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{{Short description|Arabic alphabet used in Tamil language}}
[[Image:Image-Arwi.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Letters unique to Arwi.]] '''Arwi''' (لسان الأروي '' Lisān-ul-Arwī'' ; அரபு-தமிழ் ''Arabu-Tamil'' ; Arabic-Tamil) is the result of the fusion of two great [[classical language]]s - the [[Semitic]] [[Arabic]] and the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. The Arwi script utilises the [[Arabic alphabet]] togather with the addition of 13 letters unique to Arwi.
{{Infobox writing system
| mode =
| name = Arwi / Arabu-Tamil
| native_name = <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.65;">{{script/Arabic|أروي}} / {{script/Arabic|عَرَبُتَّمِۻْ}}</span>
| bodystyle = Which
| type = [[Abjad]]
| qid = Q1828555
| direction =
| region = [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]]
| romanised_from = al-'arwiyyah
| caption = Arwi written in Arabic Script
| languages = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| published =
| time = Around late 17th century-present
| status = Religious uses only
| fam1 = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]]
| fam2 = [[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet|Proto-Sinaitic]]
| fam3 = [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]
| fam4 = [[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]]
| fam5 = [[Syriac alphabet|Syriac]]
| fam6 = [[Nabataean alphabet|Nabataean]]
| fam7 = [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]
| sisters = [[Arabi Malayalam script|Arabi Malayalam]]
| iso15924 = Arab


| imagestyle =
Arwi is an everlasting monument to the cultural synthesis between the Arabs on the one hand and the Tamil speaking Muslims of Sri Lanka and Southern India on the other. Perhaps, no other aspect of the Sarandib-Arab and Indo-Arab cultural heritage is as important as this outcome of the historic meeting of these two different and distinct linguistic cultures.
| sample = Arwi Title.png
| imagesize = 200px
}}
'''Arwi''' ({{lang|ta|{{naskh|أَرْوِيُّ}}}} {{transl|ar|ʾArwīyyu}}) or '''Arabu-Tamil''' ({{langx|ta|அரபுத்தமிழ்}}, {{lang|Ar|عَرَبُ تَّمِۻْ}} {{transl|ta|ISO|Araputtamiḻ}}<span style="margin-left:1px">)</span> is an [[Arabic]]-influenced dialect of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language written with an [[Arabic Extended-A|extension of the Arabic alphabet]], with extensive [[Lexicon|lexical]] and phonetic influences from the Arabic language. Arwi has been used extensively by the [[Tamil Muslim|Muslims]] of the [[Tamil Nadu]] state of [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]].


== History ==
There are significant historical records of the prevalance of Arwi in Far Eastern countries such as Indonesia, Thailand, etc up until the 1970s. Even today, there are Arwi schools functioning in Malaysia, Myanmar and Pakistan.
[[File:Kilakarai Arabic tombstone.jpg|thumb|left|Arwi script in a tombstone at [[Kilakarai]], [[Palaiya Jumma Palli|Old Jumma Masjid]]]]
[[File:Multilingual (Tamil and Malayalam - Arabic script) advertisement - catalogue of books and textiles - Ponnani (1908).jpg|thumb|left|A multilingual advertisement with a catalogue of books and textiles available from a shop in Ponnani in 1908. Text on the left hand side is Arabi-Tamil, text on the right hand side, [[Arabi Malayalam script]]]]


The strength of the foundation of a language can be judged by the literature that has been produced. In this regard, Arwi stands tall with many authoritative books in a wide array of subjects: jurisprudence, belief, sufism, law, medicine, sexology and others. There was even a translation of the Bible into Arwi in 1926!
Arwi was an outcome of the cultural synthesis between seafaring Arabs and [[Marakkar|Tamil-speaking Muslims]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. This language was enriched, promoted and developed in [[Kayalpatnam|Kayalpattinam]]. It had a rich body of work in jurisprudence, [[Sufism]], law, medicine and [[sexology]], of which little has been preserved. It was used as a bridge language for Tamil Muslims to learn Arabic.<ref>
''216 th year commemoration today: Remembering His Holiness Bukhary Thangal'' Sunday Observer – January 5, 2003. [https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2003/01/05/fea24.html Online version] accessed on 2009-08-14
</ref> The patrons of Arwi seem to have been the [[Nawab of the Carnatic]], they were Islamic and were part of the Mughal Empire. Many [[hadith manuscripts]] have been found. Most of the ''[[fiqh]]'' books, particularly those of [[Abu Hanifa|Imaam Abu Hanifa]] and [[Al-Shafi'i|Imaam Shaafi]], have been found in Arwi.


There was also a translation of the [[Bible]] into Arwi in 1926.
It is worth noting that the Arwi language contributed immensely to the education and progression of Muslim women in South India and Sri Lanka. They were active participants in the social fabric of society playing vital roles in education, medicine and even politics. The decline of Arwi in the later half of the 20th century has also seen the steady decline of the education of Muslim women in that region.


Arwi still has a place among the more [[Arwi Muslims|Arwi Muslim]] and [[Sri Lankan Moors|Sri Lankan Moor]] families.
A large proportion of Arwi works have been lost in two periods of time:
{{Clear|left}}


== Script ==
'''16th century''' – The arrival of the Portuguese. This is the most tragic period in the history of South India and Sri Lanka. Amongst other atrocities, their wanton destruction of Arwi literature meant that an entire corpus of knowledge literally went up in flames.


[[File:Image-Arwi.png|thumb|right|350px]]
'''20th century''' – The arrival of mainstream printing press. Using the Arabic script meant that Arwi could not jump onto the printing press bandwagon. A slow but sure demise of Arwi began. Presently, there are invaluable manuscripts being eaten away by termites in private, public and institutional libraries.


The Arwi alphabet is the Arabic alphabet, with thirteen additional letters used to represent the Tamil vowels ''e'' and ''o'' and several Tamil consonants that could not be mapped to Arabic sounds.<ref name="tors"/>
Efforts are underway to halt the decline and revive the language.


===Vowels===
== Further reading ==

* Shu’ayb, Tayka. '''''Arabic, Arwi and Persian in Sarandib and Tamil Nadu'''''. Madras: Imāmul 'Arūs Trust, 1993.
{|dir="rtl" class="wikitable" lang="ta" style="text-align: center"
* Tschacher, Torsten. [http://web.archive.org/web/20040822180630/www.fas.nus.edu.sg/journal/kolam/vols/kolam5&6/1AOldLit/Arwi.htm '''''Arwi (Arabic-Tamil) — A Brief Report''''' . newKOLAM, 5&6, 2000.]
|+lang="en" dir="ltr"| Arwi vowels arranged according to the [[Tamil script|Tamil order]] <small>(right to left)</small><ref name="tschacher"/>
|-lang="ta" dir="ltr" style="font-size:150%"
| {{Lang|ta|அ}} || {{Lang|ta|ஆ}} || {{Lang|ta|இ}} || {{Lang|ta|ஈ}} || {{Lang|ta|உ}} || {{Lang|ta|ஊ}}
| {{Lang|ta|எ}} || {{Lang|ta|ஏ}} || {{Lang|ta|ஐ}} || {{Lang|ta|ஒ}} || {{Lang|ta|ஓ}} || {{Lang|ta|ஔ}} ||
|-lang="ta-Arab" style="font-size:150%"
| {{Script/Arabic|اَ}} || {{Script/Arabic|اٰ}}|| {{Script/Arabic|يِـ‎}} <small><sup>(1)</sup></small> || {{Script/Arabic|يِيْـ}} <small><sup>(1)</sup></small> || {{Script/Arabic|اُ}} || {{Script/Arabic|اُوْ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|يࣣـ}} <small><sup>(1)</sup></small> || {{Script/Arabic|يࣣيْـ}} <small><sup>(1)</sup></small> || {{Script/Arabic|اَيْـ}}|| {{Script/Arabic|اٗ}} || {{Script/Arabic|اٗوْ}} || {{Script/Arabic|اَوْ}} ||

|-lang="ta" dir="ltr" style="font-size:150%"
| —
| {{Lang|ta|ா}}
| {{Lang|ta|ி}}
| {{Lang|ta|ீ}}
| {{Lang|ta|ு}}
| {{Lang|ta|ூ}}
| {{Lang|ta|ெ}}
| {{Lang|ta|ே}}
| {{Lang|ta|ை}}
| {{Lang|ta|ொ}}
| {{Lang|ta|ோ}}
| {{Lang|ta|ௌ}}
| {{Lang|ta| ்}}

|-lang="ta-Arab" style="font-size:150%"
| {{Script/Arabic|◌َ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|◌َـا}}
| {{Script/Arabic|◌ِ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|◌ِيْـ / ◌ِيْ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|◌ُ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|◌ُوْ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|◌ࣣ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|◌ࣣيْـ / ◌ࣣيْ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|◌َيْـ / ◌َيْ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|◌ٗ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|◌ٗوْ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|◌َوْ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|◌ْ}}
|-dir="ltr" style="font-size:125%"
| {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|a}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|ā}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|i}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|ī}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|u}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|ū}}
| {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|e}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|ē}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|ai}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|o}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|ō}} || {{Transl|ta|ISO|italic=no|au}} || ∅
|}

:'''Notes'''
# Unlike other vowels, and unlike in Persian, Urdu, or Arabic, when vowels ''i, ī, e, ē'' come at the beginning of a word (respectively {{lang|ta|இ, ஈ, எ, ஏ}}), the vowel carrier is not ''alif'' ({{lang|ta-Arab|ا}}) but is instead ''yeh'' ({{lang|ta-Arab|یـ}}). This spelling indicates the loss of glottal stop in words which start with these vowels, and its replacement by a [[Voiced palatal approximant|palatal sound]]. In rare cases, these vowels have indeed been written with ''alif'' as their base.

===Consonants===

{|class="wikitable Unicode" dir="rtl"
|+ Arwi alphabet<ref name="tschacher">Tschacher, T. (2001). ''Islam in Tamilnadu: Varia''. Institut für Indologie und Südasienwissenschaften der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg. [https://www.suedasien.uni-halle.de/SAWA/Tschacher.pdf URL] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20240826173726/https://www.suedasien.uni-halle.de/SAWA/Tschacher.pdf Archive])</ref>
|-
! Arabic<br><small>(Tamil)</small><br><small>(Latin)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ا}}</span><br><small>‌(ஆ)<br>(ā)</small><br>{{IPAblink|∅}}/{{IPAblink|ʔ}}/{{IPAblink|aː}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ب}}</span><br><small>‌(ப)<br>(b)</small><br>{{IPAblink|b}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ت}}</span> <sup>1</sup><br><small>‌(த)<br>(t)</small><br>{{IPAblink|t}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ث}}</span> <sup>1</sup><br><small>‌(த)<br>(t)</small><br>{{IPAblink|t}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ج}}</span><br><small>‌(ஜ)<br>(j)</small><br>{{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|چ}}</span> <sup>2</sup><br><small>‌(ச)<br>(c)</small><br>{{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}}
|-
! Arabic<br><small>(Tamil)</small><br><small>(Latin)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ح}}</span><br><small>‌(ஹ)<br>(h)</small><br>{{IPAblink|h}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|خ}}</span><br><small>‌(க / ஃக)<br>(k, kh)</small><br>{{IPAblink|k}}({{IPAblink|x}})
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|د}}</span><br><small>‌(த)<br>(d)</small><br>{{IPAblink|t}}({{IPAblink|d}})
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڊ}}</span> <sup>3</sup><br><small>‌(ட)<br>(ṭ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ʈ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ذ}}</span><br><small>‌(ஜ / ஃஜ)<br>(z)</small><br>{{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}}({{IPAblink|z}})
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ر}}</span><br><small>‌(ற)<br>(ṟ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|r}}
|-
! Arabic<br><small>(Tamil)</small><br><small>(Latin)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڔ}}</span><br><small>‌(ர)<br>(r)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ɾ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ز}}</span><br><small>‌(ஜ / ஃஜ)<br>(z)</small><br>{{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}}({{IPAblink|z}})
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|س}}</span><br><small>‌(ஸ)<br>(s)</small><br>{{IPAblink|s}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ش}}</span> <sup>2</sup><br><small>‌(ச)(ஷ, ஶ)<br>(c, ṣ, ś)</small><br>{{IPAblink|t͡ɕ}}/[{{IPAlink|ʂ}}~{{IPAlink|ʃ}}]
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ص}}</span><br><small>‌(ச)<br>(c)</small><br>{{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ض}}</span><br><small>‌(த)<br>(t)</small><br>{{IPAblink|t}}
|-
! Arabic<br><small>(Tamil)</small><br><small>(Latin)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|صٜ}}</span> <sup>4</sup><br><small>‌(ள)<br>(ḷ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ɭ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ۻ}}</span> <sup>4</sup><br><small>‌(ழ)<br>(ḻ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ɻ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ط}}</span><br><small>‌(த)<br>(t)</small><br>{{IPAblink|t}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ظ}}</span><br><small>‌(ச)<br>(c)</small><br>{{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ع}}</span><br><small>‌(-)<br>(’)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ʔ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ࢳ}}</span><br><small>‌(ங)<br>(ṅ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ŋ}}
|-
! Arabic<br><small>(Tamil)</small><br><small>(Latin)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|غ}}</span><br><small>‌(க)<br>(k, gh)</small><br>{{IPAblink|k}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ف}}</span><br><small>‌(ப / ஃப)<br>(f)</small><br>{{IPAblink|f}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڣ}}</span><br><small>‌(ப)<br>(p)</small><br>{{IPAblink|p}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5"| <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ق}}</span><br><small>‌(க)<br>(k, q)</small><br>{{IPAblink|k}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ك}}</span> <sup>5</sup><br><small>‌(க)<br>(k)</small><br>{{IPAblink|k}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ࢴ}}</span> <sup>5</sup><br><small>‌(க)<br>(k)</small><br>{{IPAblink|g}}
|-
! Arabic<br><small>(Tamil)</small><br><small>(Latin)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ل}}</span><br><small>‌(ல)<br>(l)</small><br>{{IPAblink|l}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|م}}</span><br><small>‌(ம)<br>(m)</small><br>{{IPAblink|m}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ن}}</span> <sup>6</sup><br><small>‌(ந, ன, ஞ)<br>(n, ṉ, ñ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|n̪}}/{{IPAblink|n}}/{{IPAblink|ɲ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڹ}}</span><br><small>‌(ண)<br>(ṇ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ɳ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|و}}</span><br><small>‌(வ)(ௌ, ோ, ூ)<br>(v, au, ō, ū)</small><br>{{IPAblink|v}}/[{{IPAlink|aʊ̯}}]{{IPAblink|oː}}{{IPAblink|uː}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ه}}</span><br><small>‌(ஹ)<br>(h)</small><br>{{IPAblink|h}}
|-
! Arabic<br><small>(Tamil)</small><br><small>(Latin)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ي}}</span><br><small>‌(ய)(ை, ே, ீ)<br>(y, ai, ē, ī)</small><br>{{IPAblink|j}}/[{{IPAlink|aɪ̯}}]{{IPAblink|eː}}{{IPAblink|iː}}
|}

:'''Notes'''
# The letter {{lang|ta|த}}, representing the sound {{IPAblink|t}}, has been written with the Arabic letter {{lang|ta-Arab|ت}} in the beginning of word, [[Gemination|geminated]], or in combination with other consonants. This letter has been written with the Arabic letter {{lang|ta-Arab|ث}} in between vowels.
# The letter {{lang|ta|ச}}, representing the sound [{{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}~{{IPAlink|t͡ɕ}}], has been written with the Arabic letter {{lang|ta-Arab|چ}} in the beginning of word, [[Gemination|geminated]], or after a nasal consonant. This letter has been written with the Arabic letter {{lang|ta-Arab|ش}} in at the beginning of words and in between vowels. The Arabic letter {{lang|ta-Arab|ش}} also represents the Tamil letter {{lang|ta|ஷ}}, representing the sound {{IPAblink|ʂ}} and the Tamil letter {{lang|ta|ஶ}} representing the sound {{IPAblink|ʃ}}.
# For when this letter is geminated, i.e. {{lang|ta|ட்ட}}, some historic manuscripts used the letter ''dal'' with two dots underneath, the modified Arwi letter {{lang|ta-Arab|ڍ}}. But most manuscripts simply used the letter ''dal'' with one dot underneath, and with a [[Shaddah|gemination diacritic]], the letter {{lang|ta-Arab|ڊّ‎}}.
# The Arabic letter {{lang|ta-Arab|صٜ}} has not been used in a widespread manner for representing the Tamil letter {{lang|ta|ள}} (representing the sound {{IPAblink|ɭ}}). Most historic sources use the letter {{lang|ta-Arab|ۻ}} for this Tamil letter as well as for the Tamil letter {{lang|ta|ழ}} (representing the sound {{IPAblink|ɻ}}).
# For the Tamil letter {{lang|ta|க}}, representing the sound [{{IPAlink|k}}~{{IPAlink|g}}], the Arabic letter {{lang|ta-Arab|ك}} is used. Except if this letter is in between vowels, or following a nasal sound, where the letter {{lang|ta-Arab|ࢴ}} is used.
# The Tamil letter {{lang|ta|ஞ}} representing the sound {{IPAblink|ɲ}} has usually been written with the Arabic letter {{lang|ta-Arab|ن}}. In addition, in rare occasions, this sound has been represented by the Arabic letter {{lang|ta-Arab|ݧ‎}}. This sound doesn't occur at beginning of words.

== Sample Texts ==

Below are several sample texts in Arwi orthography, in standard Tamil Script, and transliterated into Latin as per [[ISO 15919]].<ref>Zubair, KMA. Ahamed. (2016). ''The Rise and Decline of Arabu-Tamil Language for Tamil Muslims''. IIUC Studies, 10, 263–282. [https://doi.org/10.3329/iiucs.v10i0.27441] ([https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/IIUCS/article/download/27441/18306 Link]) </ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="table-layout:fixed;width:100%"
! Arwi Script
! Tamil Script
! [[ISO 15919]] Latin
! English
|-
| dir="rtl" style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.65;" | {{Script/Arabic|{{lang|ta-Arab|'''شٗوْنَࢴَ اِسْلَامِيَ كَّلَاچَّاڔَ نِلَيَمْ (اَمَيْكَّڣَّڊَّثُ)'''<br>تَࢳْكَۻُكُّ اࣣمَثُ نَلْ وَاۻْتُّمْ سٗوْڣَنَمُمْ كُوْرُوَثٗوڊُ كٗۻُمْبُ كٗوْڊَّيْ بِرِسْڊَلْ وِيْثِ ۲۷ مْ نِمْبَرْ اِلَّمَاكِيَ شٗوْنَࢴَ اِسْلَامِيَ كَّلَاچَّاڔَ نِلَيْيَ ڣُّثُكَّڊِّ ڊَ تِّرَڣُّ وِۻَاوُكُّ ۱۹۶۵-مࣣيْ مَاثَمْ ۳۰ مْ تِࢴَثِ هِجْرَة ۱۳۸۵ مُحَرَّمْ ڣِرَيْ ۲۸ ݧ‎َايِرُ ‎ڣِڔْڣَࢴَلْ ۴:۱۵ مَنِكُّ شَمُࢴَمَۻِكُمَارُ تَࢳْكَۻَيْ اَنْ‎ڣُڊَنْ اَۻَيْكِّرٗوْمْ.<br>كَوْڔَوَ ڣ‎ِّڔَثَمَڔْ تِڔُ ڊَڊْلِيْ سࣣينَانَايَࢴَ اَوَڔْكَۻْ ݧَاڣَࢴَاڔْتَّ ڣَّلَكَيْيَيْ تِّڔَيْنِیْكَّمْ شࣣيوَاڔْكَۻْ نِلَيَتَّلَیْوَڔْ جَنَابْ سࣣيرْ رَازِقْ فَڔِيدْ اَوَڔْكَۻْ ڣُثُكَّڊِّڊَتَّيْ تِّرَنْتُ وَيْڣَّاڔْكَۻْ.}} }}
| {{lang|ta|'''சோனக இஸ்லாமிய கலாச்சார நிலையம் (அமைக்கப்பட்டது)'''

தங்களுக்கு எமது நல்வாழ்தும் சோபனமும் கூறுவதோடு கொழும்பு கோட்டை பிரிஸ்டல் வீதி, 27 ஆம் நம்பர் இல்லமாகிய இஸ்லாமிய கலாச்சார நிலைய புதுக்கட்டிட திறப்பு விழாவிற்கு 1965, மே மாதம் 30 ஆம் தேதி, ஹிஜ்ரா 1385 முஹர்ரம் 28 பிறை ஞாயிறு பிற்பகல் 4:15 மணிக்கு சங்கமிக்குமாறு தங்களை அன்புடன் அழைக்கி றோம்.

கெளரவ பிரதமர் திரு டட்லி சோனானாயக அவர்கள் ஞாபகார்த்த பலதையை திரை நீக்கம் செய்வார்கள். தலைமை நிலையத் தலைவர் ஜனைப் கர் ராஜிக் ஃபரீத் அவர்கள் புதுச்சட்டிடத்தை திறந்து வைப்பார்கள்.}}
| '''Cōṉaka islāmiya kalāccāra nilaiyam (amaikkappaṭṭatu)'''

Taṅkaḷukku ematu nalvāḻtum cōpaṉamum kūṟuvatōṭu koḻumpu kōṭṭai pirisṭal vīti, 27 ām nampar illamākiya islāmiya kalāccāra nilaiya putukkaṭṭiṭa tiṟappu viḻāviṟku 1965 iṟappu viḻāviṟku 1965, mē mātam 30 ām tēti, hijrā 1385 muharram 28 piṟai ñāyiṟu piṟpakal 4:15 Maṇikku caṅkamikkumāṟu taṅkaḷai aṉpuṭaṉ aḻaikki ṟōm.

Keḷarava piratamar tiru Ṭaṭli Cōṉāṉāyaka avarkaḷ ñāpakārtta palataiyai tirai nīkkam ceyvārkaḷ. Talaimai nilaiyat talaivar jaṉaip kar rāziq farīd avarkaḷ putuccaṭṭiṭattai tiṟantu vaippārkaḷ.
| '''Sonaga Islamic Cultural Centre (Established)'''

We send you our felicitations, greetings and cordially invite you to attend the opening ceremony of our new building at No. 27 Bristol Street, Fort, Colombo, on the 30th May, 1965, the 28th Day of Muharram 1385, Sunday afternoon, 4:15 pm.

Honourable Prime Minister Mr. Dudley Senanayake will unveil the commemoration block. The President of the centre, Sir Razik Fareed will open the building.
|-
| dir="rtl" style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.65;" | {{Script/Arabic|{{lang|ta-Arab|يࣣنَّيَّاۻُمْ وَلّٗوْنࣣيْ يࣣيْࢴَآنْتَ نَاثَا<br>تَنَّيَّرِيُمْ تَوَتَّيْ تَّنْتَاۻْكُوَايْنِيْ}} }}
| {{lang|ta|என்னை ஆளும் வல்லோனே ஏகாந்த நாதா

தன்னை அறியும் தவத்தை தந்தாள்குவாய் நீ}}
| Eṉṉai āḷum vallōṉē ēkānta nātā

Taṉṉai aṟiyum tavattai tantāḷkuvāy nī
| O Almighty Who rules over me! O my Master who is the only Lord!

Bless me with the boon of realizing the insignificance of myself
|-
| dir="rtl" style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.65;" | {{Script/Arabic|{{lang|ta-Arab|اُنَّيَّلَّاثُ وࣣيْرُيَارَيْ وِۻِڣّࣣيْنْ<br> يࣣنَّيْ وِڊُّمْ حَقَّاࢴَ اُنِّلْ اٗۻِڣّࣣيْنْ}} }}
| {{lang|ta|உன்னை அல்லாது வேறு யாரை விளிப்பேன்

என்னை விட்டும் ஹக்காக உன்னில் ஒளிப்பேன்}}
| Uṉṉai allātu vēṟu yārai viḷippēṉ

Eṉṉai viṭṭum hakkāka uṉṉil oḷippēṉ
| Whom can I beseech except Thee!

I will [leave my wretched self and] annihilate in Thee!
|-
| dir="rtl" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.65;">{{Script/Arabic|{{lang|ta-Arab|مَنِتَڣْ ڣِرَوِيِنَڔْ شَࢴَلَڔُم شُتَنْتِڔَمَاكَوࣣيْ ڣِرَكِّنْرَنَڔْ؛ اَوَڔْكَۻْ مَثِڣِّلُک اُڔِمَيْࢴَۻِلُمْ شَمَمَانَوَڔْكَلْ. اَوَڔْكَۻْ نِيَايَتَّيْيُمْ مَنَشَاڊْچِيَيْيُمْ يِيَرْڣَڹ‎ْڣَاكَڣْ ڣࣣرَّوَڔْكَۻْ. اَوَڔْكَۻْ اٗڔُوَڔُڊَنٗڔُوَرْ شَࢴٗوْثَڔَ اُنَڔْوُڣْ ڣَاࢳْكِلْ نَڊَنْتُࢴٗۻَّلْ وࣣيْڹْڊُمْ.}}</span>}}
| {{lang|ta|மனிதப் பிறவியினர் சகலரும் சுதந்திரமாகவே பிறக்கின்றனர்; அவர்கள் மதிப்பிலும் உரிமைகளிலும் சமமானவர்கள். அவர்கள் நியாயத்தையும் மனசாட்சியையும் இயற்பண்பாகப் பெற்றவர்கள். அவர்கள் ஒருவருடனொருவர் சகோதர உணர்வுப் பாங்கில் நடந்துகொள்ளல் வேண்டும்.}}
| Maṉitap piṟaviyiṉar cakalarum cutantiramākavē piṟakkiṉṟaṉar; avarkaḷ matippilum urimaikaḷilum camamāṉavarkaḷ. Avarkaḷ niyāyattaiyum maṉacāṭciyaiyum iyaṟpaṇpākap peṟṟavarkaḷ. Avarkaḷ oruvaruṭaṉoruvar cakōtara uṇarvup pāṅkil naṭantukoḷḷal vēṇṭum.
| All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They possess conscience and reason. Therefore, everyone should act in a spirit of brotherhood towards each other.
|}

== See also ==
* [[Jawi alphabet|Jawi Alphabets]]
* [[Swahili language]]
* [[Arabi Malayalam]]
* [[Arabic Script]]

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="tors">Torsten Tschacher (2001). ''Islam in Tamilnadu: Varia.'' (Südasienwissenschaftliche Arbeitsblätter 2.) Halle: Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg. {{ISBN|3-86010-627-9}}. (Online versions available on the websites of the university libraries at Heidelberg and Halle: [http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2009/1087/pdf/Tschacher.pdf http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2009/1087/pdf/Tschacher.pdf] and [http://www.suedasien.uni-halle.de/SAWA/Tschacher.pdf http://www.suedasien.uni-halle.de/SAWA/Tschacher.pdf]).</ref>
}}
{{Refbegin}}
* Shu’ayb, Tayka. ''Arabic, Arwi and Persian in Sarandib and Tamil Nadu''. Madras: Imāmul 'Arūs Trust, 1993.
* Yunush Ahamed Mohamed Sherif ''Arabu-Tamil/Arwi: the Identity of the Tamil Muslims'' TJPRC Publication.
* Dr. K. M. A. Ahamed Zubair. ''The Rise and Decline of Arabu–Tamil Language for Tamil Muslims'' IIUC STUDIES, 2014
* DR. S.M.M Mazahir. ''அறபுத் தமிழும் அறபுத்தமிழ் ஆக்கங்களும்'' 2018
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090528211039/http://www.armu.com/armu/works/archives/10aug1999/arwi2.html Arwi: Comments, Questions and Answers]
* [http://www.seu.ac.lk/researchandpublications/symposium%20fia/2014/Islamic%20Thoughts%20Civi/Islamic%20Cultural%20Values%20of%20Arwi%20Dialect.pdf Islamic Cultural Values of Arwi] Southeastern university of Sri Lanka. Research and publication (2014).
* [http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/research-on-tamil-muslims/article19125378.ece For a cultural synthesis] Book review in The Hindu
* [https://www.lap-publishing.com/catalog/details//store/gb/book/978-3-659-61489-7/arwi-or-arabu-tamil Arwi or Arabu-Tamil] Book on Arwi
* [https://tamilculture.com/what-is-arwi-arabic-tamil/ What is Arwi (Arabic Tamil)?]
* [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/arwi.htm Arwi (அரபுத்தமிழ் / لسانالأروي)]
* [http://arusiqadiri.wordpress.com/ 'Arusi branch of the Qadiri path]
* [https://archive.org/search?query=subject%3A%22arabic-tamil%22 Some Arwi Books in Internet Archive]

{{Tamil language}}
{{Arabic alphabets}}


[[Category:Writing systems]]
[[Category:Arabic-derived alphabets]]
[[Category:Tamil dialects]]
[[Category:Tamil dialects]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil society]]
[[Category:Arabic alphabets]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Moors]]
[[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]]

Latest revision as of 01:52, 1 November 2024

Arwi / Arabu-Tamil
أروي‎ / عَرَبُتَّمِۻْ‎
Arwi written in Arabic Script
Script type
Time period
Around late 17th century-present
StatusReligious uses only
DirectionRight-to-left script Edit this on Wikidata
RegionIndia, Sri Lanka
LanguagesTamil
Related scripts
Parent systems
Sister systems
Arabi Malayalam
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Arab (160), ​Arabic
Unicode
Unicode alias
Arabic
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Arwi (أَرْوِيُّ‎ ʾArwīyyu) or Arabu-Tamil (Tamil: அரபுத்தமிழ், عَرَبُ تَّمِۻْ Araputtamiḻ) is an Arabic-influenced dialect of the Tamil language written with an extension of the Arabic alphabet, with extensive lexical and phonetic influences from the Arabic language. Arwi has been used extensively by the Muslims of the Tamil Nadu state of India and Sri Lanka.

History

[edit]
Arwi script in a tombstone at Kilakarai, Old Jumma Masjid
A multilingual advertisement with a catalogue of books and textiles available from a shop in Ponnani in 1908. Text on the left hand side is Arabi-Tamil, text on the right hand side, Arabi Malayalam script

Arwi was an outcome of the cultural synthesis between seafaring Arabs and Tamil-speaking Muslims of Tamil Nadu. This language was enriched, promoted and developed in Kayalpattinam. It had a rich body of work in jurisprudence, Sufism, law, medicine and sexology, of which little has been preserved. It was used as a bridge language for Tamil Muslims to learn Arabic.[1] The patrons of Arwi seem to have been the Nawab of the Carnatic, they were Islamic and were part of the Mughal Empire. Many hadith manuscripts have been found. Most of the fiqh books, particularly those of Imaam Abu Hanifa and Imaam Shaafi, have been found in Arwi.

There was also a translation of the Bible into Arwi in 1926.

Arwi still has a place among the more Arwi Muslim and Sri Lankan Moor families.

Script

[edit]

The Arwi alphabet is the Arabic alphabet, with thirteen additional letters used to represent the Tamil vowels e and o and several Tamil consonants that could not be mapped to Arabic sounds.[2]

Vowels

[edit]
Arwi vowels arranged according to the Tamil order (right to left)[3]
அ ஆ இ ஈ உ ஊ எ ஏ ஐ ஒ ஓ ஔ
اَ‎ اٰ‎ يِـ‎‎ (1) يِيْـ‎ (1) اُ‎ اُوْ‎ يࣣـ‎ (1) يࣣيْـ‎ (1) اَيْـ‎ اٗ‎ اٗوْ‎ اَوْ‎
— ா ி ீ ு ூ ெ ே ை ொ ோ ௌ ்
◌َ‎ ◌َـا‎ ◌ِ‎ ◌ِيْـ / ◌ِيْ‎ ◌ُ‎ ◌ُوْ‎ ◌ࣣ‎ ◌ࣣيْـ / ◌ࣣيْ‎ ◌َيْـ / ◌َيْ‎ ◌ٗ‎ ◌ٗوْ‎ ◌َوْ‎ ◌ْ‎
a ā i ī u ū e ē ai o ō au ∅
Notes
  1. Unlike other vowels, and unlike in Persian, Urdu, or Arabic, when vowels i, ī, e, ē come at the beginning of a word (respectively இ, ஈ, எ, ஏ), the vowel carrier is not alif (ا) but is instead yeh (یـ). This spelling indicates the loss of glottal stop in words which start with these vowels, and its replacement by a palatal sound. In rare cases, these vowels have indeed been written with alif as their base.

Consonants

[edit]
Arwi alphabet[3]
Arabic
(Tamil)
(Latin)
[IPA] 		ا‎
‌(ஆ)
(ā)
[∅]/[ʔ]/[aː] 		ب‎
‌(ப)
(b)
[b] 		ت‎ 1
‌(த)
(t)
[t] 		ث‎ 1
‌(த)
(t)
[t] 		ج‎
‌(ஜ)
(j)
[d͡ʒ] 		چ‎ 2
‌(ச)
(c)
[t͡ʃ]
Arabic
(Tamil)
(Latin)
[IPA] 		ح‎
‌(ஹ)
(h)
[h] 		خ‎
‌(க / ஃக)
(k, kh)
[k]([x]) 		د‎
‌(த)
(d)
[t]([d]) 		ڊ‎ 3
‌(ட)
(ṭ)
[ʈ] 		ذ‎
‌(ஜ / ஃஜ)
(z)
[d͡ʒ]([z]) 		ر‎
‌(ற)
(ṟ)
[r]
Arabic
(Tamil)
(Latin)
[IPA] 		ڔ‎
‌(ர)
(r)
[ɾ] 		ز‎
‌(ஜ / ஃஜ)
(z)
[d͡ʒ]([z]) 		س‎
‌(ஸ)
(s)
[s] 		ش‎ 2
‌(ச)(ஷ, ஶ)
(c, ṣ, ś)
[t͡ɕ]/[ʂ~ʃ] 		ص‎
‌(ச)
(c)
[t͡ʃ] 		ض‎
‌(த)
(t)
[t]
Arabic
(Tamil)
(Latin)
[IPA] 		صٜ‎ 4
‌(ள)
(ḷ)
[ɭ] 		ۻ‎ 4
‌(ழ)
(ḻ)
[ɻ] 		ط‎
‌(த)
(t)
[t] 		ظ‎
‌(ச)
(c)
[t͡ʃ] 		ع‎
‌(-)
(’)
[ʔ] 		ࢳ‎
‌(ங)
(ṅ)
[ŋ]
Arabic
(Tamil)
(Latin)
[IPA] 		غ‎
‌(க)
(k, gh)
[k] 		ف‎
‌(ப / ஃப)
(f)
[f] 		ڣ‎
‌(ப)
(p)
[p] 		ق‎
‌(க)
(k, q)
[k] 		ك‎ 5
‌(க)
(k)
[k] 		ࢴ‎ 5
‌(க)
(k)
[g]
Arabic
(Tamil)
(Latin)
[IPA] 		ل‎
‌(ல)
(l)
[l] 		م‎
‌(ம)
(m)
[m] 		ن‎ 6
‌(ந, ன, ஞ)
(n, ṉ, ñ)
[n̪]/[n]/[ɲ] 		ڹ‎
‌(ண)
(ṇ)
[ɳ] 		و‎
‌(வ)(ௌ, ோ, ூ)
(v, au, ō, ū)
[v]/[aʊ̯][oː][uː] 		ه‎
‌(ஹ)
(h)
[h]
Arabic
(Tamil)
(Latin)
[IPA] 		ي‎
‌(ய)(ை, ே, ீ)
(y, ai, ē, ī)
[j]/[aɪ̯][eː][iː]
Notes
  1. The letter த, representing the sound [t], has been written with the Arabic letter ت in the beginning of word, geminated, or in combination with other consonants. This letter has been written with the Arabic letter ث in between vowels.
  2. The letter ச, representing the sound [t͡ʃ~t͡ɕ], has been written with the Arabic letter چ in the beginning of word, geminated, or after a nasal consonant. This letter has been written with the Arabic letter ش in at the beginning of words and in between vowels. The Arabic letter ش also represents the Tamil letter ஷ, representing the sound [ʂ] and the Tamil letter ஶ representing the sound [ʃ].
  3. For when this letter is geminated, i.e. ட்ட, some historic manuscripts used the letter dal with two dots underneath, the modified Arwi letter ڍ. But most manuscripts simply used the letter dal with one dot underneath, and with a gemination diacritic, the letter ڊّ‎.
  4. The Arabic letter صٜ has not been used in a widespread manner for representing the Tamil letter ள (representing the sound [ɭ]). Most historic sources use the letter ۻ for this Tamil letter as well as for the Tamil letter ழ (representing the sound [ɻ]).
  5. For the Tamil letter க, representing the sound [k~g], the Arabic letter ك is used. Except if this letter is in between vowels, or following a nasal sound, where the letter ࢴ is used.
  6. The Tamil letter ஞ representing the sound [ɲ] has usually been written with the Arabic letter ن. In addition, in rare occasions, this sound has been represented by the Arabic letter ݧ‎. This sound doesn't occur at beginning of words.

Sample Texts

[edit]

Below are several sample texts in Arwi orthography, in standard Tamil Script, and transliterated into Latin as per ISO 15919.[4]

Arwi Script Tamil Script ISO 15919 Latin English
شٗوْنَࢴَ اِسْلَامِيَ كَّلَاچَّاڔَ نِلَيَمْ (اَمَيْكَّڣَّڊَّثُ)
تَࢳْكَۻُكُّ اࣣمَثُ نَلْ وَاۻْتُّمْ سٗوْڣَنَمُمْ كُوْرُوَثٗوڊُ كٗۻُمْبُ كٗوْڊَّيْ بِرِسْڊَلْ وِيْثِ ۲۷ مْ نِمْبَرْ اِلَّمَاكِيَ شٗوْنَࢴَ اِسْلَامِيَ كَّلَاچَّاڔَ نِلَيْيَ ڣُّثُكَّڊِّ ڊَ تِّرَڣُّ وِۻَاوُكُّ ۱۹۶۵-مࣣيْ مَاثَمْ ۳۰ مْ تِࢴَثِ هِجْرَة ۱۳۸۵ مُحَرَّمْ ڣِرَيْ ۲۸ ݧ‎َايِرُ ‎ڣِڔْڣَࢴَلْ ۴:۱۵ مَنِكُّ شَمُࢴَمَۻِكُمَارُ تَࢳْكَۻَيْ اَنْ‎ڣُڊَنْ اَۻَيْكِّرٗوْمْ.
كَوْڔَوَ ڣ‎ِّڔَثَمَڔْ تِڔُ ڊَڊْلِيْ سࣣينَانَايَࢴَ اَوَڔْكَۻْ ݧَاڣَࢴَاڔْتَّ ڣَّلَكَيْيَيْ تِّڔَيْنِیْكَّمْ شࣣيوَاڔْكَۻْ نِلَيَتَّلَیْوَڔْ جَنَابْ سࣣيرْ رَازِقْ فَڔِيدْ اَوَڔْكَۻْ ڣُثُكَّڊِّڊَتَّيْ تِّرَنْتُ وَيْڣَّاڔْكَۻْ. ‎

சோனக இஸ்லாமிய கலாச்சார நிலையம் (அமைக்கப்பட்டது)

தங்களுக்கு எமது நல்வாழ்தும் சோபனமும் கூறுவதோடு கொழும்பு கோட்டை பிரிஸ்டல் வீதி, 27 ஆம் நம்பர் இல்லமாகிய இஸ்லாமிய கலாச்சார நிலைய புதுக்கட்டிட திறப்பு விழாவிற்கு 1965, மே மாதம் 30 ஆம் தேதி, ஹிஜ்ரா 1385 முஹர்ரம் 28 பிறை ஞாயிறு பிற்பகல் 4:15 மணிக்கு சங்கமிக்குமாறு தங்களை அன்புடன் அழைக்கி றோம்.

கெளரவ பிரதமர் திரு டட்லி சோனானாயக அவர்கள் ஞாபகார்த்த பலதையை திரை நீக்கம் செய்வார்கள். தலைமை நிலையத் தலைவர் ஜனைப் கர் ராஜிக் ஃபரீத் அவர்கள் புதுச்சட்டிடத்தை திறந்து வைப்பார்கள்.

 Cōṉaka islāmiya kalāccāra nilaiyam (amaikkappaṭṭatu)

Taṅkaḷukku ematu nalvāḻtum cōpaṉamum kūṟuvatōṭu koḻumpu kōṭṭai pirisṭal vīti, 27 ām nampar illamākiya islāmiya kalāccāra nilaiya putukkaṭṭiṭa tiṟappu viḻāviṟku 1965 iṟappu viḻāviṟku 1965, mē mātam 30 ām tēti, hijrā 1385 muharram 28 piṟai ñāyiṟu piṟpakal 4:15 Maṇikku caṅkamikkumāṟu taṅkaḷai aṉpuṭaṉ aḻaikki ṟōm.

Keḷarava piratamar tiru Ṭaṭli Cōṉāṉāyaka avarkaḷ ñāpakārtta palataiyai tirai nīkkam ceyvārkaḷ. Talaimai nilaiyat talaivar jaṉaip kar rāziq farīd avarkaḷ putuccaṭṭiṭattai tiṟantu vaippārkaḷ.

Sonaga Islamic Cultural Centre (Established)

We send you our felicitations, greetings and cordially invite you to attend the opening ceremony of our new building at No. 27 Bristol Street, Fort, Colombo, on the 30th May, 1965, the 28th Day of Muharram 1385, Sunday afternoon, 4:15 pm.

Honourable Prime Minister Mr. Dudley Senanayake will unveil the commemoration block. The President of the centre, Sir Razik Fareed will open the building.

يࣣنَّيَّاۻُمْ وَلّٗوْنࣣيْ يࣣيْࢴَآنْتَ نَاثَا
تَنَّيَّرِيُمْ تَوَتَّيْ تَّنْتَاۻْكُوَايْنِيْ ‎

என்னை ஆளும் வல்லோனே ஏகாந்த நாதா

தன்னை அறியும் தவத்தை தந்தாள்குவாய் நீ

 Eṉṉai āḷum vallōṉē ēkānta nātā

Taṉṉai aṟiyum tavattai tantāḷkuvāy nī

O Almighty Who rules over me! O my Master who is the only Lord!

Bless me with the boon of realizing the insignificance of myself

اُنَّيَّلَّاثُ وࣣيْرُيَارَيْ وِۻِڣّࣣيْنْ
يࣣنَّيْ وِڊُّمْ حَقَّاࢴَ اُنِّلْ اٗۻِڣّࣣيْنْ ‎

உன்னை அல்லாது வேறு யாரை விளிப்பேன்

என்னை விட்டும் ஹக்காக உன்னில் ஒளிப்பேன்

 Uṉṉai allātu vēṟu yārai viḷippēṉ

Eṉṉai viṭṭum hakkāka uṉṉil oḷippēṉ

Whom can I beseech except Thee!

I will [leave my wretched self and] annihilate in Thee!

مَنِتَڣْ ڣِرَوِيِنَڔْ شَࢴَلَڔُم شُتَنْتِڔَمَاكَوࣣيْ ڣِرَكِّنْرَنَڔْ؛ اَوَڔْكَۻْ مَثِڣِّلُک اُڔِمَيْࢴَۻِلُمْ شَمَمَانَوَڔْكَلْ. اَوَڔْكَۻْ نِيَايَتَّيْيُمْ مَنَشَاڊْچِيَيْيُمْ يِيَرْڣَڹ‎ْڣَاكَڣْ ڣࣣرَّوَڔْكَۻْ. اَوَڔْكَۻْ اٗڔُوَڔُڊَنٗڔُوَرْ شَࢴٗوْثَڔَ اُنَڔْوُڣْ ڣَاࢳْكِلْ نَڊَنْتُࢴٗۻَّلْ وࣣيْڹْڊُمْ.‎ மனிதப் பிறவியினர் சகலரும் சுதந்திரமாகவே பிறக்கின்றனர்; அவர்கள் மதிப்பிலும் உரிமைகளிலும் சமமானவர்கள். அவர்கள் நியாயத்தையும் மனசாட்சியையும் இயற்பண்பாகப் பெற்றவர்கள். அவர்கள் ஒருவருடனொருவர் சகோதர உணர்வுப் பாங்கில் நடந்துகொள்ளல் வேண்டும். Maṉitap piṟaviyiṉar cakalarum cutantiramākavē piṟakkiṉṟaṉar; avarkaḷ matippilum urimaikaḷilum camamāṉavarkaḷ. Avarkaḷ niyāyattaiyum maṉacāṭciyaiyum iyaṟpaṇpākap peṟṟavarkaḷ. Avarkaḷ oruvaruṭaṉoruvar cakōtara uṇarvup pāṅkil naṭantukoḷḷal vēṇṭum. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They possess conscience and reason. Therefore, everyone should act in a spirit of brotherhood towards each other.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ 216 th year commemoration today: Remembering His Holiness Bukhary Thangal Sunday Observer – January 5, 2003. Online version accessed on 2009-08-14
  2. ^ Torsten Tschacher (2001). Islam in Tamilnadu: Varia. (Südasienwissenschaftliche Arbeitsblätter 2.) Halle: Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg. ISBN 3-86010-627-9. (Online versions available on the websites of the university libraries at Heidelberg and Halle: http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2009/1087/pdf/Tschacher.pdf and http://www.suedasien.uni-halle.de/SAWA/Tschacher.pdf).
  3. ^ a b Tschacher, T. (2001). Islam in Tamilnadu: Varia. Institut für Indologie und Südasienwissenschaften der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg. URL (Archive)
  4. ^ Zubair, KMA. Ahamed. (2016). The Rise and Decline of Arabu-Tamil Language for Tamil Muslims. IIUC Studies, 10, 263–282. [1] (Link)
  • Shu’ayb, Tayka. Arabic, Arwi and Persian in Sarandib and Tamil Nadu. Madras: Imāmul 'Arūs Trust, 1993.
  • Yunush Ahamed Mohamed Sherif Arabu-Tamil/Arwi: the Identity of the Tamil Muslims TJPRC Publication.
  • Dr. K. M. A. Ahamed Zubair. The Rise and Decline of Arabu–Tamil Language for Tamil Muslims IIUC STUDIES, 2014
  • DR. S.M.M Mazahir. அறபுத் தமிழும் அறபுத்தமிழ் ஆக்கங்களும் 2018
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