Battle of Sokhoista: Difference between revisions

Battle of Sokhoista
Date	1545
Location	Sokhoista field; (now Pasinler District, Turkey)
Result	Ottoman victory
Belligerents
Ottoman Empire	Kingdom of Imereti; Kingdom of Kartli; Principality of Guria
Commanders and leaders
Rustem Pasha	Bagrat III; Luarsab I

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The Battle of Sokhoista (Georgian: სოხოისტის ბრძოლა, Turkish: Sohoista Savaşı) was fought between the Ottoman and Georgian armies at the Sokhoista field in what is now northeastern Turkey in 1545. It was the last attempt of the separate Georgian dynasts to fight as one unit against the Ottoman expansion, but ended in their decisive defeat.^[1] This might be the same battle as mentioned by Rüstem Pasha to have been fought at nearby Zivin.^[2]

Background

The battle was preceded by an unsuccessful siege of the Georgian-garrisoned fortress of Oltisi (now Oltu, Turkey) by the Ottoman beylerbey of Erzurum Musa Paşa also known as Kizil-Ahmedlu, and his subsequent defeat at Karagak in 1543. Musa Paşa was himself killed in fighting. The Ottomans returned in force two years later, and moved into the principality of Samtskhe, then under the control of Bagrat III, king of Imereti in western Georgia. Bagrat called upon the neighboring Georgian potentates to come to aid. Only the king of Kartli Luarsab I and the prince of Guria Rostom Gurieli responded, while the prince of Mingrelia, Levan I Dadiani, refused to participate in the alliance.

Battle

The two opposing armies met at the locale called Sokhoista which lay on the border of the district of Basean (now Pasinler District, Turkey). The Georgian chronicle of Prince Vakhushti provides with some details of the battle. According to this source, the nobles of Samtskhe resented the refusal of the Georgian kings to allow them to fight in the vanguard as it long had been established by a medieval custom, and refused to take part in the battle at all. The hard-contested action lasted from the dawn to the evening, and ended in a decisive Ottoman victory.^[3]

The victory at Sokhoista gave to the Ottomans the upper hand in southwestern Caucasus and allowed them to overrun Samtskhe, where they installed their protégé, atabek Kaikhosro III. Tortum, İspir, and Pasin were detached from Samtskhe and annexed to the Ottoman Empire.^[2] The battle also created a favorable precondition prior to the Ottoman-Saffavid peace deal at Amasya in 1555.^[1]^[4]

References

^ ^a ^b C. Max Kortepeter (1991), The Ottoman Turks: Nomad Kingdom to World Empire, p. 76. Isis Press, ISBN 975-428-030-4.
^ ^a ^b Pitcher, Donald Edgar (1972), An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire from Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century, p. 139. Brill
^ (in Russian) Вахушти Багратиони (Vakhushti Bagrationi) (1745). История Царства Грузинского: Жизнь Имерети (Russian translation of Prince Vakhushti’s chronicle). Accessed on December 13, 2007.
^ (in Turkish) Dündar Aydın. Erzurum beylerbeyliği ve teşkilatı: kuruluş ve genişleme devri (1535-1566), Ankara 1988, s. 66, 99.

[Kortepeter-1] C. Max Kortepeter (1991), The Ottoman Turks: Nomad Kingdom to World Empire, p. 76. Isis Press, ISBN 975-428-030-4.

[Pitcher-2] Pitcher, Donald Edgar (1972), An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire from Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century, p. 139. Brill

[3] (in Russian) Вахушти Багратиони (Vakhushti Bagrationi) (1745). История Царства Грузинского: Жизнь Имерети (Russian translation of Prince Vakhushti’s chronicle). Accessed on December 13, 2007.

[4] (in Turkish) Dündar Aydın. Erzurum beylerbeyliği ve teşkilatı: kuruluş ve genişleme devri (1535-1566), Ankara 1988, s. 66, 99.

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@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 |date=1545
 |place=Sokhoista field<br/>(now [[Pasinler District]], Turkey)
-|result=Decisive Ottoman victory
+|result=Ottoman victory
-|combatant1={{flag|Ottoman Empire}}
+|combatant1={{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}} [[Ottoman Empire]]
-|combatant2=[[File:Imereti CoA tr.png|20px|link=|alt=]][[Kingdom of Imereti]]<br/>[[File:Coat of arms of Kartli Georgia.png|20px|link=|alt=]][[Kingdom of Kartli]]<br/>[[File:Banner of Guria.svg|20px|link=|alt=]][[Principality of Guria]]
+|combatant2=[[File:Imereti CoA tr.png|20px|link=|alt=]] [[Kingdom of Imereti]]<br/>[[File:Coat of arms of Kartli Georgia.png|20px|link=|alt=]] [[Kingdom of Kartli]]<br/>[[File:Banner of Guria.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] [[Principality of Guria]]
-|commander1=
+|commander1=[[Rustem Pasha]]
 |commander2=[[Bagrat III of Imereti|Bagrat III]]<br/>[[Luarsab I of Kartli|Luarsab I]]
-|strength1=Unknown
+|strength1=
-|strength2=Unknown
+|strength2=
-|casualties1=Unknown
+|casualties1=
-|casualties2=Heavy
+|casualties2=
 }}
+{{Campaignbox Georgian-Ottoman Wars}}
-The '''Battle of Sokhoista''' ({{lang-ka|სოხოისტის ბრძოლა}}, {{lang-tr|Sohoista savaşı}}) was fought between the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] armies at the Sokhoista field in what is now northeastern [[Turkey]] in 1545. It was the last attempt of the separate Georgian dynasts to fight as one unit against the Ottoman expansion, but ended in their decisive defeat.<ref name="Kortepeter">C. Max Kortepeter (1991), ''The Ottoman Turks: Nomad Kingdom to World Empire'', p. 76. Isis Press, ISBN 975-428-030-4.</ref> This is possibly the same battle as mentioned by [[Rüstem Pasha]] to have been fought at [[Zivin]].<ref name="Pitcher">Pitcher, Donald Edgar (1972), ''An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire from Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century'', p. 139. Brill</ref>
+The '''Battle of Sokhoista''' ({{lang-ka|სოხოისტის ბრძოლა}}, {{langx|tr|Sohoista Savaşı}}) was fought between the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] armies at the Sokhoista field in what is now northeastern [[Turkey]] in 1545. It was the last attempt of the separate Georgian dynasts to fight as one unit against the Ottoman expansion, but ended in their decisive defeat.<ref name="Kortepeter">C. Max Kortepeter (1991), ''The Ottoman Turks: Nomad Kingdom to World Empire'', p. 76. Isis Press, {{ISBN|975-428-030-4}}.</ref> This might be the same battle as mentioned by [[Rüstem Pasha]] to have been fought at nearby [[Zivin]].<ref name="Pitcher">Pitcher, Donald Edgar (1972), ''An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire from Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century'', p. 139. Brill</ref>
 == Background ==
+The battle was preceded by an unsuccessful siege of the Georgian-garrisoned fortress of Oltisi (now [[Oltu]], Turkey) by the Ottoman [[beylerbey]] of [[Erzurum]] Musa Paşa also known as Kizil-Ahmedlu, and his subsequent defeat at Karagak in 1543. Musa Paşa was himself killed in fighting. The Ottomans returned in force two years later, and moved into the principality of [[Samtskhe]], then under the control of [[Bagrat III of Imereti|Bagrat III]], king of [[Imereti]] in western Georgia. Bagrat called upon the neighboring Georgian potentates to come to aid. Only the king of [[Kartli]] [[Luarsab I of Kartli|Luarsab I]] and the [[Principality of Guria|prince of Guria]] [[Rostom Gurieli]] responded, while the prince of [[Mingrelia]], [[Levan I Dadiani]], refused to participate in the alliance.
-The battle was preceded by an unsuccessful siege of the Georgian-garrisoned fortress of Oltisi (now [[Oltu]], Turkey) by the Ottoman [[beylerbey]] of [[Erzurum]] Musa Paşa, and his subsequent defeat at Karagak in 1543. The Ottomans returned in force two years later, and moved into the principality of [[Samtskhe]], then under the control of [[Bagrat III of Imereti|Bagrat III]], king of [[Imereti]] in western Georgia. Bagrat called upon the neighboring Georgian potentates to come to aid. Only the king of [[Kartli]] [[Luarsab I of Kartli|Luarsab I]] and the [[Principality of Guria|prince of Guria]] [[Rostom Gurieli]] responded, while the prince of [[Mingrelia]] Levan I [[Dadiani]] refused to participate in the alliance.
 == Battle ==
+The two opposing armies met at the locale called Sokhoista which lay on the border of the district of Basean (now [[Pasinler District]], Turkey). The Georgian chronicle of Prince [[Vakhushti]] provides with some details of the battle. According to this source, the nobles of Samtskhe resented the refusal of the Georgian kings to allow them to fight in the vanguard as it long had been established by a medieval custom, and refused to take part in the battle at all. The hard-contested action lasted from the dawn to the evening, and ended in a decisive Ottoman victory.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [[Vakhushti|Вахушти Багратиони (Vakhushti Bagrationi)]] (1745). [http://www.nplg.gov.ge/ic/DGL/work/Vakhtang_Bagrationi/9.htm История Царства Грузинского: Жизнь Имерети] (Russian translation of Prince Vakhushti’s chronicle). Accessed on December 13, 2007.</ref>
+The victory at Sokhoista gave to the Ottomans the upper hand in southwestern [[Caucasus]] and allowed them to overrun Samtskhe, where they installed their protégé, [[atabek]] Kaikhosro III. [[Tortum]], [[İspir]], and [[Pasinler (town)|Pasin]] were detached from Samtskhe and annexed to the Ottoman Empire.<ref name="Pitcher"/> The battle also created a favorable precondition prior to the Ottoman-[[Saffavid]] [[Treaty of Amasya|peace deal at Amasya]] in 1555.<ref name="Kortepeter"/><ref>{{in lang|tr}} Dündar Aydın. Erzurum beylerbeyliği ve teşkilatı: kuruluş ve genişleme devri (1535-1566), Ankara 1988, s. 66, 99.</ref>
-The two opposing armies met at the locale called Sokhoista which lay on the border of the district of Basean (now [[Pasinler District]], Turkey). The Georgian chronicle of Prince [[Vakhushti]] provides with some details of the battle. According to this source, the nobles of Samtskhe resented the refusal of the Georgian kings to allow them to fight in the vanguard as it long had been established by a medieval custom, and refused to take part in the battle at all. The hard-contested action lasted from the dawn to the evening, and ended in a decisive Ottoman victory.<ref>{{ru icon}} [[Vakhushti|Вахушти Багратиони (Vakhushti Bagrationi)]] (1745). [http://www.nplg.gov.ge/ic/DGL/work/Vakhtang_Bagrationi/9.htm История Царства Грузинского: Жизнь Имерети] (Russian translation of Prince Vakhushti’s chronicle). Accessed on December 13, 2007.</ref>
-The victory at Sokhoista gave to the Ottomans the upper hand in southwestern [[Caucasus]] and allowed them to overrun Samtskhe, where they installed their protégé, [[atabek]] Kaikhosro III. [[Tortum]], [[İspir]], and [[Pasinler (town)|Pasin]] were detached from Samtskhe and annexed to the Ottoman Empire.<ref name="Pitcher"/> The battle also created a favorable precondition prior to the Ottoman-[[Saffavid]] [[Treaty of Amasya|peace deal at Amasya]] in 1555.<ref name="Kortepeter"/><ref>{{tr icon}} Dündar Aydın. Erzurum beylerbeyiliği ve teşkilatı: kuruluş ve genişleme devri (1535-1566), Ankara 1988, s. 66, 99.</ref>
-{{Campaignbox Georgian-Ottoman Wars}}
 == References ==
 {{Reflist}}
 {{Ottoman battles}}
 {{coord missing|Turkey}}
-[[Category:Conflicts in 1545]]
+[[Category:Conflicts in 1545|Sokhoista]]
 [[Category:Battles involving Georgia (country)|Sokhoista]]
 [[Category:Battles involving the Ottoman Empire|Sokhoista]]
-[[Category:16th century in the Ottoman Empire|Sokhoista]]
 [[Category:Suleiman the Magnificent]]
 [[Category:History of Erzurum Province]]