Kâmil Pasha: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1885–1891, 1895, 1908–1909, 1912–1913)}} |
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'''Kıbrıslı Mehmed Kamil Paşa''' (''Mehmed Kamil Pasha the Cypriot''), also spelled as '''Kâmil Paşa''' or '''Kiamil Pasha''' was an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] statesman of [[Turkish Cypriots|Turkish Cypriot]] origin in the late [[19th century]] and early [[20th century]], who became, as aside regional or international posts within the Ottoman state structure, [[grand vizier]] of the Empire during four different periods. |
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{{family name hatnote|Mehmed Kâmil|Pasha|lang=Ottoman Turkish}} |
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{{Format footnotes|date=August 2023}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}} |
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{{Infobox officeholder |
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|honorific-prefix = [[Cyprus|Kıbrıslı]] |
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|name = Mehmed Kâmil |
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|honorific-suffix = [[Pasha]] |
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|native_name = {{No bold|محمد كامل پاشا}} |
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|native_name_lang = ota |
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|image = File:Mehmed Kamil Pasha.jpg |
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|imagesize = |
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|nationality = [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] |
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|caption = |
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|office1 = [[Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire]] |
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|monarch1 = [[Abdul Hamid II]] |
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|term_start1 = 25 September 1885 |
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|term_end1 = 4 September 1891 |
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|predecessor1 = [[Mehmed Said Pasha]] |
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|successor1 = [[Ahmed Cevad Pasha]] |
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|office2 = |
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|monarch2 = [[Abdul Hamid II]] |
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|term_start2 = 2 October 1895 |
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|term_end2 = 7 November 1895 |
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|predecessor2 = [[Mehmed Said Pasha]] |
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|successor2 = [[Halil Rifat Pasha]] |
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|office3 = |
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|monarch3 = [[Abdul Hamid II]] |
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|term_start3 = 5 August 1908 |
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|term_end3 = 14 February 1909 |
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|predecessor3 = [[Mehmed Said Pasha]] |
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|successor3 = [[Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha]] |
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|office4 = |
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|monarch4 = [[Mehmed V]] |
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|term_start4 = 29 October 1912 |
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|term_end4 = 23 January 1913 |
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|predecessor4 = [[Ahmed Muhtar Pasha]] |
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|successor4 = [[Mahmud Shevket Pasha]] |
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|birth_date = 1833 |
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|birth_place = [[Nicosia]], [[Ottoman Cyprus|Cyprus Sanjak]], [[Ottoman Empire]] |
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|death_date = 14 November 1913 (aged 80) |
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|death_place = Nicosia, [[British Cyprus]] |
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|party = [[Freedom and Accord Party]] |
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|spouse = |
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}} |
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'''Mehmed Kâmil Pasha''' ({{langx|ota|محمد كامل پاشا}}; {{langx|tr|Kıbrıslı Mehmet Kâmil Paşa}}, "Mehmed Kamil Pasha the Cypriot"), also spelled as '''Kamil Pasha''' (1833 – 14 November 1913), was an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] statesman and liberal politician<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7n39p1dn&chunk.id=ch04&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch04&brand=ucpress|title = Arabs and Young Turks}}</ref> of [[Turkish Cypriots|Turkish Cypriot]] origin in the late-19th-century and early-20th-century. He was the [[List of Ottoman grand viziers|Grand Vizier]] of the Empire during four different periods.<ref name = turkbook>İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, Türkiye Yayınevi, İstanbul, 1971 (Turkish)</ref> |
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== Early life == |
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He was born in [[Lefkoşa]] in [[1833]], son of Captain Salih Ağa from the village of Gaziler, in the [[Northern Cyprus]] today. His first post was in the household of the [[Khedive]] of [[Egypt]] who at that time was only nominally dependent to the central Ottoman power in [[İstanbul]]. In the course of this appointment he visited [[London]] for the [[Great Exhibition of 1851]] in charge of one of the Khedive's sons. Kiamil's sojourn in [[England]] left in him a lifelong admiration for [[Britain]] and during his career within the Ottoman state, he was always known to be an [[Anglophile]]. |
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[[File:Kamil bey.jpg |thumb|200px|left|Kâmil Pasha, 1860s]] |
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Mehmed Kâmil Pasha was born in [[Nicosia]], [[Ottoman Cyprus]] in 1833. He was the son of an artillery captain, Salih [[Agha (title)|Agha]], from the village of [[Pyrogi]]. His paternal grandfather is from [[Karakese]] village of [[Anamur]]. Kâmil's mother is Pembe [[Khanum|Hanım]], who also hailed from Cyprus.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |archive-date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101164237/https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=WY5CM7tPNE2z_YM6pBu0t2UvIWrL3Q-7iYGBAs71gE8sYteKi4iS8VRlXKa1eMwo |date=1995 |first=İsmail |last=Şen |title=Sadrazam Kıbrıslı Mehmed Kamil Paşa: 1832-1913 |url=https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=WY5CM7tPNE2z_YM6pBu0t2UvIWrL3Q-7iYGBAs71gE8sYteKi4iS8VRlXKa1eMwo |work=Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü doktora tezi}}<!-- auto-translated from Turkish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> |
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He was educated in on the island until the age of thirteen; He learned Arabic, Persian, French and Greek. In 1845, he was taken to Egypt with his younger brother and studied at Elsine [[Madrasa]]. Shortly after, when the madrasah was converted into a military academy, he took courses on military sciences. He graduated as a cavalry lieutenant. |
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Having full command of [[English language|English]], thenceforth to the close of his career he zealously sought the friendship of England for [[Turkey]]. |
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His first post was in the household of the [[Khedive]] of [[Ottoman Egypt|Egypt]], [[Abbas I of Egypt|Abbas I]], at that time was only nominally dependent to the central Ottoman power in [[Istanbul|Constantinople]]. In the course of this appointment he visited [[London]] for the [[Great Exhibition of 1851]] in charge of one of the Khedive's sons. Kamil's sojourn in London left in him a lifelong admiration for [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]] and during his career within the Ottoman state, he was always known to be an [[Anglophile]]. |
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After remaining in Egypt for ten years, Mehmed Kamil exchanged the service of [[Abbas I]] for that of the Ottoman Government as of [[1860]] and for the ensuing nineteen years -that is to say until he first entered the Cabinet-, he filled very numerous administrative appointments in every part of the Empire. He governed, or helped to govern provinces such as [[Eastern Rumelia]], [[Hercegovina]], [[Kosovo]], and his native [[Cyprus]]. |
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Having full command of English, thenceforth to the close of his career he zealously sought a close friendship between the United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire. |
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Between [[1885]] and [[1913]] he filled the office of Grand Vizier four times. In May 1913, he returned to his native Cyprus which he had not seen since he had ceased to govern it as far back as [[1864]]. |
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== High politics in the Ottoman Empire == |
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The reason was no happy one. On [[23 January]] [[1913]], [[Enver Paşa]], one of the [[Young Turk]] leaders, had burst with some of his associates into the [[Sublime Porte]] while the Cabinet was actually in session, his [[hitman]] [[Yakup Cemil]] had shot the Minister of War [[Nazım Paşa]] dead at the Council table and had literally overturned by force Mehmed Kamil Paşa's fourth and last Prime Ministry. Unable to remain in Turkey after this bloody coup, the ex-Grand Vizier was invited by his friend [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]] to stay with him in [[Cairo]], and after three months in Egypt, Mehmed Kamil Paşa decided to wait a favourable turn of fortune in his native Cyprus. |
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After remaining in Egypt for ten years, Mehmed Kâmil exchanged the service of Abbas I for that of the Ottoman Government as of 1860 and for the ensuing nineteen years – that is to say until he first entered the Cabinet – he filled very numerous administrative appointments in every part of the Empire. He governed, or helped to govern [[Vilayet|vilayets]] such as [[Eastern Rumelia]], [[Hercegovina]], [[Kosovo]], and his native [[Cyprus]].[[File:Kamil Pasha.png|thumb|175px|right|Kâmil Pasha wearing the diplomatic uniform.]] |
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[[File:Durbar Port Said stopover 1911.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamil Pasha with British, Egyptian and Turkish royalty in 1911]] |
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[[File:Enver kamil.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Enver Pasha|Enver Bey]] asking Kâmil Pasha to resign during the [[1913 Ottoman coup d'état|raid on the Sublime Porte]].]]Kamil Pasha was appointed Grand Vizier from 25 September 1885 to 4 September 1891, under [[Abdülhamid II|Abdul Hamid II]]'s reign. During this time he developed a rivalry with [[Mehmed Said Pasha]]. |
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His second premiership came about during the height of the [[Armenian Crisis]] during the [[Hamidian massacres]]. On 2 October 1895 he was appointed Grand Vizier in a tense atmosphere. As a neo-[[Tanzimat|Tanzimatist]], Kamil Pasha petitioned the sultan to put responsible governance back in the hands of the [[Sublime Porte]]. He received support from the Great Powers and Young Turk media. Several CUP organs supported Kâmil Pasha in his showdown with the Sultan, but by 7 November, Kâmil Pasha was out of high office, his "coup" ending in ''status quo''. For the next decade, he was exiled as governor of [[Aidin vilayet|Aydın]]. |
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But five weeks after his return to Cyprus came the assassination of his Young Turk successor |
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in the Grand Vizierate, [[Mahmud Şevket Paşa]], possibly to avenge the murder of Nazım Paşa; and the prominent Old Turks were either expelled or had to flee from Turkey. Among the expelled was Mehmed Kamil Paşa's family, who joined him in Lefkoşa. |
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When Said Pasha resigned from office soon after the [[Young Turk Revolution]], Abdul Hamid II and the CUP compromised with Kâmil Pasha to run the government. Kâmil soon had an antagonistic relationship with the committee, and associated himself with [[Prince Sabahaddin]]'s [[Liberty Party (Ottoman Empire)|Liberty Party]]. His premiership lasted just over five months, before the CUP censured him with a vote of no confidence, and replaced him with someone more pliant to the committee's wishes. |
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On [[14 November]] [[1913]], while full of plans for revisiting England in 1914, Mehmed Kamil Paşa suddenly died of [[syncope]] and was buried in the court of [[Arab Ahmed Paşa]] Mosque. |
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For three years he stayed out of politics. In 1911 he contracted pneumonia and went to Egypt for a change of atmosphere. There he met with King [[George V]] of England and the queen, who were on a trip to India, for lunch on the ship. This incident caused him to be heavily criticized in the pro-CUP press.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928152905/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kibrisli-kamil-pasa |first1=Atilla |last1=Çetin |title=KIBRISLI KÂMİL PAŞA maddesi |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kibrisli-kamil-pasa |url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated from Turkish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> After a while he returned to Istanbul. |
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Sir [[Ronald Storrs]], British Governor of Cyprus from [[1926]] to [[1932]], caused a memorial to be raised over Mehmed Kamil Paşa's grave. He also composed the English inscription, carved on the headstone below a Turkish one in old lettering. It runs as follows: |
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After the shuttering of parliament in summer 1912 by the [[Savior Officers]], he became head of the [[Council of State (Ottoman Empire)|Council of State]] in [[Muhtar Pasha]]'s Great Cabinet. With his resignation Kâmil returned to the premiership leading a [[Freedom and Accord Party|Freedom and Accord]] government. He was appointed Grand Vizier for his friendly relations with the British (he was often known as ''İngiliz Kamil'', or "English Kamil", for his [[Anglophile|Anglophilia]]<ref name="Finkel2007">{{cite book|last=Finkel|first=Caroline|title=Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9cTHyUQoTyUC|date=1 August 2007|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-00850-6|page=523}}</ref>), in the hopes that he would be able to get favorable terms for the end of the ongoing, disastrous [[First Balkan War]] (since the victorious Bulgaria's foreign interests were represented by the British). In January 1913, Kamil's government decided to accept severe peace conditions including massive territorial losses. |
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''His Highness Kiamil Pasha'' <br> |
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''Son of Captain Salih Agha of [[Pyroi]]'' <br> |
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The CUP used this pretext for their [[1913 Ottoman coup d'état|coup d'état]] on 23 January 1913. That day, [[Enver Pasha|Enver Bey]], one of the CUP's military leaders, burst with some of his associates into the Sublime Porte while the cabinet was in session. By most accounts, one of Enver's officers, [[Yakub Cemil|Yakup Cemil]], shot the Minister of War [[Nazım Pasha]] and the group pressed Kamil Pasha to resign immediately at gunpoint. |
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''Born in [[Nicosia]] in 1833'' <br> |
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''Treasury Clerk'' <br> |
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Kamil was put under house arrest and surveillance. The ex-Grand Vizier (who probably was in danger of life) was invited by his British friend [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]] to stay with him in [[Cairo]]. After three months in Egypt, Mehmed Kamil Pasha decided to wait for favourable turn of events in his native Cyprus, now under British occupation. Five weeks after his return to Cyprus, the assassination of his successor to the premiership, [[Mahmud Shevket Pasha]], occurred in June 1913, by a relative of Nazım Pasha to avenge his death. The CUP regime reacted with persecution of well-known opposition politicians. [[Djemal Pasha]], then the CUP prefect of the capital Constantinople, indicated to Kamil's family that they had to leave the Ottoman Empire or he too would be arrested. His family joined his exile in Cyprus. |
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''Commissioner of [[Larnaca]]'' <br> |
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''Director of [[Evqaf]]'' <br> |
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On 14 November 1913, while full of plans for revisiting England in 1914, Kamil Pasha suddenly died of [[Syncope (medicine)|syncope]] and was buried in the court of the [[Arab Ahmet Mosque]]. |
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''Four times Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire'' <br> |
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''A Great Turk and'' <br> |
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== Family == |
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''A Great Man.''<br> |
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Kamil married Layika (Bayur) and had several children. His grandson is [[Hikmet Bayur]] and his grand nephew is film maker [[Zeki Alasya]]. His son-in-law is general [[Naci Eldeniz]]. [[Tekin Arıburun]], president of the Turkish Senate from 1970–1977, is his grandson-in-law. |
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== Legacy == |
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[[Sir Ronald Storrs]], British Governor of Cyprus from 1926 to 1932, erected a memorial to be raised over Kamil Pasha's grave. He also composed the English inscription, carved on the headstone below a Turkish one. It runs as follows: |
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''His Highness Kiamil Pasha'' <br /> |
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''Son of Captain Salih Agha of [[Pyroi]]'' <br /> |
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''Born in [[Nicosia]] in 1833'' <br /> |
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''Treasury Clerk'' <br /> |
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''Commissioner of [[Larnaca]]'' <br /> |
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''Director of [[Evqaf]]'' <br /> |
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''Four times Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire'' <br /> |
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''A Great Turk and'' <br /> |
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''A Great Man.'' |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[List of Ottoman |
* [[List of Ottoman grand viziers]] |
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==Sources== |
==Sources== |
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{{refbegin}} |
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<div class="references-small"><references /> |
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* [http://bornova.ege.edu.tr/~ncyprus/kamil.html Cyprus by Sir Harry Luke for a short biography of Kamil Pasha and a moving account of his funeral] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050305191533/http://bornova.ege.edu.tr/~ncyprus/kamil.html Cyprus by Sir Harry Luke for a short biography of Kamil Pasha and a moving account of his funeral] |
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{{refend}} |
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</div> |
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{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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* {{PM20|FID=pe/009502}} |
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{{s-ref|{{cite book|last1=Kuneralp|first1=Sinan|title=Son dönem Osmanlı erkân ve ricali, 1839–1922|date=1999|publisher=İsis|location=Beylerbeyi, Istanbul|language=Turkish}}}} <!-- This template has {{s-end}} embedded into it.--> |
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{{Grand Viziers of Ottoman Empire}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Pasha, Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:1833 births|Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil Pasa]] |
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[[Category:1913 deaths|Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil Pasa]] |
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[[Category:People from Nicosia|Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil |
[[Category:People from Nicosia|Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil Pasha]] |
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[[Category:Turks from the Ottoman Empire]] |
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[[Category:Pashas|Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil Paşa]] |
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[[Category:Pashas|Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil Pasha]] |
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[[Category:20th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire|Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil Pasa]] |
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[[Category:19th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire]] |
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Latest revision as of 01:02, 1 November 2024
Mehmed Kâmil | |
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محمد كامل پاشا | |
Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire | |
In office 25 September 1885 – 4 September 1891 | |
Monarch | Abdul Hamid II |
Preceded by | Mehmed Said Pasha |
Succeeded by | Ahmed Cevad Pasha |
In office 2 October 1895 – 7 November 1895 | |
Monarch | Abdul Hamid II |
Preceded by | Mehmed Said Pasha |
Succeeded by | Halil Rifat Pasha |
In office 5 August 1908 – 14 February 1909 | |
Monarch | Abdul Hamid II |
Preceded by | Mehmed Said Pasha |
Succeeded by | Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha |
In office 29 October 1912 – 23 January 1913 | |
Monarch | Mehmed V |
Preceded by | Ahmed Muhtar Pasha |
Succeeded by | Mahmud Shevket Pasha |
Personal details | |
Born | 1833 Nicosia, Cyprus Sanjak, Ottoman Empire |
Died | 14 November 1913 (aged 80) Nicosia, British Cyprus |
Nationality | Ottoman |
Political party | Freedom and Accord Party |
Mehmed Kâmil Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: محمد كامل پاشا; Turkish: Kıbrıslı Mehmet Kâmil Paşa, "Mehmed Kamil Pasha the Cypriot"), also spelled as Kamil Pasha (1833 – 14 November 1913), was an Ottoman statesman and liberal politician[1] of Turkish Cypriot origin in the late-19th-century and early-20th-century. He was the Grand Vizier of the Empire during four different periods.[2]
Early life
[edit]Mehmed Kâmil Pasha was born in Nicosia, Ottoman Cyprus in 1833. He was the son of an artillery captain, Salih Agha, from the village of Pyrogi. His paternal grandfather is from Karakese village of Anamur. Kâmil's mother is Pembe Hanım, who also hailed from Cyprus.[3]
He was educated in on the island until the age of thirteen; He learned Arabic, Persian, French and Greek. In 1845, he was taken to Egypt with his younger brother and studied at Elsine Madrasa. Shortly after, when the madrasah was converted into a military academy, he took courses on military sciences. He graduated as a cavalry lieutenant.
His first post was in the household of the Khedive of Egypt, Abbas I, at that time was only nominally dependent to the central Ottoman power in Constantinople. In the course of this appointment he visited London for the Great Exhibition of 1851 in charge of one of the Khedive's sons. Kamil's sojourn in London left in him a lifelong admiration for Britain and during his career within the Ottoman state, he was always known to be an Anglophile.
Having full command of English, thenceforth to the close of his career he zealously sought a close friendship between the United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire.
High politics in the Ottoman Empire
[edit]After remaining in Egypt for ten years, Mehmed Kâmil exchanged the service of Abbas I for that of the Ottoman Government as of 1860 and for the ensuing nineteen years – that is to say until he first entered the Cabinet – he filled very numerous administrative appointments in every part of the Empire. He governed, or helped to govern vilayets such as Eastern Rumelia, Hercegovina, Kosovo, and his native Cyprus.
Kamil Pasha was appointed Grand Vizier from 25 September 1885 to 4 September 1891, under Abdul Hamid II's reign. During this time he developed a rivalry with Mehmed Said Pasha.
His second premiership came about during the height of the Armenian Crisis during the Hamidian massacres. On 2 October 1895 he was appointed Grand Vizier in a tense atmosphere. As a neo-Tanzimatist, Kamil Pasha petitioned the sultan to put responsible governance back in the hands of the Sublime Porte. He received support from the Great Powers and Young Turk media. Several CUP organs supported Kâmil Pasha in his showdown with the Sultan, but by 7 November, Kâmil Pasha was out of high office, his "coup" ending in status quo. For the next decade, he was exiled as governor of Aydın.
When Said Pasha resigned from office soon after the Young Turk Revolution, Abdul Hamid II and the CUP compromised with Kâmil Pasha to run the government. Kâmil soon had an antagonistic relationship with the committee, and associated himself with Prince Sabahaddin's Liberty Party. His premiership lasted just over five months, before the CUP censured him with a vote of no confidence, and replaced him with someone more pliant to the committee's wishes.
For three years he stayed out of politics. In 1911 he contracted pneumonia and went to Egypt for a change of atmosphere. There he met with King George V of England and the queen, who were on a trip to India, for lunch on the ship. This incident caused him to be heavily criticized in the pro-CUP press.[4] After a while he returned to Istanbul.
After the shuttering of parliament in summer 1912 by the Savior Officers, he became head of the Council of State in Muhtar Pasha's Great Cabinet. With his resignation Kâmil returned to the premiership leading a Freedom and Accord government. He was appointed Grand Vizier for his friendly relations with the British (he was often known as İngiliz Kamil, or "English Kamil", for his Anglophilia[5]), in the hopes that he would be able to get favorable terms for the end of the ongoing, disastrous First Balkan War (since the victorious Bulgaria's foreign interests were represented by the British). In January 1913, Kamil's government decided to accept severe peace conditions including massive territorial losses.
The CUP used this pretext for their coup d'état on 23 January 1913. That day, Enver Bey, one of the CUP's military leaders, burst with some of his associates into the Sublime Porte while the cabinet was in session. By most accounts, one of Enver's officers, Yakup Cemil, shot the Minister of War Nazım Pasha and the group pressed Kamil Pasha to resign immediately at gunpoint.
Kamil was put under house arrest and surveillance. The ex-Grand Vizier (who probably was in danger of life) was invited by his British friend Lord Kitchener to stay with him in Cairo. After three months in Egypt, Mehmed Kamil Pasha decided to wait for favourable turn of events in his native Cyprus, now under British occupation. Five weeks after his return to Cyprus, the assassination of his successor to the premiership, Mahmud Shevket Pasha, occurred in June 1913, by a relative of Nazım Pasha to avenge his death. The CUP regime reacted with persecution of well-known opposition politicians. Djemal Pasha, then the CUP prefect of the capital Constantinople, indicated to Kamil's family that they had to leave the Ottoman Empire or he too would be arrested. His family joined his exile in Cyprus.
On 14 November 1913, while full of plans for revisiting England in 1914, Kamil Pasha suddenly died of syncope and was buried in the court of the Arab Ahmet Mosque.
Family
[edit]Kamil married Layika (Bayur) and had several children. His grandson is Hikmet Bayur and his grand nephew is film maker Zeki Alasya. His son-in-law is general Naci Eldeniz. Tekin Arıburun, president of the Turkish Senate from 1970–1977, is his grandson-in-law.
Legacy
[edit]Sir Ronald Storrs, British Governor of Cyprus from 1926 to 1932, erected a memorial to be raised over Kamil Pasha's grave. He also composed the English inscription, carved on the headstone below a Turkish one. It runs as follows:
His Highness Kiamil Pasha
Son of Captain Salih Agha of Pyroi
Born in Nicosia in 1833
Treasury Clerk
Commissioner of Larnaca
Director of Evqaf
Four times Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
A Great Turk and
A Great Man.
See also
[edit]Sources
[edit]- ^ "Arabs and Young Turks".
- ^ İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, Türkiye Yayınevi, İstanbul, 1971 (Turkish)
- ^ Şen, İsmail (1995). "Sadrazam Kıbrıslı Mehmed Kamil Paşa: 1832-1913". Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü doktora tezi. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023.
- ^ Çetin, Atilla. KIBRISLI KÂMİL PAŞA maddesi. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
- ^ Finkel, Caroline (1 August 2007). Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire. Basic Books. p. 523. ISBN 978-0-465-00850-6.