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[[File:Flags_of_the_Sixteen_Great_Turkish_Empires.JPG|thumb|267x267px|Flags of the ''16 Great Turkish Empires'' displayed in the [[Istanbul Military Museum]]]]
[[File:Flags_of_the_Sixteen_Great_Turkish_Empires.JPG|thumb|267x267px|Flags of the ''16 Great Turkish Empires'' displayed in the [[Istanbul Military Museum]]]]


The '''''16 Great Turkic Empires''''' ({{lang-tr|{{italics correction|16 Büyük Türk Devleti}}}}, which translates as "16 Great ''[[Name of Turkey#Etymology|Turkic]]'' States") is a concept in [[Turkish nationalism|Turkish]] [[ethnic nationalism]], introduced in 1969 by [[Akib Özbek]], map officer<ref>H. Feridun Demokan, ''Contemporary Turkey: Geography, History, Economy, Art, Tourism'', Demokan, 1978, p. 4. Necdet Evliyagil, Sami Güner, Basın-Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü, Ajans-Türk, ''Türkiye: Cumhuriyetin 50. Yıl Kitabı'', Ajans-Türk Matbaacılık Sanayii, 1973.</ref> and widely invoked by Turkish authorities during the 1980s, under the government of [[Kenan Evren]].<ref>X. Türk Tarih Kongresi'', Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1994, [https://books.google.com/books?id=MTlpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Bu+nedenle+Yeni+T%C3%BCrkiye+Cumhuriyeti%27ni+kuran+T%C3%BCrk+Ulusu%27nun+k%C3%B6keni+16+T%C3%BCrk+Beyli%C4%9Fine+dayan%C4%B1r+diyoruz.%22 p. 2947.] {{in lang|tr}})</ref>
The '''16 Great Turkic Empires''' ({{langx|tr|{{italics correction|16 Büyük Türk Devleti}}}}, {{lit|Sixteen Great [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] States}}) is a concept in [[Turkish nationalism|Turkish]] [[ethnic nationalism]], introduced in 1969 by [[Akib Özbek]], map officer<ref>H. Feridun Demokan, ''Contemporary Turkey: Geography, History, Economy, Art, Tourism'', Demokan, 1978, p. 4. Necdet Evliyagil, Sami Güner, Basın-Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü, Ajans-Türk, ''Türkiye: Cumhuriyetin 50. Yıl Kitabı'', Ajans-Türk Matbaacılık Sanayii, 1973.</ref> and widely invoked by Turkish authorities during the 1980s, under the government of [[Kenan Evren]].<ref>''X. Türk Tarih Kongresi'', Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1994, [https://books.google.com/books?id=MTlpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Bu+nedenle+Yeni+T%C3%BCrkiye+Cumhuriyeti%27ni+kuran+T%C3%BCrk+Ulusu%27nun+k%C3%B6keni+16+T%C3%BCrk+Beyli%C4%9Fine+dayan%C4%B1r+diyoruz.%22 p. 2947.] {{in lang|tr}})</ref>


== The list ==
== The list ==
The "16 Great Turkic Empires" are the following (according to the [[President of Turkey|Turkish Presidency]]):<ref name=fors>{{cite web|url=https://www.tccb.gov.tr/cumhurbaskanligi/resmi-simgeler/fors/|title=Fors|publisher=T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı|lang=tr}}</ref>
The "16 Great Turkic Empires" are the following:
<!---DO NOT REPLACE WITH "HISTORICAL FLAGS". THE FLAGS HERE ARE THOSE INVENTED BY ÖZBEK IN 1969-->
<!---DO NOT REPLACE WITH "HISTORICAL FLAGS". THE FLAGS HERE ARE THOSE INVENTED BY ÖZBEK IN 1969-->
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|-
|-
!Flag<br /><small>(fictional)</small><ref name="flags"/>
!Flag<br /><small>(attributed by Özbek)</small><ref name="flags"/>
!Name<!--literal translation of Turkish name-->
!Name
!Turkish name
!Turkish name
!Leader<ref name="statues"/>
!Founder<ref name="statues"/>
!Dates ([[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian]])<ref>Dates as shown in the original document{{clarify|date=April 2016}}<!--what document? how about citing it explicitly?-->{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}</ref>
!Dates ([[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian]])<ref name=fors></ref>
|-
|-
|
|
[[File:Flag of Xiongnu (16 Great Turkic Empires).svg|220px]]
[[File:Flag of Xiongnu (16 Great Turkic Empires).svg|220px]]
|[[Xiongnu Empire]]
|"[[Xiongnu|Great Hunnic Empire]]"
|''Büyük Hun İmparatorluğu''
|{{lang|tr|Büyük Hun İmparatorluğu}}<ref name="flags"/>
|[[Modu Chanyu]]
|[[Modu Chanyu]]
|220 BC–46 BC
|220 BCE–216 CE
|-
|-
| [[File:Flag of South Xiongnu (16 Great Turkic Empires).svg|220px]]
| [[File:Flag of South Xiongnu (16 Great Turkic Empires).svg|220px]]
|[[Xiongnu|South Xiongnu Empire]]
|"[[Xiongnu|Western Hunnic Empire]]"
|''Batı Hun İmparatorluğu''
|{{lang|tr|Batı Hun İmparatorluğu}}<ref name=fors></ref>
|[[Punu Chanyu|Panu]]
|[[Punu Chanyu|Panu]]
|48–216
|48–216
Line 32: Line 32:
|
|
[[File:Flag of the Huns (16 Great Turkic Empires).svg|220px]]
[[File:Flag of the Huns (16 Great Turkic Empires).svg|220px]]
|[[Hunnic Empire]]
|"[[Huns|Europe Hunnic Empire]]"
|''Avrupa Hun İmparatorluğu''
|{{lang|tr|Avrupa Hun İmparatorluğu}}<ref name=fors></ref>
|[[Attila]]
|[[Attila]]
|375–469
|375–469
|-
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Hephthalites (16 Great Turkic Empires) 2.svg|220px]]
|[[File:Flag of the Hephthalites (16 Great Turkic Empires) 2.svg|220px]]
|[[Hephthalite Empire]]
|"[[Hephthalites|White Hunnic Empire]]"
|''Akhun İmparatorluğu''
|{{lang|tr|Ak Hun İmparatorluğu}}<ref name=fors></ref>
|Aksunvar
|[[Akhshunwar|Aksunvar]]
| 420–552
| 390–577
|-
|-
|[[File:Göktürk flag.svg|220px]]
|[[File:Göktürk flag.svg|220px]]
|[[Turkic Khaganate (disambiguation)|Turkic Khaganate]]
|"[[Turkic Khaganate (disambiguation)|Göktürk Empire]]"
|''Göktürk İmparatorluğu''
|{{lang|tr|Göktürk İmparatorluğu}}<ref name=fors></ref>
|[[Bumin Qaghan]]
|[[Bumin Qaghan]]
|552–745
|551–744
|-
|-
|
|
[[File:Avar Khaganate flag.svg|220px]]
[[File:Avar Khaganate flag.svg|220px]]
|[[Avar Khaganate]]
|"[[Avar Khaganate|Avar Empire]]"
|''Avar İmparatorluğu''
|{{lang|tr|Avar İmparatorluğu}}<ref name=fors></ref>
|Bayan Qaghan
|[[Bayan I|Bayan Qaghan]]
| 565–835
| 565–835
|-
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Khazars (16 Great Turkic Empires).svg|220px]]
| [[File:Flag of the Khazars (16 Great Turkic Empires).svg|220px]]
|[[Khazar Khaganate]]
|"[[Khazar Khaganate|Khazar Empire]]"
|''Hazar İmparatorluğu''
|{{lang|tr|Hazar İmparatorluğu}}<ref name=fors></ref>
|[[Tong Yabghu Qaghan]]
|[[Tong Yabghu Qaghan]]
|651–983
|651–983
Line 64: Line 64:
|
|
[[File:Uyghur Khaganate flag.svg|220px]]
[[File:Uyghur Khaganate flag.svg|220px]]
|[[Uyghur Khaganate]]
|"[[Uyghur Khaganate|Uyghur State]]"
|''Uygur Devleti''
|{{lang|tr|Uygur Devleti}}<ref name=fors></ref>
|[[Kutlug I Bilge Kagan]]
|[[Kutlug I Bilge Kagan]]
|745–1368
|744–840
|-
|-
|[[File:Flag of Kara-Khanid Khanate (16 Great Turkic Empires).svg|220px]]
|[[File:Flag of Kara-Khanid Khanate (16 Great Turkic Empires).svg|220px]]
|[[Kara-Khanid Khanate|Qarakhanid Empire]]
|[[Kara-Khanid Khanate|Karakhanids]]
|''Karahanlılar''
|{{lang|tr|Karahanlılar}}<ref name=fors></ref>
|[[Bilge Kul Qadir Khan]]
|[[Bilge Kul Qadir Khan]]
|840–1212
|840–1212
|-
|-
| [[File:Ghaznavid flag.svg|GhaznavidFlag attributed.svg|220px]]
| [[File:Ghaznavid flag.svg|GhaznavidFlag attributed.svg|220px]]
|[[Ghaznavid Empire]]
|"[[Ghaznavid Empire|Ghaznavids]]"
|''Gazneliler''
|{{lang|tr|Gazneliler}}<ref name=fors></ref>
|[[Sabuktigin]]
|[[Sabuktigin]]
|962–1183
|977–1186
|-
|-
|[[File:Flag of Seljuk Empire (16 Great Turkic Empires) 1.svg|220px]]
|[[File:Flag of Seljuk Empire (16 Great Turkic Empires) 1.svg|220px]]
|[[Great Seljuq Empire]]
|"[[Great Seljuq Empire]]"
|''Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu''
|{{lang|tr|Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu}}<ref name=fors></ref>
|[[Chagri Bey]]
|[[Chagri Bey]]
|1040–1157
|1037–1194
|-
|-
|[[File:Flag of Khwarazmian Empire (16 Great Turkic Empires).svg|220px]]
|[[File:Flag of Khwarazmian Empire (16 Great Turkic Empires).svg|220px]]
|[[Khwarazmian Empire]]
|"[[Khwarazmian Empire|Khwarezmshahs]]"
|''Harzemşahlar''
|{{lang|tr|Harzemşahlar}}<ref name=fors></ref>
|[[Muhammad II of Khwarezm]]
|[[Muhammad II of Khwarezm]]
|1097–1231
|1077–1231
|-
|-
|[[File:Flag of Golden Horde (16 Great Turkic Empires).svg|220px]]
|[[File:Flag of Golden Horde (16 Great Turkic Empires).svg|220px]]
|[[Golden Horde]]
|"[[Golden Horde|Golden Horde State]]"
|''Altınordu Devleti''
|{{lang|tr|Altınordu Devleti}}<ref name=fors></ref>
|[[Batu Khan]]
|[[Batu Khan]]
|1236–1502
|1236–1502
|-
|-
|[[File:Flag of Timurid Empire (16 Great Turkic Empires).svg|220px]]
|[[File:Flag of Timurid Empire (16 Great Turkic Empires).svg|220px]]
|[[Timurid Empire]]
|"[[Timurid Empire|Great Timurid Empire]]"
|''Büyük Timur İmparatorluğu''
|{{lang|tr|Büyük Timur İmparatorluğu}}<ref name=fors></ref>
|[[Timur]]
|[[Timur]]
|1368–1501
|1368–1501
|-
|-
|[[File:Mughal flag.svg|220px]]
|[[File:Mughal flag.svg|220px]]
|[[Mughal Empire]]
|"[[Mughal Empire|Baburid Empire]]"
|''Babür İmparatorluğu''
|{{lang|tr|Babür İmparatorluğu}}<ref name=fors></ref>
|[[Babur]]
|[[Babur]]
|1526–1858
|1526–1858
|-
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Ottoman Empire (eight pointed star).svg|219x219px]]
|[[File:Flag of the Ottoman Empire (eight pointed star).svg|219x219px]]
|[[Ottoman Empire]]
|"[[Ottoman Empire]]"
|''Osmanlı İmparatorluğu''
|{{lang|tr|Osmanlı İmparatorluğu}}<ref name=fors></ref>
|[[Osman I]]
|[[Osman I]]
|1299–1922
|1299–1922
Line 120: Line 120:
== Reception ==
== Reception ==
[[File:Emblem of the Presidency of Turkey.svg|alt=|thumb|150x150px|16 stars in the [[Presidential Seal of Turkey]] represents each empire.{{efn|Although this view was first time proposed in 1969<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tccb.gov.tr/cumhurbaskanligi/resmi-simgeler/fors/|title=Fors|publisher=Presidency of Türkiye}}</ref>}}]]
[[File:Emblem of the Presidency of Turkey.svg|alt=|thumb|150x150px|16 stars in the [[Presidential Seal of Turkey]] represents each empire.{{efn|Although this view was first time proposed in 1969<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tccb.gov.tr/cumhurbaskanligi/resmi-simgeler/fors/|title=Fors|publisher=Presidency of Türkiye}}</ref>}}]]
Turkish nationalist writer, novelist, poet and philosopher, [[Hüseyin Nihâl Atsız]], supporter of the pan-Turkist or [[Turanism]] ideology, had noted that while some states with questionable Turkic identity were included in the list (like the [[Mughal Empire]]), some ostensibly Turkic states (such as [[Aq Qoyunlu]]) were left out, and labeled the list a "fabrication."<ref>[http://tarihgazetesi.net/index.php/yazilar/makaleler/1592-16-tuerk-devleti-ve-nihal-ats-z On line history newspaper ({{in lang|tr}})] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321225542/http://tarihgazetesi.net/index.php/yazilar/makaleler/1592-16-tuerk-devleti-ve-nihal-ats-z |date=2016-03-21 }} [[Nihal Atsız]] {{in lang|tr}} {{Dead link|date=October 2021}}</ref>{{verify source|date=July 2022}}
Turkish nationalist writer, novelist, poet and philosopher, [[Hüseyin Nihâl Atsız]], supporter of the pan-Turkist or [[Turanism]] ideology, had noted that while some states with questionable Turkic identity were included in the list (like the [[Hephthalite Empire]]), some ostensibly Turkic states (such as [[Aq Qoyunlu]]) were left out, and labeled the list a "fabrication."<ref>[http://tarihgazetesi.net/index.php/yazilar/makaleler/1592-16-tuerk-devleti-ve-nihal-ats-z On line history newspaper ({{in lang|tr}})] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321225542/http://tarihgazetesi.net/index.php/yazilar/makaleler/1592-16-tuerk-devleti-ve-nihal-ats-z |date=2016-03-21 }} [[Nihal Atsız]] {{in lang|tr}} {{Dead link|date=October 2021}}</ref>{{verify source|date=July 2022}}


In spite of Atsız' criticism, the concept was made a mainstream topos in Turkish national symbolism in the wake of the [[1980 Turkish coup d'état]], under the presidency of [[Kenan Evren]]. The [[Turkish PTT|Turkish Postal]] administration issued a series of stamps dedicated to the ''16 Empires'' in 1984, showing portraits of their respective founders as well as [[Attributed arms|attributed]] flags.<ref name="flags">Ivan Sache, [http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/tr_imp.html Presentation of the Sixteen Great Turkish Empires and their alleged flags], [[Flags of the World (website)|Flags of the World]], 4 July 2004; c.f. [https://galeri7.uludagsozluk.com/248/tarihteki-16-b%C3%BCy%C3%BCk-t%C3%BCrk-devleti_438933.jpg jpeg of the 1984 stamp series]. The flags were designed by Özbek in 1969. They are mostly imaginary, with the exception of the 1844 [[Ottoman flag]], and arguably the wolf's head and the bow-and-arrow used as emblems for the Göktürk and the Seljuk states, respectively. Ekrem Buğra Ekinci, [http://www.ekrembugraekinci.com/makale.asp?id=562 16 TÜRK DEVLETİ Cumhurbaşkanlığı forsundaki 16 yıldız neyi ifade ediyor?], 2 February 2015.</ref> In 1985, Özbek's ''16 Empires'' were invoked as a retrospective explanation of the 16 [[Star (heraldry)|stars]] in the [[Presidential Seal of Turkey|presidential seal of Turkey]] (introduced in 1936).<ref name="CESR">''Central Eurasian Studies Review'', Vol. 3, Central Eurasian Studies Society, 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FcQuAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Great+Turkish+Empires%22 p. 23]</ref>
In spite of Atsız' criticism, the concept was made a mainstream topos in Turkish national symbolism in the wake of the [[1980 Turkish coup d'état]], under the presidency of [[Kenan Evren]]. The [[Turkish PTT|Turkish Postal]] administration issued a series of stamps dedicated to the ''16 Empires'' in 1984, showing portraits of their respective founders as well as [[Attributed arms|attributed]] flags.<ref name="flags">Ivan Sache, [http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/tr_imp.html Presentation of the Sixteen Great Turkish Empires and their alleged flags], [[Flags of the World (website)|Flags of the World]], 4 July 2004; c.f. [https://galeri7.uludagsozluk.com/248/tarihteki-16-b%C3%BCy%C3%BCk-t%C3%BCrk-devleti_438933.jpg jpeg of the 1984 stamp series]. The flags were designed by Özbek in 1969. They are mostly imaginary, with the exception of the 1844 [[Ottoman flag]], and arguably the wolf's head and the bow-and-arrow used as emblems for the Göktürk and the Seljuk states, respectively. Ekrem Buğra Ekinci, [http://www.ekrembugraekinci.com/makale.asp?id=562 16 TÜRK DEVLETİ Cumhurbaşkanlığı forsundaki 16 yıldız neyi ifade ediyor?], 2 February 2015.</ref> In 1985, Özbek's ''16 Empires'' were invoked as a retrospective explanation of the 16 [[Star (heraldry)|stars]] in the [[Presidential Seal of Turkey|presidential seal of Turkey]] (introduced in 1936).<ref name="CESR">''Central Eurasian Studies Review'', Vol. 3, Central Eurasian Studies Society, 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FcQuAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Great+Turkish+Empires%22 p. 23]</ref>
Line 130: Line 130:
In January 2015, Turkish president [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] received Palestinian president [[Mahmoud Abbas]] in the [[Presidential Complex|Turkish Presidential Palace]] with a guard of 16 "warriors", actors wearing loosely historical armour and costume, intended to symbolise the 16 empires.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/spear-carriers-chainmail-warriors-erdogans-palace-welcome-195654554.html|title=Spear-carriers and chainmail warriors: Erdogan's palace welcome|publisher=[[Yahoo! News]]|accessdate=14 January 2015}}</ref> The costumes were ridiculed in Turkish media outlets, and one of the costumes in particular was mocked as a "bathrobe", becoming a trend on social media under the name of ''Duşakabinoğulları'' (lit. "sons of the shower cabin"'','' more idiomatically ''"Showercabinids"'').
In January 2015, Turkish president [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] received Palestinian president [[Mahmoud Abbas]] in the [[Presidential Complex|Turkish Presidential Palace]] with a guard of 16 "warriors", actors wearing loosely historical armour and costume, intended to symbolise the 16 empires.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/spear-carriers-chainmail-warriors-erdogans-palace-welcome-195654554.html|title=Spear-carriers and chainmail warriors: Erdogan's palace welcome|publisher=[[Yahoo! News]]|accessdate=14 January 2015}}</ref> The costumes were ridiculed in Turkish media outlets, and one of the costumes in particular was mocked as a "bathrobe", becoming a trend on social media under the name of ''Duşakabinoğulları'' (lit. "sons of the shower cabin"'','' more idiomatically ''"Showercabinids"'').
Dedicated to the principalities ending with the suffix -oğlu (English suffix -ids) in the Anatolian principalities
Dedicated to the principalities ending with the suffix -oğlu (English suffix -ids) in the Anatolian principalities
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diken.com.tr/dusakabinogullari-istifa-getirdi-o-kiyafete-bornoz-diyen-dekan-gorevinden-ayrildi/|title='Duşakabinoğulları' istifa getirdi: O kıyafete 'bornoz' diyen dekan görevinden ayrıldı|publisher=Diken|language=tr|accessdate=29 May 2016}} {{cite web|url=http://www.sozcu.com.tr/2015/gundem/dusakabinogullari-3-ay-surmus-712029/|title=Duşakabinoğulları 3 ay sürmüş!|publisher=[[Sözcü]]|language=tr|accessdate=29 May 2016}} {{cite web|url=http://www.birgun.net/haber-detay/dusakabinogullarini-dolmabahce-sarayi-na-getirdi-113348.html|title=Duşakabinoğullarını Dolmabahçe Sarayı'na getirdi|publisher=[[Birgün]]|language=tr|accessdate=29 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527032843/http://www.birgun.net/haber-detay/dusakabinogullarini-dolmabahce-sarayi-na-getirdi-113348.html|archive-date=2016-05-27|url-status=dead}} The ''[[Takvim]]'' daily newspaper omitted a label for this particular costume (Western Hunnic Empire) by mistake; [http://www.diken.com.tr/16-turk-devletinin-askerlerini-konusturan-takvim-dusakabinogullarinin-devletini-unuttu/ diken.com.tr].</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diken.com.tr/dusakabinogullari-istifa-getirdi-o-kiyafete-bornoz-diyen-dekan-gorevinden-ayrildi/|title='Duşakabinoğulları' istifa getirdi: O kıyafete 'bornoz' diyen dekan görevinden ayrıldı|date=17 January 2015 |publisher=Diken|language=tr|accessdate=29 May 2016}} {{cite web|url=http://www.sozcu.com.tr/2015/gundem/dusakabinogullari-3-ay-surmus-712029/|title=Duşakabinoğulları 3 ay sürmüş!|date=16 January 2015 |publisher=[[Sözcü]]|language=tr|accessdate=29 May 2016}} {{cite web|url=http://www.birgun.net/haber-detay/dusakabinogullarini-dolmabahce-sarayi-na-getirdi-113348.html|title=Duşakabinoğullarını Dolmabahçe Sarayı'na getirdi|publisher=[[Birgün]]|language=tr|accessdate=29 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527032843/http://www.birgun.net/haber-detay/dusakabinogullarini-dolmabahce-sarayi-na-getirdi-113348.html|archive-date=2016-05-27|url-status=dead}} The ''[[Takvim]]'' daily newspaper omitted a label for this particular costume (Western Hunnic Empire) by mistake; [http://www.diken.com.tr/16-turk-devletinin-askerlerini-konusturan-takvim-dusakabinogullarinin-devletini-unuttu/ diken.com.tr].</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==

Latest revision as of 23:50, 31 October 2024

Erdoğan and Abbas with actors representing the 16 Great Turkic Empires (2015)[1]
Flags of the 16 Great Turkish Empires displayed in the Istanbul Military Museum

The 16 Great Turkic Empires (Turkish: 16 Büyük Türk Devleti, lit. 'Sixteen Great Turkic States') is a concept in Turkish ethnic nationalism, introduced in 1969 by Akib Özbek, map officer[2] and widely invoked by Turkish authorities during the 1980s, under the government of Kenan Evren.[3]

The list

[edit]

The "16 Great Turkic Empires" are the following (according to the Turkish Presidency):[4]

Flag
(attributed by Özbek)[5] 		Name Turkish name Founder[6] Dates (Gregorian)[4]

"Great Hunnic Empire" Büyük Hun İmparatorluğu[5] Modu Chanyu 220 BCE–216 CE
"Western Hunnic Empire" Batı Hun İmparatorluğu[4] Panu 48–216

"Europe Hunnic Empire" Avrupa Hun İmparatorluğu[4] Attila 375–469
"White Hunnic Empire" Ak Hun İmparatorluğu[4] Aksunvar 420–552
"Göktürk Empire" Göktürk İmparatorluğu[4] Bumin Qaghan 552–745

"Avar Empire" Avar İmparatorluğu[4] Bayan Qaghan 565–835
"Khazar Empire" Hazar İmparatorluğu[4] Tong Yabghu Qaghan 651–983

"Uyghur State" Uygur Devleti[4] Kutlug I Bilge Kagan 745–1368
Karakhanids Karahanlılar[4] Bilge Kul Qadir Khan 840–1212
GhaznavidFlag attributed.svg "Ghaznavids" Gazneliler[4] Sabuktigin 962–1183
"Great Seljuq Empire" Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu[4] Chagri Bey 1040–1157
"Khwarezmshahs" Harzemşahlar[4] Muhammad II of Khwarezm 1097–1231
"Golden Horde State" Altınordu Devleti[4] Batu Khan 1236–1502
"Great Timurid Empire" Büyük Timur İmparatorluğu[4] Timur 1368–1501
"Baburid Empire" Babür İmparatorluğu[4] Babur 1526–1858
"Ottoman Empire" Osmanlı İmparatorluğu[4] Osman I 1299–1922

Reception

[edit]
16 stars in the Presidential Seal of Turkey represents each empire.[a]

Turkish nationalist writer, novelist, poet and philosopher, Hüseyin Nihâl Atsız, supporter of the pan-Turkist or Turanism ideology, had noted that while some states with questionable Turkic identity were included in the list (like the Hephthalite Empire), some ostensibly Turkic states (such as Aq Qoyunlu) were left out, and labeled the list a "fabrication."[8][verification needed]

In spite of Atsız' criticism, the concept was made a mainstream topos in Turkish national symbolism in the wake of the 1980 Turkish coup d'état, under the presidency of Kenan Evren. The Turkish Postal administration issued a series of stamps dedicated to the 16 Empires in 1984, showing portraits of their respective founders as well as attributed flags.[5] In 1985, Özbek's 16 Empires were invoked as a retrospective explanation of the 16 stars in the presidential seal of Turkey (introduced in 1936).[9]

Several municipal buildings and public parks in Turkey have collections of busts or statues of the founders of the "16 Empires" alongside a statue of Kemal Atatürk, including the municipal buildings of Keçiören (Ankara), Mamak, Ankara, Etimesgut, Niğde, Nevşehir, Pınarbaşı, Kayseri, etc.[6]

In 2000, Türk Telekom produced a series of smart cards dedicated to the topic.[10]

In January 2015, Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan received Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas in the Turkish Presidential Palace with a guard of 16 "warriors", actors wearing loosely historical armour and costume, intended to symbolise the 16 empires.[11] The costumes were ridiculed in Turkish media outlets, and one of the costumes in particular was mocked as a "bathrobe", becoming a trend on social media under the name of Duşakabinoğulları (lit. "sons of the shower cabin", more idiomatically "Showercabinids"). Dedicated to the principalities ending with the suffix -oğlu (English suffix -ids) in the Anatolian principalities [12]

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of the 16 Great Turkic Empires.

References

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  1. ^ Although this view was first time proposed in 1969[7]
  1. ^ "Abbas welcomed at Turkish presidential palace by Erdoğan – and 16 warriors". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 2015-01-12. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-12-12.
  2. ^ H. Feridun Demokan, Contemporary Turkey: Geography, History, Economy, Art, Tourism, Demokan, 1978, p. 4. Necdet Evliyagil, Sami Güner, Basın-Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü, Ajans-Türk, Türkiye: Cumhuriyetin 50. Yıl Kitabı, Ajans-Türk Matbaacılık Sanayii, 1973.
  3. ^ X. Türk Tarih Kongresi, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1994, p. 2947. (in Turkish))
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Fors" (in Turkish). T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı.
  5. ^ a b c Ivan Sache, Presentation of the Sixteen Great Turkish Empires and their alleged flags, Flags of the World, 4 July 2004; c.f. jpeg of the 1984 stamp series. The flags were designed by Özbek in 1969. They are mostly imaginary, with the exception of the 1844 Ottoman flag, and arguably the wolf's head and the bow-and-arrow used as emblems for the Göktürk and the Seljuk states, respectively. Ekrem Buğra Ekinci, 16 TÜRK DEVLETİ Cumhurbaşkanlığı forsundaki 16 yıldız neyi ifade ediyor?, 2 February 2015.
  6. ^ a b Keçiören 39°58′41″N 32°52′3″E / 39.97806°N 32.86750°E / 39.97806; 32.86750. Etimesgut Belediyesi kent meydanı için hazırlanan 16 Türk Büyüğü heykelleri. Niğde’nin simgesi Türk Büyükleri heykelleri kaldırılıyor mu? Türk devlet büyükleri Mamak'ta Archived 2016-08-05 at the Wayback Machine Türk Büyükleri Anıtları Yenilendi (Nevşehir). "Pınarbaşı Turkishness Monument" (Pınarbaşı Türklük Anıtı, opened in 2000).
  7. ^ "Fors". Presidency of Türkiye.
  8. ^ On line history newspaper ((in Turkish)) Archived 2016-03-21 at the Wayback Machine Nihal Atsız (in Turkish) [dead link‍]
  9. ^ Central Eurasian Studies Review, Vol. 3, Central Eurasian Studies Society, 2004, p. 23
  10. ^ Büyük Türk Devletleri [1]
  11. ^ "Spear-carriers and chainmail warriors: Erdogan's palace welcome". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  12. ^ "'Duşakabinoğulları' istifa getirdi: O kıyafete 'bornoz' diyen dekan görevinden ayrıldı" (in Turkish). Diken. 17 January 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2016. "Duşakabinoğulları 3 ay sürmüş!" (in Turkish). Sözcü. 16 January 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2016. "Duşakabinoğullarını Dolmabahçe Sarayı'na getirdi" (in Turkish). Birgün. Archived from the original on 2016-05-27. Retrieved 29 May 2016. The Takvim daily newspaper omitted a label for this particular costume (Western Hunnic Empire) by mistake; diken.com.tr.
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