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{{Short description|Wife of Khedive Tewfik Pasha and Walida Pasha to her son Abbas II (1858-1931)}}
{{Short description|Wife of Khedive Tewfik Pasha and Walida Pasha to her son Abbas II (1858-1931)}}
{{Peacock|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox royalty
{{Infobox royalty
| consort = yes
| consort = yes
| name = Emina Ilhamy
| name = Emina of Ilhamy
| image = Khedivaheminaesposadetadg1.jpg
| image = Khedivaheminaesposadetadg1.jpg
| alt =
| alt =
Line 10: Line 9:
| reign = 25 June 1879 – 7 January 1892
| reign = 25 June 1879 – 7 January 1892
| reign-type = Tenure
| reign-type = Tenure
⚫
| succession1 = Khediva Mother of [[Egypt]]
| predecessor = Title created
| successor = [[Ikbal Hanim]]
⚫
| succession1 = Walida Pasha of [[Egypt]]
| reign1 = 8 January 1892 – 19 December 1914
| reign1 = 8 January 1892 – 19 December 1914
| reign-type1 = Tenure
| reign-type1 = Tenure
| predecessor1 = [[Shafaq Nur Hanim]]
| predecessor2 = [[Shafaq Nur Hanim]]
| successor2 = [[Nur Felek Qadin|Nur Felek Sultan]] (as Sultana Mother)
| successor1 = Title abolished
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Tewfik Pasha]]|1873|1892|end=died}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Tewfik Pasha|Tewfik, Khedive of Egypt]]|1873|1892|end=died}}
| issue = {{Unbulleted list|[[Abbas II of Egypt|Abbas Hilmi II Pasha]]|[[Mohammed Ali Tewfik]]|Nazli Hanim|Khadija Hanim|Nimatullah Hanim|}}
| issue = {{Unbulleted list|[[Abbas II of Egypt|Abbas Hilmi II of Egypt]]|[[Mohammed Ali Tewfik|Prince Muhammad Ali Tewfik Pasha]]|Princess Nazli Hanim|Princess Khadija Hanim|Princess Nimetullah Hanim|}}
| full name = {{lang-ar|امینه الهامی}}<br>{{lang-tr|Emine İlhami|italic=no}}
| full name = {{langx|ar|امینه الهامی}}<br>{{langx|tr|Emine İlhami|italic=no}}
| house = [[Muhammad Ali Dynasty|Muhammad Ali]]
| house = [[Muhammad Ali Dynasty|Alawiyya]]
| father = [[Ibrahim Ilhami Pasha]]
| father = [[Ibrahim Ilhami Pasha]]
| mother = Nasrin Qadin
| mother = Nasrin Qadin
Line 32: Line 29:
}}
}}


'''Emina Ilhamy''' ({{lang-ar|امینه الهامی}}; {{lang-tr|Emine İlhami}}; 24 May 1858 &ndash; 19 June 1931)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ekrembugraekinci.com/article/?ID=817|title = Ekrem Buğra Ekinci - İHTİŞAMIYLA İSTANBul'u IŞILDATAN BİR VÂLİDE PAŞA VARDI…}}</ref> also '''Amina Ilhami''', was an Egyptian princess and a member of the [[Muhammad Ali Dynasty]]. She was the first [[Khedivate of Egypt|Khediva]] of Egypt from 1879 to 1892, as the wife of Khedive [[Tewfik Pasha]]. After the death of Khedive Tewfik, she was the Walida Pasha to their son Khedive [[Abbas II of Egypt|Abbas Hilmi II]] from 1892 to 1914.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aboelmagd |first=Amal |date=2021 |title=Amina Hanim Elhami (Valide Pasha) Palace at Istanbul City - Historical Architectural study |url=https://jaauth.journals.ekb.eg/article_206844.html |journal=Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=241-259 |via=EKB}}</ref>
'''Emina Ilhamy''' ({{langx|ar|امینه الهامی}}; {{langx|tr|Emine İlhami}}; 24 May 1858 &ndash; 19 June 1931)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ekrembugraekinci.com/article/?ID=817|title = Ekrem Buğra Ekinci - İHTİŞAMIYLA İSTANBul'u IŞILDATAN BİR VÂLİDE PAŞA VARDI…}}</ref> also '''Amina Ilhami''', was an Egyptian princess and a member of the [[Muhammad Ali Dynasty]]. She was the first [[Khedivate of Egypt|Khediva]] of Egypt from 1879 to 1892, as the wife of Khedive [[Tewfik Pasha]]. After the death of Khedive Tewfik, she was the Walida Pasha to their son Khedive [[Abbas II of Egypt|Abbas Hilmi II]] from 1892 to 1914.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aboelmagd |first=Amal |date=2021 |title=Amina Hanim Elhami (Valide Pasha) Palace at Istanbul City - Historical Architectural study |url=https://jaauth.journals.ekb.eg/article_206844.html |journal=Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=241–259 |via=EKB}}</ref>


==Early life==
==Early life==
Princess Emina Ilhamy was born on 24 May 1858 in Constantinople (now [[Istanbul]]).<ref name="hidiv">{{cite web|title=His Highness Hidiv Mehmet Tevfik Paşa, Hidiv of Misir (Egypt), Sudan and Taşoz|url=http://www.oocities.org/hazemsakr/royal/tevfik.html|access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref> She was the eldest daughter of Lieutenant General&nbsp;Prince [[Ibrahim Ilhami Pasha]]<ref name="first">{{cite book |last=Houtsma |first=Martijn Theodoor |author-link=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma |year=1993 |title=E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913–1936 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |pages=1118 |isbn=978-9-00-409796-4}}</ref> and his consort Nasrin Qadin (died 1871).<ref>{{cite book|title=Catalogue of the Abbas Hilmi II Papers|publisher=Durham University Library|year=2020|pages=333}}</ref> She had two sisters,<ref>{{cite book|first=Karl Von|last=Malortie|title=Egypt: Native Rulers and Foreign Interference|publisher=W. Ridgway|year=1882|pages=300–301}}</ref> Princess [[Zeynab Ilhamy]] and Princess [[Tevhide Ilhamy]].<ref>{{cite book|title=İstanbul su külliyâtı: Vakıf su defterleri: Bogazici ve Taksim sulari 2 (1813-1928)|year=1997|pages=83|isbn=978-9-758-21504-1}}</ref> Princess Zeynab married Mahmud Hamdi Pasha, fifth son of Isma'il Pasha{{sfn|Cuno|2015|p=37}} and Jihan Shah Qadin.{{sfn|Doumani|2003|p=270}} She was the granddaughter of [[Abbas I of Egypt|Abbas I]] and [[Mahivech Hanim]].{{sfn|Doumani|2003|p=270}}
Princess Emina Ilhamy was born on 24 May 1858 in Constantinople (now [[Istanbul]]).<ref>{{cite web|first=Samir|last=Rifaat|title=Women whose Husbands Ruled the Realm Egypt’s First Ladies|publisher=egy.com|date=March 2005|access-date=December 22, 2023|url=http://www.egy.com/historica/egyptianconsorts.php}}</ref> She was the eldest daughter of Prince [[Ibrahim Ilhami Pasha]] and his consort Nasrin Qadin (died 1871).<ref>{{cite book|title=Catalogue of the Abbas Hilmi II Papers|publisher=Durham University Library|year=2020|pages=333}}</ref> She had two sisters,<ref>{{cite book|first=Karl Von|last=Malortie|title=Egypt: Native Rulers and Foreign Interference|publisher=W. Ridgway|year=1882|pages=300–301}}</ref> Princess [[Zeynab Ilhamy]] and Princess [[Tevhide Ilhamy]].<ref>{{cite book|title=İstanbul su külliyâtı: Vakıf su defterleri: Bogazici ve Taksim sulari 2 (1813-1928)|year=1997|pages=83|isbn=978-9-758-21504-1}}</ref> Princess Zeynab married Mahmud Hamdi Pasha, fifth son of Isma'il Pasha{{sfn|Cuno|2015|p=37}} and Jihan Shah Qadin.{{sfn|Doumani|2003|p=270}} She was the granddaughter of [[Abbas I of Egypt|Abbas I]] and [[Mahivech Hanim]].{{sfn|Doumani|2003|p=270}}


==Marriage==
==Marriage==
[[File:ModernEgypt, Khedive Tawfiq, DHP13401-1-1 01.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Tewfik Pasha and Emina Ilhamy after their wedding]]
[[File:ModernEgypt, Khedive Tawfiq, DHP13401-1-1 01.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Tewfik Pasha and Emina Ilhamy after their wedding]]
[[File:ModernEgypt, Khedive Tawfiq, DHP13401-1-2 01.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Princess Emina Ilhamy (far left) with her husband and children]]
[[File:ModernEgypt, Khedive Tawfiq, DHP13401-1-2 01.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Princess Emina Ilhamy (far left) with her husband and children]]
Princess Emina married her father's cousin, Tewfik Pasha, the son of Egypt's [[Khedive]], [[Isma'il Pasha|Isma'il the Magnificent]], on Thursday 16 January 1873. In celebration of the event, Khedive Isma'il held a reception at al-Hilmiyya Palace attended by Tewfik, several ministers of state, and the leading religious dignitaries. Poetry was composed and recited for the occasion by al-Sayyid Ali Abu al-Nasr, and Muhammad Qadri Bey.{{sfn|Cuno|2015|p=19-20}}
Princess Emina married her father's cousin, Tewfik Pasha, the son of Egypt's [[Khedive]], [[Isma'il Pasha|Isma'il the Magnificent]], on Thursday 16 January 1873. In celebration of the event, Khedive Isma'il held a reception at al-Hilmiyya Palace attended by Tewfik, several ministers of state, and the leading religious dignitaries. Poetry was composed and recited for the occasion by al-Sayyid Ali Abu al-Nasr, and Muhammad Qadri Bey.{{sfn|Cuno|2015|pp=19-20}}


Emina and Tewfik had five children together; Prince Abbas Hilmi Pasha, born in 1874; Prince Mohammed Ali Tewfik Pasha, born in 1875; Princess Nazli Hanim, born in 1877; Princess Fakhr un-nisa Khadija Hanim, born in 1880; and Princess Nimatullah Hanim, born in 1882.{{sfn|Cuno|2015|p=40}}<ref name="hidiv"/>
Emina and Tewfik had five children together; Prince Abbas Hilmi Pasha, born in 1874; Prince Mohammed Ali Tewfik Pasha, born in 1875; Princess Nazli Hanim, born in 1877; Princess Khadija Hanim, born in 1880; and Princess Nimetullah Hanim, born in 1882.{{sfn|Cuno|2015|p=40}}


After Tewfik's accession to the Egyptian throne in 1879, Emina took a more prominent public role than previous women in the khedival family. Tewfik abandoned the ruling tradition of slave concubinage and polygyny by taking Emina as his sole consort. He became Egypt's first monogamous ruler. Emina was referred to in the Arabic press as "the Wife of Khedive" (''Haram al-Khidiwi''), and in French and English as the ''vice-reine'', ''khédiveh'', or "khediva."{{sfn|Cuno|2015|p=19-20}}{{sfn|Doumani|2003|p=248}} With the death of Tewfik's mother, and paternal grandmother in 1884 and 1886, she became the senior woman in the khedival household.{{sfn|Doumani|2003|p=262}}
After Tewfik's accession to the Egyptian throne in 1879, Emina took a more prominent public role than previous women in the khedival family. Tewfik abandoned the ruling tradition of slave concubinage and polygyny by taking Emina as his sole consort. He became Egypt's first monogamous ruler. Emina was referred to in the Arabic press as "the Wife of Khedive" (''Haram al-Khidiwi''), and in French and English as the ''vice-reine'', ''khédiveh'', or "khediva."{{sfn|Cuno|2015|pp=19-20}}{{sfn|Doumani|2003|p=248}} With the death of Tewfik's mother, and paternal grandmother in 1884 and 1886, she became the senior woman in the khedival household.{{sfn|Doumani|2003|p=262}}


As Khediva, she regularly received the wives and daughters of European diplomats and visitors. Her presence at official events was mentioned regularly. When present at state events, Emina and her entourage would sit behind a screen. On holidays, she would receive the greetings of female guests personally, while those of the male guests were conveyed to her by her chief [[eunuch]]. The press usually discreetly avoided mentioning her name.{{sfn|Doumani|2003|p=262}}
As Khediva, she regularly received the wives and daughters of European diplomats and visitors. Her presence at official events was mentioned regularly. When present at state events, Emina and her entourage would sit behind a screen. On holidays, she would receive the greetings of female guests personally, while those of the male guests were conveyed to her by her chief [[eunuch]]. The press usually discreetly avoided mentioning her name.{{sfn|Doumani|2003|p=262}}
Line 52: Line 49:
At the death of her husband, Khedive Tewfik, her son, Abbas Hilmi Pasha, succeeded to the throne on 7 January 1892. As a result, Emina retained a prominent role as the ''Walida Pasha'', or mother of the Khedive, though English writers often used the French term ''khédiveh mére''.{{sfn|Cuno|2015|p=20}} She maintained the seniority as the Walida Pasha, which she had when she was a Khediva, and continued to have a diplomatic role.{{sfn|Doumani|2003|p=262}}
At the death of her husband, Khedive Tewfik, her son, Abbas Hilmi Pasha, succeeded to the throne on 7 January 1892. As a result, Emina retained a prominent role as the ''Walida Pasha'', or mother of the Khedive, though English writers often used the French term ''khédiveh mére''.{{sfn|Cuno|2015|p=20}} She maintained the seniority as the Walida Pasha, which she had when she was a Khediva, and continued to have a diplomatic role.{{sfn|Doumani|2003|p=262}}


In possession of a large personal fortune, Emina gave a great part of it away in donations and charitable institutions, and was surnamed "Umm al-Muhsinin" (Mother of Charity).<ref name="islamic">{{cite book |last=Williams |first=Caroline |date=2008 |title=Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide |publisher=[[American University in Cairo Press]] |pages=247 |isbn=978-9-77-416205-3}}</ref> A girls' school that she founded, whose principal ornament is a heavy, ornate sabil in Turkish baroque style, stands close to the mosque of Ibn Tulun. It is now known by the name of Umm Abbas, "Mother of Abbas."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hassan|first=Hassan|author-link=Hassan Aziz Hassan|title=In the House of Muhammad Ali: A Family Album, 1805–1952|url=https://archive.org/details/housemuhammadali00hass|url-access=limited|year=2000|pages=[https://archive.org/details/housemuhammadali00hass/page/n183 101]|publisher=American University in Cairo Press|isbn=978-977-424-554-1|oclc=45016821}}</ref>
In possession of a large personal fortune, Emina gave a great part of it away in donations to charitable institutions, and was surnamed "Umm al-Muhsinin" (Mother of Charity).<ref name="islamic">{{cite book |last=Williams |first=Caroline |date=2008 |title=Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide |publisher=[[American University in Cairo Press]] |pages=247 |isbn=978-9-77-416205-3}}</ref> A girls' school that she founded, whose principal ornament is a heavy, ornate sabil in Turkish baroque style, stands close to the mosque of Ibn Tulun. It is now known by the name of Umm Abbas, "Mother of Abbas."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hassan|first=Hassan|author-link=Hassan Aziz Hassan|title=In the House of Muhammad Ali: A Family Album, 1805–1952|url=https://archive.org/details/housemuhammadali00hass|url-access=limited|year=2000|page=[https://archive.org/details/housemuhammadali00hass/page/n183 101]|publisher=American University in Cairo Press|isbn=978-977-424-554-1|oclc=45016821}}</ref>


Emina and her son kept slaves in their households until the First World War. Even though her husband professed opposition to slavery, Emina presided over a [[harem]] of slave women, three of whom she gave to Abbas. Despite breaking with some aspects of traditional harem culture, such as permitting her unveiled portrait to be published in 1923 and later, she continued to conduct herself in accordance with the culture of harem slavery for the rest of her life.{{sfn|Doumani|2003|p=263}}
Emina and her son kept slaves in their households until the First World War. Even though her husband professed opposition to slavery, Emina presided over a [[harem]] of slave women, three of whom she gave to Abbas. Despite breaking with some aspects of traditional harem culture as it was in the [[harem of the Muhammad Ali dynasty]], such as permitting her unveiled portrait to be published in 1923 and later, she continued to conduct herself in accordance with the culture of harem slavery for the rest of her life.{{sfn|Doumani|2003|p=263}}


She established an extensive endowment, which was partially used to pay pensions to sixty former slaves, including ten eunuchs. Most of the recipients were women, a slight majority of whom were married or widows, indicating that they had left Emina's service at some earlier date. Others, like her chief servant Lady Qamar, apparently remained in her service until her death in 1931.{{sfn|Doumani|2003|p=263}}
She established an extensive endowment, which was partially used to pay pensions to sixty former slaves, including ten eunuchs. Most of the recipients were women, a slight majority of whom were married or widows, indicating that they had left Emina's service at some earlier date. Others, like her chief servant Lady Qamar, apparently remained in her service until her death in 1931.{{sfn|Doumani|2003|p=263}}


==Death==
==Death==
Emina died in exile in her country house on 19 June 1931 at&nbsp;Bebek,&nbsp;Bosphorus,&nbsp;Istanbul,<ref name="first"/> and was buried in Khedive Tawfik Mausoleum, Kait Bey, [[Cairo]].<ref name="islamic"/>
Emina died in exile in her country house on 19 June 1931 at Bebek, Bosphorus, Istanbul,<ref>{{cite web|first=Samir|last=Rifaat|title=Hıdıva Sarayı Egyptian Consulate-General in Istanbul|publisher=egy.com|date=March 2008|access-date=December 22, 2023|url=http://www.egy.com/landmarks/hidivasaray.php}}</ref> and was buried in Khedive Tawfik Mausoleum, Kait Bey, [[Cairo]].<ref name="islamic"/>


==Issue==
==Issue==
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*Prince [[Mohammed Ali Tewfik]] (Kubba Palace, Cairo, 9 November 1875 – Lausanne, Switzerland, 18 March 1955, and buried in Khedive Tawfik Mausoleum, Kait Bey, Cairo);
*Prince [[Mohammed Ali Tewfik]] (Kubba Palace, Cairo, 9 November 1875 – Lausanne, Switzerland, 18 March 1955, and buried in Khedive Tawfik Mausoleum, Kait Bey, Cairo);
*Princess Nazli Hanim (11 April 1877 – Cairo, {{circa}} 1879);
*Princess Nazli Hanim (11 April 1877 – Cairo, {{circa}} 1879);
*Princess Fakhr un-nisa Khadija Hanim (Cairo, 21 May 1880 – Helwan, 22 February 1951);
*Princess Khadija Hanim (Cairo, 21 May 1880 – Helwan, 22 February 1951);
*Princess Nimatullah Hanim (Cairo, 23 October 1882 – Nice, France, {{circa}} 1965, and buried there at the [[Russian Orthodox Cemetery, Nice|cimetière de Caucade]]).
*Princess Nimetullah Hanim (Cairo, 23 October 1882 – Nice, France, {{circa}} 1965, and buried there at the [[Russian Orthodox Cemetery, Nice|cimetière de Caucade]]);


==Honours==
==Honour==
;Foreign honour
*[[File:Order of Charity (Ottoman Empire) ribbon bar.svg|50px]] [[Order of Charity (Ottoman Empire)|Decoration of the Order of Charity]], 1st class.{{cn|date=August 2020}}
* Ottoman Empire: [[Order of Charity|Decoration of the Order of Charity]], 1st class, ''16 July 1885''<ref name="Öztürk">{{cite book | last=Öztürk | first=D. | title="Remembering" Egypt's Ottoman Past: Ottoman Consciousness in Egypt, 1841-1914 | publisher=Ohio State University | year=2020 | page=75}}</ref>
*[[File:Rib bar 2 of Order of State.png|50px]] [[Order of Distinction (Ottoman Empire)|Decoration of the Order of Distinction]].{{cn|date=August 2020}}
*[[File:The Royal Order of the Crown of Hawai'i (1875-1892).gif|50px]] [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Hawaii|Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Hawaii]] (1883).{{cn|date=August 2020}}


==Ancestry==
==Ancestry==
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==Sources==
==Sources==
*{{cite book|first=Kenneth M.|last=Cuno|title=Modernizing Marriage: Family, Ideology, and Law in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Egypt|publisher=Syracuse University Press|date=April 1, 2015|isbn=978-0-815-65316-5}}
*{{cite book|first=Kenneth M.|last=Cuno|title=Modernizing Marriage: Family, Ideology, and Law in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Egypt|publisher=Syracuse University Press|date=April 1, 2015|isbn=978-0-815-65316-5}}
*{{cite book|first=Beshara|last=Doumani|title=Family History in the Middle East: Household, Property, and Gender|publisher=SUNY Press|date=2003|isbn=978-0-791-48707-5}}
*{{cite book|first=Beshara|last=Doumani|authorlink=Beshara Doumani|title=Family History in the Middle East: Household, Property, and Gender|publisher=SUNY Press|date=2003|isbn=978-0-791-48707-5}}

==External links==
*[http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2011/magnificent-jewels-ge1105/lot.503A.html A SUPERB SUITE OF IMPERIAL JEWELS, A MAGNIFICENT AND UNIQUE DIAMOND PARURE, MID 19TH CENTURY]
*[http://petercrawford1947.wordpress.com/category/egypt/ismail-pasha/ THROUGH MY EYES My story, my dream, my life]
*[http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/egypt_heads.htm Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141017013454/http://realeza.foros.ws/t28/tiaras-i/2490/ Foroz Realeza "MONARQUÍA y TRADICIÓN" (Monarchy and Tradition)]


{{s-start}}
{{s-start}}
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{{s-ttl|title=Khediva consort of [[Egypt]]
{{s-ttl|title=Khediva consort of [[Egypt]]
|years=25 June 1879 – 7 January 1892}}
|years=25 June 1879 – 7 January 1892}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Ikbal Hanim]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ikbal Hanim]]}}
{{Succession box|title=Walida Pasha of [[Egypt]]|before=[[Shafaq Nur Hanim]]|after=Title abolished|years=8 January 1892 – 19 December 1914}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Shafaq Nur Hanim]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Walida Pasha of [[Egypt]]
|years=8 January 1892 – 19 December 1914}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Nur Felek Qadin]] | as=Walida Sultan}}
{{s-end}}
{{s-end}}


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[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1931 deaths]]
[[Category:1931 deaths]]
[[Category:Muhammad Ali dynasty]]
[[Category:Muhammad Ali dynasty princesses]]
[[Category:Royalty from Istanbul]]
[[Category:Royalty from Istanbul]]
[[Category:Egyptian princesses]]
[[Category:Wives of Muhammad Ali dynasty monarchs]]
⚫
[[Category:Egyptian royal consorts]]
[[Category:19th-century Egyptian women]]
[[Category:19th-century Egyptian women]]
[[Category:Slave owners]]
[[Category:Egyptian slave owners]]
[[Category:Mothers of monarchs]]
[[Category:People from the Khedivate of Egypt]]
[[Category:Women slave owners]]
⚫
[[Category:19th-century Egyptian people]]

Latest revision as of 01:07, 1 November 2024

Emina of Ilhamy
Nineteenth century photograph
Khediva consort of Egypt
Tenure25 June 1879 – 7 January 1892
Khediva Mother of Egypt
Tenure8 January 1892 – 19 December 1914
PredecessorShafaq Nur Hanim
SuccessorNur Felek Sultan (as Sultana Mother)
Born(1858-05-24)24 May 1858
Constantinople (now Istanbul), Ottoman Empire
Died19 June 1931(1931-06-19) (aged 73)
Bebek, Bosphorus, Istanbul, Turkey
Burial
Qubbat Afandina, Khedive Tawfik Mausoleum, Kait Bey, Cairo, Egypt
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1873; died 1892)​
Issue
Names
Arabic: امینه الهامی
Turkish: Emine İlhami
HouseAlawiyya
FatherIbrahim Ilhami Pasha
MotherNasrin Qadin
ReligionSunni Islam

Emina Ilhamy (Arabic: امینه الهامی; Turkish: Emine İlhami; 24 May 1858 – 19 June 1931)[1] also Amina Ilhami, was an Egyptian princess and a member of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty. She was the first Khediva of Egypt from 1879 to 1892, as the wife of Khedive Tewfik Pasha. After the death of Khedive Tewfik, she was the Walida Pasha to their son Khedive Abbas Hilmi II from 1892 to 1914.[2]

Early life

[edit]

Princess Emina Ilhamy was born on 24 May 1858 in Constantinople (now Istanbul).[3] She was the eldest daughter of Prince Ibrahim Ilhami Pasha and his consort Nasrin Qadin (died 1871).[4] She had two sisters,[5] Princess Zeynab Ilhamy and Princess Tevhide Ilhamy.[6] Princess Zeynab married Mahmud Hamdi Pasha, fifth son of Isma'il Pasha[7] and Jihan Shah Qadin.[8] She was the granddaughter of Abbas I and Mahivech Hanim.[8]

Marriage

[edit]
Tewfik Pasha and Emina Ilhamy after their wedding
Princess Emina Ilhamy (far left) with her husband and children

Princess Emina married her father's cousin, Tewfik Pasha, the son of Egypt's Khedive, Isma'il the Magnificent, on Thursday 16 January 1873. In celebration of the event, Khedive Isma'il held a reception at al-Hilmiyya Palace attended by Tewfik, several ministers of state, and the leading religious dignitaries. Poetry was composed and recited for the occasion by al-Sayyid Ali Abu al-Nasr, and Muhammad Qadri Bey.[9]

Emina and Tewfik had five children together; Prince Abbas Hilmi Pasha, born in 1874; Prince Mohammed Ali Tewfik Pasha, born in 1875; Princess Nazli Hanim, born in 1877; Princess Khadija Hanim, born in 1880; and Princess Nimetullah Hanim, born in 1882.[10]

After Tewfik's accession to the Egyptian throne in 1879, Emina took a more prominent public role than previous women in the khedival family. Tewfik abandoned the ruling tradition of slave concubinage and polygyny by taking Emina as his sole consort. He became Egypt's first monogamous ruler. Emina was referred to in the Arabic press as "the Wife of Khedive" (Haram al-Khidiwi), and in French and English as the vice-reine, khédiveh, or "khediva."[9][11] With the death of Tewfik's mother, and paternal grandmother in 1884 and 1886, she became the senior woman in the khedival household.[12]

As Khediva, she regularly received the wives and daughters of European diplomats and visitors. Her presence at official events was mentioned regularly. When present at state events, Emina and her entourage would sit behind a screen. On holidays, she would receive the greetings of female guests personally, while those of the male guests were conveyed to her by her chief eunuch. The press usually discreetly avoided mentioning her name.[12]

As Walida Pasha

[edit]
Emina Ilhamy in old age

At the death of her husband, Khedive Tewfik, her son, Abbas Hilmi Pasha, succeeded to the throne on 7 January 1892. As a result, Emina retained a prominent role as the Walida Pasha, or mother of the Khedive, though English writers often used the French term khédiveh mére.[13] She maintained the seniority as the Walida Pasha, which she had when she was a Khediva, and continued to have a diplomatic role.[12]

In possession of a large personal fortune, Emina gave a great part of it away in donations to charitable institutions, and was surnamed "Umm al-Muhsinin" (Mother of Charity).[14] A girls' school that she founded, whose principal ornament is a heavy, ornate sabil in Turkish baroque style, stands close to the mosque of Ibn Tulun. It is now known by the name of Umm Abbas, "Mother of Abbas."[15]

Emina and her son kept slaves in their households until the First World War. Even though her husband professed opposition to slavery, Emina presided over a harem of slave women, three of whom she gave to Abbas. Despite breaking with some aspects of traditional harem culture as it was in the harem of the Muhammad Ali dynasty, such as permitting her unveiled portrait to be published in 1923 and later, she continued to conduct herself in accordance with the culture of harem slavery for the rest of her life.[16]

She established an extensive endowment, which was partially used to pay pensions to sixty former slaves, including ten eunuchs. Most of the recipients were women, a slight majority of whom were married or widows, indicating that they had left Emina's service at some earlier date. Others, like her chief servant Lady Qamar, apparently remained in her service until her death in 1931.[16]

Death

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Emina died in exile in her country house on 19 June 1931 at Bebek, Bosphorus, Istanbul,[17] and was buried in Khedive Tawfik Mausoleum, Kait Bey, Cairo.[14]

Issue

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Together with Tewfik she had five children:

  • Abbas Hilmi II Pasha, Khedive of Egypt;
  • Prince Mohammed Ali Tewfik (Kubba Palace, Cairo, 9 November 1875 – Lausanne, Switzerland, 18 March 1955, and buried in Khedive Tawfik Mausoleum, Kait Bey, Cairo);
  • Princess Nazli Hanim (11 April 1877 – Cairo, c. 1879);
  • Princess Khadija Hanim (Cairo, 21 May 1880 – Helwan, 22 February 1951);
  • Princess Nimetullah Hanim (Cairo, 23 October 1882 – Nice, France, c. 1965, and buried there at the cimetière de Caucade);

Honour

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Foreign honour

Ancestry

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See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Princess Amina Elhami.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Ekrem Buğra Ekinci - İHTİŞAMIYLA İSTANBul'u IŞILDATAN BİR VÂLİDE PAŞA VARDI…".
  2. ^ Aboelmagd, Amal (2021). "Amina Hanim Elhami (Valide Pasha) Palace at Istanbul City - Historical Architectural study". Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality. 21 (5): 241–259 – via EKB.
  3. ^ Rifaat, Samir (March 2005). "Women whose Husbands Ruled the Realm Egypt's First Ladies". egy.com. Retrieved December 22, 2023.
  4. ^ Catalogue of the Abbas Hilmi II Papers. Durham University Library. 2020. p. 333.
  5. ^ Malortie, Karl Von (1882). Egypt: Native Rulers and Foreign Interference. W. Ridgway. pp. 300–301.
  6. ^ İstanbul su külliyâtı: Vakıf su defterleri: Bogazici ve Taksim sulari 2 (1813-1928). 1997. p. 83. ISBN 978-9-758-21504-1.
  7. ^ Cuno 2015, p. 37.
  8. ^ a b Doumani 2003, p. 270.
  9. ^ a b Cuno 2015, pp. 19–20.
  10. ^ Cuno 2015, p. 40.
  11. ^ Doumani 2003, p. 248.
  12. ^ a b c Doumani 2003, p. 262.
  13. ^ Cuno 2015, p. 20.
  14. ^ a b Williams, Caroline (2008). Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide. American University in Cairo Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-9-77-416205-3.
  15. ^ Hassan, Hassan (2000). In the House of Muhammad Ali: A Family Album, 1805–1952. American University in Cairo Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-977-424-554-1. OCLC 45016821.
  16. ^ a b Doumani 2003, p. 263.
  17. ^ Rifaat, Samir (March 2008). "Hıdıva Sarayı Egyptian Consulate-General in Istanbul". egy.com. Retrieved December 22, 2023.
  18. ^ Öztürk, D. (2020). "Remembering" Egypt's Ottoman Past: Ottoman Consciousness in Egypt, 1841-1914. Ohio State University. p. 75.

Sources

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  • Cuno, Kenneth M. (April 1, 2015). Modernizing Marriage: Family, Ideology, and Law in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Egypt. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-815-65316-5.
  • Doumani, Beshara (2003). Family History in the Middle East: Household, Property, and Gender. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-791-48707-5.
Egyptian royalty
New title
Title created
 Khediva consort of Egypt
25 June 1879 – 7 January 1892 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Walida Pasha of Egypt
8 January 1892 – 19 December 1914 		Vacant
Title next held by
Nur Felek Qadin
as Walida Sultan
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