name = |
| native_name = ሃገራዊ ባይቶ |
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| native_name_lang = |
| native_name_lang = ti |
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| transcription_name = |
| transcription_name = Hagerawi Baito |
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| legislature = |
| legislature = |
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| coa_pic = Emblem of Eritrea (or argent azur).svg |
| coa_pic = Emblem of Eritrea (or argent azur).svg |
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| coa_res = 150px |
| coa_res = 150px |
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| coa_alt = |
| coa_alt = |
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| foundation = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> February |
| foundation = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> 1 February 1994 |
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| disbanded = 2 February 2002 {{small|(de facto)}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=02.02.02 Eritrea's Day of Shame |url=https://www.eritreadigest.com/02-02-02-eritreas-day-of-shame/ |access-date=2022-11-22 |language=en}}</ref> |
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| house_type = Unicameral |
| house_type = Unicameral |
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| body = |
| body = |
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| party1 = [[People's Front for Democracy and Justice|PFDJ]] |
| party1 = [[People's Front for Democracy and Justice|PFDJ]] |
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| election1 = 24 May 1993 |
| election1 = 24 May 1993 |
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| leader2_type = |
| leader2_type = |
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| leader2 = |
| leader2 = |
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| party2 = |
| party2 = |
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| election2 = |
| election2 = |
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| leader3_type = |
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| leader3 = |
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| structure2_res = |
| structure2_res = |
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| structure2_alt = |
| structure2_alt = |
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| political_groups1 = {{Color box|Green|border= |
| political_groups1 = {{Color box|Green|border=silver}} [[People's Front for Democracy and Justice|PFDJ]] (75)<br>{{Color box|#D3D3D3|border=silver}} Appointed (75) |
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{{Color box|grey|border=darkgray}} Appointed (75) |
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{{Politics of Eritrea}} |
{{Politics of Eritrea}} |
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The '''National Assembly''' of [[Eritrea]] |
The '''National Assembly''' ({{langx|ti|ሃገራዊ ባይቶ|translit=Hagerawi Baito}}) of the [[State of Eritrea]] has 150 members, 75 members appointed (consisting mostly of representatives [[Elections in Eritrea|elected by the general population]], of whom at least 11 must be women, and 15 members representing Eritreans living abroad) and 75 members representing the members of the Central Committee of the [[People's Front for Democracy and Justice]] (PFDJ), the [[One-party state|sole legal political party]] of Eritrea.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eritrea.be/old/eritrea-government.htm |title=Eritrea - Political structure |access-date=2016-11-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114063146/http://www.eritrea.be/old/eritrea-government.htm |archive-date=2016-11-14 }}</ref> According to the [[Inter-Parliamentary Union|IPU]], the National Assembly has 150 indirectly elected members. The National Assembly was composed in 1994, and its meeting place is located in [[Asmara]]. |
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[[Agence France Presse|AFP]] reported that Eritreans have elected 399 representatives in the [[Regions of Eritrea|country's six regions]] in a lengthy process that would lead to the formation of a constituent assembly, with the regional elections beginning on 4 January 1997 in some parts of the country and completed in others by 1 March 1997.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} {{As of|2024}}, direct elections had never been held: elections planned for 2001 were continuously postponed before being cancelled altogether. {{As of|2016}}, the National Assembly was described by the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] as non-existent,<ref name="OHCHR_ER_crimes_humanity" /> having not convened since January 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2018/5/24/democracy-according-to-eritreas-afwerki-then-and-now|title = Democracy according to Eritrea's Afwerki, then and now}}</ref> In practice, President [[Isaias Afwerki]] [[Rule by decree|exercises]] legislative powers in addition to the executive functions granted by the [[Constitution of Eritrea|constitution]]. |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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While [[Eritrea]] was [[Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea|federated to Ethiopia]], |
While [[Eritrea]] was [[Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea|federated to Ethiopia]], from 1952–1962, the Eritrean Assembly was the legislative body. Eritrea has a one-party national Assembly governed by [[People's Front for Democracy and Justice]] (PFDJ) (originally the [[Eritrean People's Liberation Front]] (EPLF)). From the time of independence since May 1991, the country has been continuing with a transitional government elected during the elections in June 1993; the scheduled elections from 2001 have been postponed indefinitely.<ref>{{cite web|title=Elections in Eritrea|url=http://africanelections.tripod.com/er.html|publisher=African Elections|access-date=12 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221021524/http://africanelections.tripod.com/er.html|archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> |
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The regional and local elections are conducted on a periodic basis on a restricted framework, with all men and women of any ethnic or religious background are eligible to vote. Only individuals, not parties, are allowed to contest the elections, which are presided over by representatives from PDFJ. Policy decisions must be focused on the party mandate.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eritrea|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/countries-crossroads/2007/eritrea|publisher=Freedom House|access-date=12 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112143830/https://freedomhouse.org/report/countries-crossroads/2007/eritrea|archive-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> |
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==Qualification== |
==Qualification== |
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The composition of the 150 members of the National Assembly is members from the Central Committee members of the ruling PFDJ and 75 others elected from the 527 member Constituent Assembly in 1997. The elections were held for a transitional government to discuss and ratify the new constitution. The stipulation set for the 75 elected members were: a minimum of 11 women members and minimum of 15 members representing expat Eritreans.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eritrean Government|url=http://www.eritrean-embassy.se/government-agencies/government-of-eritrea/|publisher=Embassy of the state of Eritrea, Sweden |
The composition of the 150 members of the National Assembly is members from the Central Committee members of the ruling PFDJ and 75 others elected from the 527 member Constituent Assembly in 1997. The elections were held for a transitional government to discuss and ratify the new constitution. The stipulation set for the 75 elected members were: a minimum of 11 women members and minimum of 15 members representing expat Eritreans.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eritrean Government|url=http://www.eritrean-embassy.se/government-agencies/government-of-eritrea/|publisher=Embassy of the state of Eritrea, Sweden|access-date=12 November 2016|archive-date=7 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207041830/http://eritrean-embassy.se/government-agencies/government-of-eritrea|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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==Constitutional powers== |
==Constitutional powers== |
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The President was to be [[Elections in Eritrea|elected]] by the members of the National Assembly for a five-year term, and a maximum of two terms, while the members of the National Assembly were to be elected directly by popular vote. |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | In May 1997, a new constitution was adopted, which enabled only the 75 elected members needed in the Assembly, while 75 others from the PFDJ were nominated from the Central Committee; the members of the transitional assembly were allowed to continue until next elections were held.<ref>{{cite book|title=Eritrea Foreign Policy And Government Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sDVSMs-G5C4C&q=eritrea+national+assembly&pg=PA161|page=14|publisher=Int'l Business Publications|last=USA (PRD) International Business Publications|year=2004|isbn=9780739796412}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The National Assembly was scheduled to meet every six months, or at points of emergency at the behest of President and two-thirds of the members. The Council of State reports to the Assembly, which was set as the top most legislative body of the Constitution of Eritrea that needs to assure the fundamental rights of the citizens of the country and to ensure justice, peace and stability. The National Assembly was also set to oversee the Executive branch of the constitution during the regime of the transitional government.<ref>{{cite book|title=Eritrea at a Crossroads: A Narrative of Triumph, Betrayal and Hope|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzlEAwAAQBAJ&q=eritrea+national+assembly&pg=PA159|page=159|first=Andebrhan Welde |last=Giorgis|publisher=Strategic Book Publishing|year=2014|isbn=9781628573312}}</ref> The other major functions of the National Assembly include approval of budgets, governing domestic and foreign policies, and regulating the policies of the council.<ref>{{cite web|title=Political structure in Eritrea|url=http://www.eritrea.be/old/eritrea-government.htm|access-date=24 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114063146/http://www.eritrea.be/old/eritrea-government.htm|archive-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist| |
{{reflist|refs= |
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<ref name="OHCHR_ER_crimes_humanity">{{cite web | title=UN Inquiry finds crimes against humanity in Eritrea | website= [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|OHCHR]] |date = 2016-06-08 | url = https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=20067 | access-date = 2021-02-06 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20210206004337/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=20067 |archive-date= 2021-02-06 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Africa legislatures}} |
{{Africa legislatures}} |
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{{National unicameral legislatures}} |
{{National unicameral legislatures}} |
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Latest revision as of 23:40, 31 October 2024
National Assembly ሃገራዊ ባይቶ Hagerawi Baito | |
|---|---|
.svg) | |
| Type | |
| Type | |
| History | |
| Founded | 1 February 1994 |
| Disbanded | 2 February 2002 (de facto)[1] |
| Leadership | |
President of the Assembly | |
| Structure | |
| Seats | 150 members (75 appointed, 75 elected from the PFDJ) |
 | |
Political groups | PFDJ (75) Appointed (75) |
| Meeting place | |
| Asmara | |
|
|---|
| Constitution (not enforced) |
| Elections |
 Eritrea portal |
The National Assembly (Tigrinya: ሃገራዊ ባይቶ, romanized: Hagerawi Baito) of the State of Eritrea has 150 members, 75 members appointed (consisting mostly of representatives elected by the general population, of whom at least 11 must be women, and 15 members representing Eritreans living abroad) and 75 members representing the members of the Central Committee of the People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ), the sole legal political party of Eritrea.[2] According to the IPU, the National Assembly has 150 indirectly elected members. The National Assembly was composed in 1994, and its meeting place is located in Asmara.
AFP reported that Eritreans have elected 399 representatives in the country's six regions in a lengthy process that would lead to the formation of a constituent assembly, with the regional elections beginning on 4 January 1997 in some parts of the country and completed in others by 1 March 1997.[citation needed] As of 2024[update], direct elections had never been held: elections planned for 2001 were continuously postponed before being cancelled altogether. As of 2016[update], the National Assembly was described by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights as non-existent,[3] having not convened since January 2002.[4] In practice, President Isaias Afwerki exercises legislative powers in addition to the executive functions granted by the constitution.
Background
[edit]While Eritrea was federated to Ethiopia, from 1952–1962, the Eritrean Assembly was the legislative body. Eritrea has a one-party national Assembly governed by People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ) (originally the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF)). From the time of independence since May 1991, the country has been continuing with a transitional government elected during the elections in June 1993; the scheduled elections from 2001 have been postponed indefinitely.[5]
The regional and local elections are conducted on a periodic basis on a restricted framework, with all men and women of any ethnic or religious background are eligible to vote. Only individuals, not parties, are allowed to contest the elections, which are presided over by representatives from PDFJ. Policy decisions must be focused on the party mandate.[6]
Qualification
[edit]The composition of the 150 members of the National Assembly is members from the Central Committee members of the ruling PFDJ and 75 others elected from the 527 member Constituent Assembly in 1997. The elections were held for a transitional government to discuss and ratify the new constitution. The stipulation set for the 75 elected members were: a minimum of 11 women members and minimum of 15 members representing expat Eritreans.[7]
Constitutional powers
[edit]The President was to be elected by the members of the National Assembly for a five-year term, and a maximum of two terms, while the members of the National Assembly were to be elected directly by popular vote.
In May 1997, a new constitution was adopted, which enabled only the 75 elected members needed in the Assembly, while 75 others from the PFDJ were nominated from the Central Committee; the members of the transitional assembly were allowed to continue until next elections were held.[8] The National Assembly was scheduled to meet every six months, or at points of emergency at the behest of President and two-thirds of the members. The Council of State reports to the Assembly, which was set as the top most legislative body of the Constitution of Eritrea that needs to assure the fundamental rights of the citizens of the country and to ensure justice, peace and stability. The National Assembly was also set to oversee the Executive branch of the constitution during the regime of the transitional government.[9] The other major functions of the National Assembly include approval of budgets, governing domestic and foreign policies, and regulating the policies of the council.[10]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "02.02.02 Eritrea's Day of Shame". Retrieved 2022-11-22.
- ^ "Eritrea - Political structure". Archived from the original on 2016-11-14. Retrieved 2016-11-24.
- ^ "UN Inquiry finds crimes against humanity in Eritrea". OHCHR. 2016-06-08. Archived from the original on 2021-02-06. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
- ^ "Democracy according to Eritrea's Afwerki, then and now".
- ^ "Elections in Eritrea". African Elections. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
- ^ "Eritrea". Freedom House. Archived from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
- ^ "Eritrean Government". Embassy of the state of Eritrea, Sweden. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
- ^ USA (PRD) International Business Publications (2004). Eritrea Foreign Policy And Government Guide. Int'l Business Publications. p. 14. ISBN 9780739796412.
{{cite book}}:|last=has generic name (help)[permanent dead link] - ^ Giorgis, Andebrhan Welde (2014). Eritrea at a Crossroads: A Narrative of Triumph, Betrayal and Hope. Strategic Book Publishing. p. 159. ISBN 9781628573312.
- ^ "Political structure in Eritrea". Archived from the original on 14 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.