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Coordinates: 07°37′30″S 111°11′30″E / 7.62500°S 111.19167°E / -7.62500; 111.19167
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{{Short description|Massive Stratovolcano on the island of Java, Indonesia}}
{{Short description|Massive compound stratovolcano on the island of Java, Indonesia}}
{{Infobox mountain
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Mount Lawu
| name = Mount Lawu
Line 7: Line 7:
| photo_caption = Lawu in 2018
| photo_caption = Lawu in 2018
| elevation_m = 3265
| elevation_m = 3265
| elevation_ref = <ref name="gvp">{{cite web|title=Lawu|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2006-12-26|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0603-26=}}</ref>
| elevation_ref = <ref name="gvp">{{cite gvp|name=Lawu|vn=263260|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref>
| prominence_m = 3118
| prominence_m = 3118
| prominence_ref = <ref name="peaklist">{{cite web|url=http://peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/indonesia.html|title=Indonesian high-prominence peaks|publisher=peaklist.org|accessdate=2006-12-30}}</ref><br /><small>[[List of peaks by prominence|Ranked 76th]]</small>
| prominence_ref = <ref name="peaklist">{{cite web|url=http://peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/indonesia.html|title=Indonesian high-prominence peaks|publisher=peaklist.org|access-date=2006-12-30}}</ref><br /><small>[[List of peaks by prominence|Ranked 76th]]</small>
| listing = [[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]]<br />[[Ribu]]
| listing = [[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]]<br />[[Ribu]]
| location = [[Java]], [[Indonesia]]
| location = [[Java]], [[Indonesia]]
Line 26: Line 26:
| easiest_route =
| easiest_route =
}}
}}
The '''Lawu''' ({{langx|jv|ꦭꦮꦸ}}), or '''Mount Lawu''' ({{langx|jv|ꦒꦸꦤꦸꦁ​​ꦭꦮꦸ|Gunung Lawu}}) is a massive compound [[stratovolcano]] straddling the border between [[Ngawi Regency|Ngawi]], [[East Java]] and [[Central Java]], [[Indonesia]]. The north side is deeply eroded and the eastern side contains parasitic [[Volcanic crater lake|crater lake]]s and [[parasitic cone]]s. A [[fumarole|fumarolic]] area is located on the south flank at 2,550&nbsp;m. The only reported activity of Lawu took place in 1885 when rumblings and light [[volcanic ash]] falls were reported.<ref name="gvp"/> The recent study provided insights into geothermal heat flow suggesting that Mt. Lawu is still active today.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=B. Nurhandoko |first1=Bagus Endar |last2=Kurniadi |first2=Rizal |last3=Triyoso |first3=Kaswandhi |last4=Widowati |first4=Sri |last5=Asmara Hadi |first5=M. Rizka |last6=Abda |first6=M. Rizal |last7=K. Martha |first7=Rio |last8=Fatiah |first8=Elfa |last9=Rizal Komara |first9=Insan |title=Integrated Subsurface Temperature Modeling beneath Mt. Lawu and Mt. Muriah in The Northeast Java Basin, Indonesia |journal=Open Geosciences |date=17 August 2019 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=341–351 |doi=10.1515/geo-2019-0027 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/geo-2019-0027/html|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Purwanto>{{cite web |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/325992201.pdf |title=THE WORSHIP OF PARWATARAJADEWA IN MOUNT LAWU}}</ref>


==Religious significance==
'''Mount Lawu''', or '''Gunung Lawu''', is a massive compound [[stratovolcano]] straddling the border between [[East Java]] and [[Central Java]], [[Indonesia]]. The north side is deeply eroded and the eastern side contains parasitic [[Volcanic crater lake|crater lake]]s and [[parasitic cone]]s. A [[fumarole|fumarolic]] area is located on the south flank at 2,550&nbsp;m. The only reported activity of Lawu took place in 1885, when rumblings and light [[volcanic ash]] falls were reported.<ref name="gvp"/> The recent study provided insights into geothermal heat flow suggesting that Mt. Lawu is still active today.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=B. Nurhandoko |first1=Bagus Endar |last2=Kurniadi |first2=Rizal |last3=Triyoso |first3=Kaswandhi |last4=Widowati |first4=Sri |last5=Asmara Hadi |first5=M. Rizka |last6=Abda |first6=M. Rizal |last7=K. Martha |first7=Rio |last8=Fatiah |first8=Elfa |last9=Rizal Komara |first9=Insan |title=Integrated Subsurface Temperature Modeling beneath Mt. Lawu and Mt. Muriah in The Northeast Java Basin, Indonesia |journal=Open Geosciences |date=17 August 2019 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=341–351 |doi=10.1515/geo-2019-0027 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/geo-2019-0027/html|doi-access=free }}</ref>
Mount Lawu is the home of the God Parwatarajadewa (also called Hyang Girinatha in the manuscript Serat Centhini). The New Javanese manuscript Serat Manikmaya states that Mount Lawu is part of the eighteen sacred mountains of [[Central Java]], and scholars agree that it had great religious significance to the Hindus of Java.<ref name="Purwanto">{{cite web |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/325992201.pdf |title=THE WORSHIP OF PARWATARAJADEWA IN MOUNT LAWU}}</ref>

[[Poerbatjaraka]] stated that the original name of Lawu is Katong, which means God.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kapustakaan Djawi |first=R.M. |last=Poerbatjaraka}}</ref> The name Katong is likely associated with the ruins of [[Mount Meru]], the sacred five-peaked mountain and center of the universe. This association makes it likely that it is a seat of God, for which it is named.<ref name="Purwanto"/> The last mention of this name was in the reign of Bhre Kertabhumi (1474-1478), and the first mention of Mount Lawu was in the Bhujangga Manik in the early 16th century, which indicates the name change took place between the 15th and 16th centuries, coinciding with the Islamic invasion.

The nature of Parwatarajadewa can be interpreted as the personified mountain God, and not one of the more dominant Gods of the time, such as the God [[Shiva]], but was widely worshiped and considered a "National God". One of the earliest account of the worship of Parwatarajadewa is in the [[kakawin]] [[Arjunawiwaha]]:
:"''Amwit narendrātmaja ring tapowana''
:''Mangañjali (rv) agra ning Indraparwata''
:''Tan wismṛtі sangkan ingkang hayun ḍatang''
:''Swābhawa sang sajana rakwa mangkan"''

:"Sang Rajaputra (Arjuna) took leave the forest of the hermitage, Worship the peak of Mount Indra
:Never forget the origin of the coming goodness, Such is supposedly wise human nature"

Inscriptions of the [[Sukuh]] temple carved on the statue of the God [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]] also prove the religious significance of this mountain:
:"''Peling duk kala''
:''Rakayaman du''
:''Kanungkul mara''
:''marṇa pawitra sa''
:''ka kalanya goḥ''
:''wiku hanaut buntut 1397''"

:"Warning, when going to prostrate at the top of the mountain, first come in sacred bathing.
:Saka year of goḥ wiku hanaut buntut"

These inscriptions prove that Parwatarajadewa was a God of great significance for the Javanese and that the mountain was home to a variety of Rsis, ascetics, and was likely a refuge for Hindus completing the life stage called "Wanaprastha and Sanyasin", in which one would resign themselves to a lonely forest in search of Sanyasin or bhiksuka, a stage of life characterized by self-perfection. It is through the ruwatan ceremony that Rsis and ascetics released themselves from sin and the bodily bond.<ref name="Purwanto"/>

===Archaeology===
Mount Lawu is home to many historic and prehistoric religious structures. One archeological site is the Site of Watu Kandang Ngasinan, and evidence of monolithic structures dotting the landscape, often in the form of simple rocks three meters in height and two in width jutting into the sky, can be found. Structures dating back to the Hindu era of Java such as the [[Candi Ceto]], [[Candi Sukuh]], Kethek Temple, Buntar Temple, and Planggatan Temple.<ref>{{Citation | author1=Ridyasmara, Rizki | title=Sukuh : misteri portal kuno di Gunung Lawu | publication-date=2012 | publisher=Coopex Media | edition=Cet. 1 | isbn=978-602-18-2580-8}}</ref> A Durgamahisasuramardhini state was recovered at the Buntar Temple.<ref name="Purwanto"/>

{| class="wikitable"
!Site Name
!Period
!Information
|-
|Watu Kandang
|Prehistoric
|Possibly as a burial place
|-
|Situs Sawit
|Megalithic Tradition
|Worship of the ancestors
|-
|Situs Selembu
|Classic period
|Kemungkinan berasal dari Masa Mataram Kuno
|-
|Rumah Arca
|Classic period
|As a storage place of archaeological objects found in Karanganyar District (museum)
|-
|Situs Menggung
|Classic period
|The element of megalithic tradition is quite visible
|-
|Buntar Temple
|Classic period
|Unknown date
|-
|Cetho Temple
|Classic period
|15th century, 13 terraces
|-
|Kethek Temple
|Classic period
|Possibly built in the 15th century, 4 terraces
|-
|Sukuh Temple
|Classic period
|15th century, 3 terraces
|-
| Planggatan Temple
|Classic period
|15th century, 3 terraces
|-
|East Argo Dumilah
|Classic period
|5 terraces
|-
|North Argo Dumilah
|Megalithic Tradition
|5 terraces
|-
|West Argo Dumilah
|Megalithic Tradition
|3 terraces
|-
|West Argo Dalem
|Megalithic Tradition
|5 terraces
|-
|Northwest Argo Dalem
|Megalithic Tradition
|5 terraces
|-
|South Argo Dalem
|Megalithic Tradition
|2 terraces
|-
|East Argo Dalem
|Megalithic Tradition
|7 terraces
|-
|Sendang Drajat
|Megalithic Tradition
|5 terraces
|-
|Pasar Dieng
|Megalithic Tradition
|7 terraces
|-
|Cemoro Bulus
|Classic Period
|Same period with Sukuh Temple, Planggatan, and Cetho
|-
|}<ref name="Purwanto"/>


== Cultural features ==
== Cultural features ==
The western slopes of Lawu have a number of graveyards - including [[Astana Giribangun]] and [[Mangkunegaran]].
The western slopes of Lawu have a number of graveyards - including [[Astana Giribangun]] and [[Mangkunegaran]].

Earlier structures on the western slopes also include [[Candi Ceto]] and [[Candi Sukuh]]


== See also ==
== See also ==
{{portal|Indonesia}}
{{portal|Indonesia}}
* [[Solo River|Bengawan Solo]]
* [[List of volcanoes in Indonesia]]
* [[List of volcanoes in Indonesia]]
* [[List of Ultras of Malay Archipelago]]
* [[List of ultras of the Malay Archipelago]]


== References ==
== References ==
Line 46: Line 161:


{{DEFAULTSORT:Lawu}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lawu}}

[[Category:Mount Lawu| ]]
[[Category:Mount Lawu| ]]
[[Category:Bengawan Solo basin]]
[[Category:Sacred mountains of Indonesia]]

Latest revision as of 01:31, 1 November 2024

Mount Lawu
Gunung Lawu
Lawu in 2018
Highest point
Elevation3,265 m (10,712 ft)[1]
Prominence3,118 m (10,230 ft)[2]
Ranked 76th
ListingUltra
Ribu
Coordinates07°37′30″S 111°11′30″E / 7.62500°S 111.19167°E / -7.62500; 111.19167[1]
Geography
Mount Lawu is located in Indonesia
Mount Lawu
Mount Lawu
Location in Java, Indonesia
Mount Lawu is located in Java
Mount Lawu
Mount Lawu
Mount Lawu (Java)
LocationJava, Indonesia
Geology
Mountain typeStratovolcano
Last eruption28 November 1885

The Lawu (Javanese: ꦭꦮꦸ), or Mount Lawu (Javanese: ꦒꦸꦤꦸꦁ​​ꦭꦮꦸ, romanized: Gunung Lawu) is a massive compound stratovolcano straddling the border between Ngawi, East Java and Central Java, Indonesia. The north side is deeply eroded and the eastern side contains parasitic crater lakes and parasitic cones. A fumarolic area is located on the south flank at 2,550 m. The only reported activity of Lawu took place in 1885 when rumblings and light volcanic ash falls were reported.[1] The recent study provided insights into geothermal heat flow suggesting that Mt. Lawu is still active today.[3][4]

Religious significance

[edit]

Mount Lawu is the home of the God Parwatarajadewa (also called Hyang Girinatha in the manuscript Serat Centhini). The New Javanese manuscript Serat Manikmaya states that Mount Lawu is part of the eighteen sacred mountains of Central Java, and scholars agree that it had great religious significance to the Hindus of Java.[4]

Poerbatjaraka stated that the original name of Lawu is Katong, which means God.[5] The name Katong is likely associated with the ruins of Mount Meru, the sacred five-peaked mountain and center of the universe. This association makes it likely that it is a seat of God, for which it is named.[4] The last mention of this name was in the reign of Bhre Kertabhumi (1474-1478), and the first mention of Mount Lawu was in the Bhujangga Manik in the early 16th century, which indicates the name change took place between the 15th and 16th centuries, coinciding with the Islamic invasion.

The nature of Parwatarajadewa can be interpreted as the personified mountain God, and not one of the more dominant Gods of the time, such as the God Shiva, but was widely worshiped and considered a "National God". One of the earliest account of the worship of Parwatarajadewa is in the kakawin Arjunawiwaha:

"Amwit narendrātmaja ring tapowana
Mangañjali (rv) agra ning Indraparwata
Tan wismṛtі sangkan ingkang hayun ḍatang
Swābhawa sang sajana rakwa mangkan"
"Sang Rajaputra (Arjuna) took leave the forest of the hermitage, Worship the peak of Mount Indra
Never forget the origin of the coming goodness, Such is supposedly wise human nature"

Inscriptions of the Sukuh temple carved on the statue of the God Nandi also prove the religious significance of this mountain:

"Peling duk kala
Rakayaman du
Kanungkul mara
marṇa pawitra sa
ka kalanya goḥ
wiku hanaut buntut 1397"
"Warning, when going to prostrate at the top of the mountain, first come in sacred bathing.
Saka year of goḥ wiku hanaut buntut"

These inscriptions prove that Parwatarajadewa was a God of great significance for the Javanese and that the mountain was home to a variety of Rsis, ascetics, and was likely a refuge for Hindus completing the life stage called "Wanaprastha and Sanyasin", in which one would resign themselves to a lonely forest in search of Sanyasin or bhiksuka, a stage of life characterized by self-perfection. It is through the ruwatan ceremony that Rsis and ascetics released themselves from sin and the bodily bond.[4]

Archaeology

[edit]

Mount Lawu is home to many historic and prehistoric religious structures. One archeological site is the Site of Watu Kandang Ngasinan, and evidence of monolithic structures dotting the landscape, often in the form of simple rocks three meters in height and two in width jutting into the sky, can be found. Structures dating back to the Hindu era of Java such as the Candi Ceto, Candi Sukuh, Kethek Temple, Buntar Temple, and Planggatan Temple.[6] A Durgamahisasuramardhini state was recovered at the Buntar Temple.[4]

Site Name Period Information
Watu Kandang Prehistoric Possibly as a burial place
Situs Sawit Megalithic Tradition Worship of the ancestors
Situs Selembu Classic period Kemungkinan berasal dari Masa Mataram Kuno
Rumah Arca Classic period As a storage place of archaeological objects found in Karanganyar District (museum)
Situs Menggung Classic period The element of megalithic tradition is quite visible
Buntar Temple Classic period Unknown date
Cetho Temple Classic period 15th century, 13 terraces
Kethek Temple Classic period Possibly built in the 15th century, 4 terraces
Sukuh Temple Classic period 15th century, 3 terraces
Planggatan Temple Classic period 15th century, 3 terraces
East Argo Dumilah Classic period 5 terraces
North Argo Dumilah Megalithic Tradition 5 terraces
West Argo Dumilah Megalithic Tradition 3 terraces
West Argo Dalem Megalithic Tradition 5 terraces
Northwest Argo Dalem Megalithic Tradition 5 terraces
South Argo Dalem Megalithic Tradition 2 terraces
East Argo Dalem Megalithic Tradition 7 terraces
Sendang Drajat Megalithic Tradition 5 terraces
Pasar Dieng Megalithic Tradition 7 terraces
Cemoro Bulus Classic Period Same period with Sukuh Temple, Planggatan, and Cetho

[4]

Cultural features

[edit]

The western slopes of Lawu have a number of graveyards - including Astana Giribangun and Mangkunegaran.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Lawu". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2021-06-24.
  2. ^ "Indonesian high-prominence peaks". peaklist.org. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
  3. ^ B. Nurhandoko, Bagus Endar; Kurniadi, Rizal; Triyoso, Kaswandhi; Widowati, Sri; Asmara Hadi, M. Rizka; Abda, M. Rizal; K. Martha, Rio; Fatiah, Elfa; Rizal Komara, Insan (17 August 2019). "Integrated Subsurface Temperature Modeling beneath Mt. Lawu and Mt. Muriah in The Northeast Java Basin, Indonesia". Open Geosciences. 11 (1): 341–351. doi:10.1515/geo-2019-0027.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "THE WORSHIP OF PARWATARAJADEWA IN MOUNT LAWU" (PDF).
  5. ^ Poerbatjaraka, R.M. Kapustakaan Djawi.
  6. ^ Ridyasmara, Rizki (2012), Sukuh : misteri portal kuno di Gunung Lawu (Cet. 1 ed.), Coopex Media, ISBN 978-602-18-2580-8
[edit]
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