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Coordinates: 39°43′N 76°10′E / 39.71°N 76.17°E / 39.71; 76.17
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{{Short description|Autonomous prefecture in Xinjiang, China}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields that may be available -->
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields that may be available -->
<!-- Basic info ---------------->
<!-- Basic info ---------------->
| name = Kizilsu Prefecture
| name = Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture
⚫
| settlement_type = [[Autonomous prefecture]]
| native_name = {{native name|zh-Hans-CN|克孜勒苏州}}<br />{{native name|ug-Arab|قىزىلسۇ ئوبلاستى}}<br />{{native name|ky-Arab|قىزىلسۇۇ وبلاسى}}
| translit_lang1 = Name
| other_name = Kezilesu, Kizil Su
| translit_lang1_type = {{nobold|[[Standard Chinese|Chinese]]}}
| official_name = {{nowrap|Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture{{efn|Sometimes spelled "Kirghiz" or "Kirgiz" by the Chinese government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ljzg_665465/3584_665493/t17894.shtml|title=The Kirgiz ethnic minority|website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]]|access-date=3 September 2020|quote=The Kirgiz ethnic minority, with a population of 143,500, finds 80 per cent of its inhabitants in the Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture in the southwestern part of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.}}</ref>}}<br />{{nobold|{{native name|zh-Hans-CN|克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州|nolink=yes}}<br />{{native name|ug-Arab|قىزىلسۇ قىرغىز ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى|nolink=yes}}<br />{{native name|ky-Arab|قىزىلسۇۇ قىرعىز اپتونوم وبلاسى|nolink=yes}}}}}}
| translit_lang1_info = {{lang|zh-Hans-CN|克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州}}
⚫
| settlement_type = [[Autonomous prefecture]]
| translit_lang1_type1 = {{nobold|[[Uyghur language|Uyghur]]}}
| image_skyline = Yurt of Kyrgyz,Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Pref.,Xinjiang,china.JPG
| translit_lang1_info1 = {{lang|ug-Arab|قىزىلسۇ قىرغىز ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى}}
| imagesize =
| translit_lang1_type2 = {{nobold|[[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]}}
⚫
| image_caption = Kyrgyz [[yurt]]s in Kizilsu
| translit_lang1_info2 = {{lang|ky-Arab|قىزىلسۇۇ قىرعىز اپتونوم وبلاسى}}
⚫
| image_seal =
| image_skyline = Kyrgyz Yurts (39878892210).jpg
⚫
| seal_size =
| image_shield =
| imagesize =
⚫
| image_caption = Kyrgyz [[yurt]]s in [[Bulungkol]], [[Akto County]]
⚫
| shield_size =
⚫
| image_seal =
⚫
| seal_size =
| image_shield =
⚫
| shield_size =
| image_blank_emblem =
| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_type =
| blank_emblem_type =
| blank_emblem_size =
| blank_emblem_size =
| nickname =
| nickname =
| motto =
| motto =
| image_map = China Xinjiang Kizilsu.svg
| image_map = China Xinjiang Kizilsu.svg
| mapsize =
| mapsize =
| map_caption = Kizilsu Prefecture (red) in Xinjiang (orange)
| map_caption = Kizilsu Prefecture (red) in Xinjiang (orange)
| image_map1 =
| image_map1 =
| mapsize1 =
| mapsize1 =
| map_caption1 =
| map_caption1 =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_mapsize = <!-- Location ------------------>
| pushpin_mapsize = <!-- Location ------------------>
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = People's Republic of China
| subdivision_name = People's Republic of China
| subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous regions of China|Region]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous regions of China|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Xinjiang]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Xinjiang]]
| established_title = <!-- Settled -->
| established_title = <!-- Settled -->
| established_date =
| established_date =
| established_title1 = <!-- Incorporated (town) -->
| established_title1 = <!-- Incorporated (town) -->
| established_date1 =
| established_date1 =
| established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
| established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
| established_date2 =
| established_date2 =
| established_title3 =
| established_title3 =
| established_date3 =
| established_date3 =
| founder =
| founder =
| named_for = <!-- Area ------------------------>
| named_for = <!-- Area ------------------------>
| seat_type = Prefectural seat
| seat_type = Capital
| seat =
| seat = [[Artux]]
| parts_type =
| parts_type =
| parts_style = <!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format)
| parts_style = <!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format)
Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5 -->
Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5 -->
| parts = <!-- parts text or header for parts list -->
| parts = <!-- parts text or header for parts list -->
| p1 =
| p1 =
| government_footnotes =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| government_type =
| leader_title = <!-- CPC Secretary -->
| leader_title = <!-- CPC Secretary -->
| leader_name =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = <!-- Mayor -->
| leader_title1 = <!-- Mayor -->
| leader_name1 =
| leader_name1 =
| total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows -->
| total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows -->
| unit_pref = <!-- Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric -->
| unit_pref = <!-- Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric -->
| area_footnotes =
| area_footnotes =
| area_magnitude = <!-- use only to set a special wikilink -->
| area_magnitude = <!-- use only to set a special wikilink -->
| area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields with measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion -->
| area_total_km2 = 70916
| area_land_km2 = <!-- See table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details on unit conversion -->
| area_land_km2 = <!-- See table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details on unit conversion -->
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_water_percent =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank1_km2 = <!-- Elevation -------------------------->
| area_blank1_km2 = <!-- Elevation -------------------------->
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="cihai"/>{{better source needed|date=September 2020}}<!-- for references: use <ref> </ref> tags -->
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="cihai"/>
| elevation_m = 1150-7000+
| elevation_m = 1150-7000+
| elevation_ft = 3800-23000+
| elevation_ft = 3800-23000+
| elevation_min_m = <!-- Population ------------------------->
| elevation_min_m = <!-- Population ------------------------->
| population_total = 622222
| population_total = 622222
| population_as_of = 2020 Census
| population_as_of = 2020 Census
| population_footnotes =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto<!-- For automatic calculation, any density field may contain: auto -->
| population_density_km2 = auto<!-- For automatic calculation, any density field may contain: auto -->
| population_urban =
| population_urban =
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_metro =
| population_metro =
| population_density_metro_km2 =
| population_density_metro_km2 =
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| population_blank1_title =
| demographics1_title1 = [[List of ethnic groups in China|Major ethnic groups]]
| population_blank1 =
| demographics1_info1 = {{ubl|66.2% [[Uyghurs]]|26.2% [[Kyrgyz in China|Kyrgyz]]|6.2% [[Han Chinese]]}}
⚫
| population_density_blank1_km2 = <!-- General information ---------------->
| population_density_blank1_km2 =
| population_note =
⚫
| demographics_type2 = GDP<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 March 2021|title=克孜勒苏州2019年国民经济和社会发展统计公报|url=http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/31xj/36538.html|access-date=12 March 2021|language=zh}}</ref>
⚫
| postal_code_type = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]]
| demographics2_title1 = Total
| postal_code =
⚫
| demographics2_info1 = [[CN¥]] 15.9 billion<br />[[US$]] 2.3 billion
⚫
| area_code =
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| footnotes = <!-- images and maps ------------>
⚫
| demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 25,556<br />US$ 3,698
| image_dot_map =
⚫
<!-- General information ---------------->
| dot_mapsize =
| dot_map_caption =
| population_note =
⚫
| postal_code_type = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]]
| dot_x =
| dot_y =
| postal_code =
⚫
| area_code =
⚫
| p2 = <!-- etc. up to p50: for separate parts to be listed -->
<!-- Politics ----------------->| leader_title2 =
| footnotes = <!-- images and maps ------------>
| leader_name2 =
| image_dot_map =
| leader_title3 =
| dot_mapsize =
| leader_name3 =
| dot_map_caption =
| leader_title4 =
| dot_x =
| leader_name4 =
| dot_y =
⚫
| p2 = <!-- etc. up to p50: for separate parts to be listed -->
⚫
| elevation_max_m =
<!-- Politics ----------------->
⚫
| timezone = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]]
| leader_title2 =
⚫
| utc_offset = +8
| leader_name2 =
⚫
<!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-XJ-30]]
| leader_title3 =
⚫
| blank_name = [[Gross regional product|GDP]] (Nominal)<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 March 2021|title=克孜勒苏州2019年国民经济和社会发展统计公报|url=http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/31xj/36538.html|url-status=live|access-date=12 March 2021|language=zh}}</ref>
| leader_name3 =
| blank_info = 2019
| leader_title4 =
| blank1_name = &nbsp;- Total
| leader_name4 =
⚫
| blank1_info = ¥15.905 billion<br/>$2.3 billion
⚫
| elevation_max_m =
| blank2_name = &nbsp;- Per Capita
⚫
| timezone = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]]
⚫
| blank2_info = ¥25,556<br/>$3,698
⚫
| utc_offset = +8
| blank3_name = &nbsp;- Growth
⚫
<!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->
| blank3_info = {{increase}} 5.2%
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-XJ-30]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.xjkz.gov.cn/}} {{in lang|zh-hans}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.xjkz.gov.cn/}} {{in lang|zh-hans}}
}}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
{{Infobox Chinese
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}}
}}


'''Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture''' is an [[autonomous prefecture]] in western [[Xinjiang]], China, bordering [[Kyrgyzstan]] and [[Tajikistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.scio.gov.cn/m/chinafacts/2017-06/07/content_40982114.htm|title=Kirgiz ethnic group|date=7 June 2017|access-date=31 August 2020|website=[[State Council Information Office]]|quote=The Kirgiz ethnic minority, with a population of 160,823, finds 80 percent of its inhabitants in the Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture in the southwestern part of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.}}</ref><ref name="yuzhengshengvisit">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OyBWaJq_27A |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/OyBWaJq_27A |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Central Officials Visit Kizilsu Region ahead of Xinjiang Autonomy Anniversary|date=28 September 2015|access-date=3 September 2020|publisher=[[China Central Television]] Video News Agency|via=[[YouTube]]|quote=Top Chinese political adviser Yu Zhengsheng visited China's westernmost Kizilsu region on Monday, as China prepares to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the founding of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.<br>Bordering Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, Kizilsu is the only Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture in the country. Some 27 percent of the local population was Kyrgyz in 2013, local government figures show.}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="federalregister2019">{{cite web|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/10/09/2019-22210/addition-of-certain-entities-to-the-entity-list|title=Addition of Certain Entities to the Entity List|date=9 October 2019|access-date=3 September 2020|website=[[Federal Register]]|quote=Kezilesu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture Public Security Bureau, including one alias (Kizilsu Autonomous Prefecture Public Security Bureau);}}</ref> The prefecture has an area of {{convert|69,112|km2|abbr=on}} and its [[Capital (political)|capital]] is [[Artux]]. Most [[Kyrgyz in China]] reside in Kizilsu.
'''Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture'''{{efn|"Kyrgyz" is spelled "Kirgiz" by the Chinese government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ljzg_665465/3584_665493/t17894.shtml|title=The Kirgiz ethnic minority|website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]]|access-date=3 September 2020|quote=The Kirgiz ethnic minority, with a population of 143,500, finds 80 per cent of its inhabitants in the Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture in the southwestern part of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.}}</ref>}}{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{lang-zh|s=克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州|p=Kèzīlèsū Kē'ěrkèzī Zìzhìzhōu}}|{{langx|ug|قىزىلسۇ قىرغىز ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى|Qizilsu Qirghiz Aptonom Oblasti}}|[[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]: {{lang|ky-Arab|قىزىلسۇۇ قىرعىز اپتونوم وبلاسى}}, {{small|[[Romanization of Kyrgyz|romanized]]:}} {{transliteration|ky|Kyzylsuu Kyrgyz aptonom oblasy}}}}}} is an [[autonomous prefecture]] in western [[Xinjiang]], China, bordering [[Kyrgyzstan]] and [[Tajikistan]]. Its [[Capital (political)|capital]] is [[Artux]]. The prefecture is home to 622,222 people ({{as of|2020|lc=yes}}) and covers an area of {{convert|70,916|km2|abbr=on}}. Most [[Kyrgyz in China]] reside in Kizilsu; they make up a little over a quarter of the prefecture's population. The [[Uyghurs]] are the largest ethnic group in Kizilsu, consisting of nearly two-thirds of the population.


==Etymology==
== Etymology ==
{{Other uses|Kyzyl-Suu (disambiguation)}}
Kizilsu, also spelled Kizil Su, refers to the [[Kezi River]] and means “red water” ({{lang|zh-hans|[[:zh:克孜勒苏河|克孜勒苏河]]}}) in the [[Kyrgyz language]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/throughunknownp00olufgoog/|title=Through the Unknown Pamirs|author=Ole Olufsen|author-link=Ole Olufsen|year=1904|via=[[Internet Archive]]|publisher=[[William Heinemann]]|quote=The Kizilsu Surkhab (Kizilsu being Turkish for ''Red Water'', and Surkhab the Persian for ''Red Water'') has its source near the psas of Ton Murum in Transalai, and, with it broad fertile valley, forms the boundary between the Alai mountains and Transalai, the most northerly range of Pamir.|page=[https://archive.org/details/throughunknownp00olufgoog/page/n31/ 5]}}</ref> similar to the name of [[Kyzyl-Suu, Kyrgyzstan]]. Kizilsu is transliterated into [[Chinese characters]] as "{{lang|zh|克孜勒苏}}", which is read in [[Mandarin Chinese]] as ''Kezilesu'' ([[pinyin]]-derived).<ref name="federalregister2019" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/training-camps-09112017154343.html|title=China Runs Region-wide Re-education Camps in Xinjiang for Uyghurs And Other Muslims|date=11 September 2017|access-date=21 September 2020|website=[[Radio Free Asia]]|quote=The officer from Ujme Township in Aktu (Aketao in Chinese) County, Kizilsu (Kezilesu) prefecture,|author=Eset Sulaiman, Paul Eckert|translator=Eset Sulaiman}}</ref>


The name ''Kizilsu'' (also spelled ''Kezilesu'', derived from Chinese [[pinyin]]<ref name="federalregister2019">{{cite web|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/10/09/2019-22210/addition-of-certain-entities-to-the-entity-list|title=Addition of Certain Entities to the Entity List|date=9 October 2019|access-date=3 September 2020|website=[[Federal Register]]|quote=Kezilesu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture Public Security Bureau, including one alias (Kizilsu Autonomous Prefecture Public Security Bureau)}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/training-camps-09112017154343.html|title=China Runs Region-wide Re-education Camps in Xinjiang for Uyghurs And Other Muslims|date=11 September 2017|access-date=21 September 2020|website=[[Radio Free Asia]]|quote=The officer from Ujme Township in Aktu (Aketao in Chinese) County, Kizilsu (Kezilesu) prefecture{{nbsp}}...|author=Eset Sulaiman, Paul Eckert|translator=Eset Sulaiman}}</ref>) refers to the [[Kezi River]] and means "red water" in the [[Kyrgyz language]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/throughunknownp00olufgoog/|title=Through the Unknown Pamirs|author=Ole Olufsen|author-link=Ole Olufsen|year=1904|via=[[Internet Archive]]|publisher=[[William Heinemann]]|quote=The Kizilsu Surkhab (Kizilsu being Turkish for ''Red Water'', and Surkhab the Persian for ''Red Water'') has its source near the psas of Ton Murum in Transalai, and, with it broad fertile valley, forms the boundary between the Alai mountains and Transalai, the most northerly range of Pamir.|page=[https://archive.org/details/throughunknownp00olufgoog/page/n31/ 5]}}</ref> [[Kiziloy]], [[Kizilto]], and the [[Kizil Caves]] are nearby places that also use the prefix ''kizil'' (red).
The name Kizilsu is similar to that of the nearby [[Zhetysu]] region which means "seven rivers".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VLdAAAAQBAJ|title=Movement, Power and Place in Central Asia and Beyond: Contested Trajectories|date=2012|editor=Madeleine Reeves|isbn=978-0-415-50353-2|quote=Jeti Suu{...}Seven Waters|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_VLdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA134&lpg=PA134 134]}}</ref> The name of [[Aksu Prefecture]] and of Aksu Prefecture's [[Onsu County]] (Wensu), which means "ten water" in Uyghur and other Turkic languages, all these names consist of a descriptor followed by 'su' (river; water).<ref name="wszf_温宿县人">{{Cite web|script-title = zh:温宿县人民政府 领导致词|publisher = Wensu (Onsu) County People's Government|date = 2019-03-22|access-date = 30 November 2019|url = http://www.wszf.gov.cn/zjws/ldzc/index.html|language = zh-cn|quote = {{lang|zh-Hans|温宿，维吾尔语意为“十股水”}}|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200407001512/http://www.wszf.gov.cn/zjws/ldzc/index.html|archive-date = 7 April 2020|url-status = live}}</ref>


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== History ==
Other nearby places with the word 'kizil' (red) in their names include [[Kiziloy]], [[Kizil Caves]] and [[Kizilto]].
Kizilsu was within the territory of the [[First East Turkestan Republic]], which lasted from November 1933 to April 1934. The establishment of the short-lived [[breakaway state]] was thanks in part to a political and military alliance between Uyghurs and Kyrgyz in western Xinjiang.


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The Southern Xinjiang Administrative Office of the People's Republic of China established the Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Region on 14 July 1954. The autonomous region was reorganised as an autonomous prefecture in February 1955.<ref name="kizilsu">{{cite web|url=http://xzqh.org/html/show/xj/22295.html|script-title=zh:克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州历史沿革|trans-title=Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture Historical Development|publisher=XZQH.org|date=29 January 2015|language=zh-hans|access-date=6 September 2020|quote=1949年，新疆和平解放，境内阿合奇县辖于新疆省阿克苏专区，阿图什、乌恰等县辖于喀什专区。1954年7月，以柯尔克孜族为自治民族的克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州成立。至此，克孜勒苏才形成一个统一的地区级行政建置。}}</ref><ref name="cihai">{{cite book|editor1=夏征农|editor2=陈至立|script-title=zh:辞海：第六版彩图本|trans-title=[[Cihai]] (Sixth Edition in Color)|date=September 2009|location=上海. [[Shanghai]]|publisher=上海辞书出版社. [[Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House]].|isbn=9787532628599|language=zh|page=1246}}</ref>
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==History==
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On July 14, 1954, Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Region was established. In February 1955, the region was changed to a prefecture as Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture.<ref name="kizilsu">{{cite web|url=http://xzqh.org/html/show/xj/22295.html|script-title=zh:克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州历史沿革|trans-title=Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture Historical Development|publisher=XZQH.org|date=29 January 2015|language=zh-hans|access-date=6 September 2020|quote=1949年，新疆和平解放，境内阿合奇县辖于新疆省阿克苏专区，阿图什、乌恰等县辖于喀什专区。1954年7月，以柯尔克孜族为自治民族的克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州成立。至此，克孜勒苏才形成一个统一的地区级行政建置。}}</ref><ref name="cihai">{{cite book|editor1=夏征农|editor2=陈至立|script-title=zh:辞海：第六版彩图本|trans-title=[[Cihai]] (Sixth Edition in Color)|date=September 2009|location=上海. [[Shanghai]]|publisher=上海辞书出版社. [[Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House]].|isbn=9787532628599|language=zh|page=1246}}</ref>


In 1955, [[Barin Township|Barin]], [[Jamaterek]] and [[Ujme]] were transferred from [[Yengisar County]] to [[Akto County]] and [[Bulungkol]] was transferred to Akto County from [[Tashkurgan County]] in modern Kashgar Prefecture.<ref name="xie">{{cite book|script-title=zh:地名中的新疆|language=zh-hans|date=2003|isbn=7-228-08004-1|author=Xie Yuzhong 解玉忠|location=[[Ürümqi]]|publisher=[[:zh:新疆人民出版社|新疆人民出版社]]|pages=191–93}}</ref>
In 1955, the townships of [[Barin Township|Barin]], [[Jamaterek]], and [[Ujme]] were transferred from [[Yengisar County]] to [[Akto County]], as was [[Bulungkol]] from [[Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County]] of [[Kashgar Prefecture]].<ref name="xie">{{cite book|script-title=zh:地名中的新疆|language=zh-hans|date=2003|isbn=7-228-08004-1|author=Xie Yuzhong 解玉忠|location=[[Ürümqi]]|publisher=[[:zh:新疆人民出版社|新疆人民出版社]]|pages=191–93}}</ref>


In April 1990, a protest in Barin against Chinese rule in Xinjiang escalated into an armed insurrection, in what came to be known as the [[Barin uprising]] or Barin riot.<ref>{{cite book |last=Guo |first=Rongxing |chapter=Uyghur unrest and Xinjiang: Narrative |title=China's Spatial (Dis)integration: Political Economy of the Interethnic Unrest in Xinjiang |date=15 July 2015 |publisher=Chandos Publishing |isbn=978-0-08-100403-6 |pages=44–45 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUOnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 |language=en}}</ref>
In April 1990, the [[Baren Township riot]] occurred in [[Barin Township]], [[Akto County]].


==Subdivisions==
== Subdivisions ==
[[File:Operational Navigation Chart G-6, 7th edition.jpg|thumb|Map including the westernmost point of China ([[Defense Mapping Agency|DMA]], 1982)]]
[[File:Operational Navigation Chart G-6, 7th edition.jpg|thumb|Map including the westernmost point of China ([[Defense Mapping Agency|DMA]], 1982)]]

Kizilsu directly controls 1 [[county-level city]] and 3 [[Counties of China|counties]].
Kizilsu directly administers 1 [[county-level city]] and 3 [[Counties of China|counties]].


{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" align=center
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" align=center
Line 161: Line 169:
! Kyrgyz (Cyrillic script)
! Kyrgyz (Cyrillic script)
! Kyrgyz Latin transcription
! Kyrgyz Latin transcription
! Population {{small|(2010 Census)}}
! Population {{small|(2020 Census)}}
! Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
! Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
! Density (km<sup>2</sup>)
! Density (km<sup>2</sup>)
Line 174: Line 182:
|{{lang|ky|Артыш шаары}}
|{{lang|ky|Артыш шаары}}
|{{transl|ky|Artysh shaary}}
|{{transl|ky|Artysh shaary}}
|240,368
|290,936
|15,698
|15,698
|15.31
|18.53
|----------
|----------
|2
|2
Line 187: Line 195:
|{{lang|ky|Актоо ооданы}}
|{{lang|ky|Актоо ооданы}}
|{{transl|ky|Aktoo oodany}}
|{{transl|ky|Aktoo oodany}}
|199,065
|226,005
|24,555
|24,555
|8.10
|9.20
|----------
|----------
|3
|3
Line 197: Line 205:
|style="text-align:right"|{{lang|ug-Arab|ئاقچى ناھىيىسى}}
|style="text-align:right"|{{lang|ug-Arab|ئاقچى ناھىيىسى}}
|{{transl|ug|Aqchi Nahiyisi}}
|{{transl|ug|Aqchi Nahiyisi}}
|style="text-align:right"|{{lang|ky-Arab|اقچئي وودانى}}
|style="text-align:right"|{{lang|ky-Arab|اقچىي وودانى}}
|{{lang|ky|Акчий ооданы}}
|{{lang|ky|Акчий ооданы}}
|{{transl|ky|Akchiy oodany}}
|{{transl|ky|Akchiy oodany}}
|38,876
|44,369
|11,545
|11,545
|3.36
|3.84
|----------
|----------
|4
|4
Line 213: Line 221:
|{{lang|ky|Улуучат ооданы}}
|{{lang|ky|Улуучат ооданы}}
|{{transl|ky|Uluuchat oodany}}
|{{transl|ky|Uluuchat oodany}}
|47,261
|60,912
|19,118
|19,118
|2.47
|3.19
|}
|}


==Demographics==
==Demographics==
According to the 2020 census, Kizilsu has 622,222 inhabitants with a population density of 6.36 inhabitants per km<sup>2</sup>. Most [[Kyrgyz in China]] (80 per cent) reside in Kizilsu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.scio.gov.cn/m/chinafacts/2017-06/07/content_40982114.htm|title=Kirgiz ethnic group|date=7 June 2017|access-date=31 August 2020|website=[[State Council Information Office]]|quote=The Kirgiz ethnic minority, with a population of 160,823, finds 80 percent of its inhabitants in the Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture in the southwestern part of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.}}</ref> {{As of|2013}}, 27 per cent of the inhabitants of the prefecture were [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]].<ref name="yuzhengshengvisit">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OyBWaJq_27A |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/OyBWaJq_27A |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Central Officials Visit Kizilsu Region ahead of Xinjiang Autonomy Anniversary|date=28 September 2015|access-date=3 September 2020|publisher=[[China Central Television]] Video News Agency|via=[[YouTube]]|quote=Top Chinese political adviser Yu Zhengsheng visited China's westernmost Kizilsu region on Monday, as China prepares to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the founding of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.<br>Bordering Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, Kizilsu is the only Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture in the country. Some 27 percent of the local population was Kyrgyz in 2013, local government figures show.}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
According to the 2000 census, Kizilsu has 439,688 inhabitants with a population density of 6.36 inhabitants per km<sup>2</sup>. {{asof|2013}}, 27% of the inhabitants of the prefecture were [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]].<ref name="yuzhengshengvisit"/>


;Population by ethnicity
;Population by ethnicity
Line 225: Line 233:
|- style="background:#eee;"
|- style="background:#eee;"
! rowspan="2" |[[List of ethnic groups in China|Nationality]]
! rowspan="2" |[[List of ethnic groups in China|Nationality]]
!colspan="2"|2000<ref name="2000 census">{{cite book|script-title=zh:2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料|publisher=[[Publishing House of Minority Nationalities]]|year=2003|isbn=7-105-05425-5}}</ref>
! colspan="2"|2000<ref name="2000 census">{{cite book|script-title=zh:2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料|publisher=[[Publishing House of Minority Nationalities]]|year=2003|isbn=7-105-05425-5}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|2010<ref name="2010 census">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkAVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA65|pages=65–66|title=Eurasian Corridors of Interconnection: From the South China to the Caspian Sea|editor=Susan M. Walcott|editor2=Corey Johnson|date=August 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1135078751|author=Stanley W. Toops}}</ref>
! colspan="2"|2010<ref name="2010 census">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkAVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA65|pages=65–66|title=Eurasian Corridors of Interconnection: From the South China to the Caspian Sea|editor=Susan M. Walcott|editor2=Corey Johnson|date=August 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1135078751|author=Stanley W. Toops}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2018<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-10|title=|script-title=zh:3-7 各地、州、市、县(市)分民族人口数|trans-title=3-7 Population by Nationality by Prefecture, State, City and County (City)|url=http://tjj.xinjiang.gov.cn/tjj/rkjyu/202006/3b1eef1049114b0c9cf9e81bf18433ef.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101062133/http://tjj.xinjiang.gov.cn/tjj/rkjyu/202006/3b1eef1049114b0c9cf9e81bf18433ef.shtml|archive-date=2020-11-01|access-date=2021-06-11|website=tjj.xinjiang.gov.cn|publisher=Statistical Bureau of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region|language=zh}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2018<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 June 2020|title=|script-title=zh:3-7 各地、州、市、县(市)分民族人口数|trans-title=3-7 Population by Nationality by Prefecture, State, City and County (City)|url=http://tjj.xinjiang.gov.cn/tjj/rkjyu/202006/3b1eef1049114b0c9cf9e81bf18433ef.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101062133/http://tjj.xinjiang.gov.cn/tjj/rkjyu/202006/3b1eef1049114b0c9cf9e81bf18433ef.shtml|archive-date=1 November 2020|access-date=11 June 2021|website=tjj.xinjiang.gov.cn|publisher=Statistical Bureau of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region|language=zh}}</ref>
|- style="background:#eee;"
|- style="background:#eee;"
! Population
! Population
Line 233: Line 241:
! Population
! Population
! style="width:4em;"|%
! style="width:4em;"|%
!Population
! Population
!%
! %
|-
|-
| [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]]
| [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]]
Line 241: Line 249:
| 339,926
| 339,926
| 64.68%
| 64.68%
|413,655
| 413,655
|66.24%
| 66.24%
|-
|-
| [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]]
| [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]]
Line 249: Line 257:
| 143,582
| 143,582
| 27.32%
| 27.32%
|163,863
| 163,863
|26.24%
| 26.24%
|-
|-
| [[Han Chinese|Han]]
| [[Han Chinese|Han]]
Line 257: Line 265:
| 35,629
| 35,629
| 6.78%
| 6.78%
|39,292
| 39,292
|6.29%
| 6.29%
|-
|-
| [[Tajiks of Xinjiang|Tajiks]]
| [[Tajiks of Xinjiang|Tajiks]]
Line 265: Line 273:
| 5,547
| 5,547
| 1.06%
| 1.06%
|6,097
| 6,097
|0.98%
| 0.98%
|-
|-
| [[Hui people|Hui]]
| [[Hui people|Hui]]
Line 273: Line 281:
| 447
| 447
| 0.08%
| 0.08%
|586
| 586
|0.09%
| 0.09%
|-
|-
| [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]]
| [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]]
Line 281: Line 289:
| 44
| 44
| 0.01%
| 0.01%
|196
| 196
|0.03%
| 0.03%
|-
|-
| [[Kazakhs]]
| [[Kazakhs]]
Line 289: Line 297:
| 88
| 88
| 0.02%
| 0.02%
|180
| 180
|0.03%
| 0.03%
|-
|-
| [[Manchu people|Manchu]]
| [[Manchu people|Manchu]]
Line 297: Line 305:
| 33
| 33
| 0.01%
| 0.01%
|86
| 86
|0.01%
| 0.01%
|-
|-
| [[Mongols in China|Mongol]]
| [[Mongols in China|Mongol]]
Line 305: Line 313:
| 40
| 40
| 0.01%
| 0.01%
|66
| 66
|0.01%
| 0.01%
|-
|-
|[[Chinese Tatars|Tatars]]
|[[Chinese Tatars|Tatars]]
Line 313: Line 321:
|
|
|
|
|35
| 35
|0.01%
| 0.01%
|-
|-
|[[Sibe people|Sibe]]
|[[Sibe people|Sibe]]
Line 321: Line 329:
|
|
|
|
|33
| 33
|0.01%
| 0.01%
|-
|-
|[[Russians]]
|[[Russians]]
Line 329: Line 337:
|
|
|
|
|5
| 5
|< 0.01%
| <0.01%
|-
|-
|[[Daur people|Daur]]
| [[Daur people|Daur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|2
| 2
|< 0.01%
| <0.01%
|-
|-
| [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]]
| [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]]
Line 361: Line 369:
| 134
| 134
| 0.03%
| 0.03%
|400
| 400
|0.06%
| 0.06%
|- style="background:#EEF"
|- style="background:#EEF"
|Total
| Total
|439,688
| 439,688
|100%
| 100%
|525,570
| 525,570
|100%
| 100%
|624,496
| 624,496
|100%
| 100%
|}
|}


==Government==
== Government ==
{{Update section|inaccurate=yes|date=April 2023}}
⚫
===Party Secretary===

⚫
=== Party secretary ===
* {{ill|Yan Fenxin|zh|闫汾新}}
* {{ill|Yan Fenxin|zh|闫汾新}}
* {{ill|Zeng Cun|zh|曾存}}
* {{ill|Zeng Cun|zh|曾存}}
* Zhang Jinbiao
* Zhang Jinbiao
* {{ill|Liu Huijun|zh|刘会军}}<ref name="herdsmen">{{cite news|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/authorities-urge-kyrgyz-herdsmen-to-spy-on-uyghurs-in-chinas-xinjiang-04122017153521.html|title=Authorities Urge Kyrgyz Herdsmen to Spy on Uyghurs in China's Xinjiang|date=12 April 2017|access-date=4 September 2020|website=[[Radio Free Asia]]|author=Eset Sulaiman, Roseanne Gerin|translator=Mamatjan Juma}}</ref>
* {{ill|Liu Huijun|zh|刘会军}}<ref name="herdsmen">{{cite news|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/authorities-urge-kyrgyz-herdsmen-to-spy-on-uyghurs-in-chinas-xinjiang-04122017153521.html|title=Authorities Urge Kyrgyz Herdsmen to Spy on Uyghurs in China's Xinjiang|date=12 April 2017|access-date=4 September 2020|website=[[Radio Free Asia]]|author=Eset Sulaiman, Roseanne Gerin|translator=Mamatjan Juma}}</ref>
* An Zhengyu ({{lang|zh-Hans|安政宇}})
* An Zhengyu


===Governor===
===Governor===
⚫
* Horigul Jappar (1998–2006)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chinavitae.org/biography/Yueerguli_Jiapaer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729153630/https://www.chinavitae.org/biography/Yueerguli_Jiapaer|title=Yueerguli Jiapaer 约尔古丽·加帕尔|website=China Vitae|archive-date=29 July 2019}}</ref>
* [[Perhat Turdi]] (2007–2016)
* [[Perhat Turdi]] (2007–2016)
* [[Dilshat Kidirhan]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|[[:zh:迪力夏提·柯德尔汗|迪力夏提·柯德尔汗]]}}) since 2017<ref name="herdsmen"/>
* [[Dilshat Kidirhan]] (2017–present)<ref name="herdsmen"/>
⚫
* Horigul Jappar ({{lang|zh-Hans|约尔古丽·加帕尔}})<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chinavitae.org/biography/Yueerguli_Jiapaer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729153630/https://www.chinavitae.org/biography/Yueerguli_Jiapaer|title=Yueerguli Jiapaer 约尔古丽·加帕尔|website=China Vitae|archive-date=29 July 2019}}</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 406: Line 416:


{{DEFAULTSORT:Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture}}
[[Category:Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture]]
[[Category:Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture| ]]
[[Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Autonomous prefectures of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Autonomous prefectures of the People's Republic of China]]

Latest revision as of 10:09, 1 November 2024

Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture
Autonomous prefecture
Name transcription(s)
 • Chinese克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州
 • Uyghurقىزىلسۇ قىرغىز ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى
 • Kyrgyzقىزىلسۇۇ قىرعىز اپتونوم وبلاسى
Kyrgyz yurts in Bulungkol, Akto County
Kyrgyz yurts in Bulungkol, Akto County
Kizilsu Prefecture (red) in Xinjiang (orange)
Kizilsu Prefecture (red) in Xinjiang (orange)
CountryPeople's Republic of China
RegionXinjiang
CapitalArtux
Area
 • Total
70,916 km2 (27,381 sq mi)
Elevation
[1]
1,150−7,000+ m (3,800−23,000+ ft)
Population
 (2020 Census)
 • Total
622,222
 • Density8.8/km2 (23/sq mi)
Demographics
 • Major ethnic groups
GDP[2]
 • TotalCN¥ 15.9 billion
US$ 2.3 billion
 • Per capitaCN¥ 25,556
US$ 3,698
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
ISO 3166 codeCN-XJ-30
Websitewww.xjkz.gov.cn (in Chinese)
Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese克孜勒蘇柯爾克孜自治州
Simplified Chinese克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinKèzīlèsū Kē'ěrkèzī Zìzhìzhōu
Wade–GilesKʻo4-tzŭ1-lê4-su1 Kʻo1-êrh3-kʻo4-tzŭ1 Tzŭ4-chih4-chou1
other Mandarin
Xiao'erjingكْذِلْصُوَع كْعَركْذِ ذِجِجِوْ
Uyghur name
Uyghurقىزىلسۇ قىرغىز ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى‎
Transcriptions
Latin YëziqiQizilsu Qirghiz Aptonom Oblasti
Yengi YeziⱪK̡izilsu K̡irƣiz Aptonom Oblasti
SASM/GNCK̂izilsu K̂irĝiz Aptonom Oblasti
Siril YëziqiҚизилсу Қирғиз аптоном области
Kyrgyz name
Kyrgyzقىزىلسۇۇ قىرعىز اپتونوم وبلاسى
Кызылсуу Кыргыз аптоном обласы
Kyzylsuu Kyrgyz aptonom oblasy

Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture[a][b] is an autonomous prefecture in western Xinjiang, China, bordering Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Its capital is Artux. The prefecture is home to 622,222 people (as of 2020) and covers an area of 70,916 km2 (27,381 sq mi). Most Kyrgyz in China reside in Kizilsu; they make up a little over a quarter of the prefecture's population. The Uyghurs are the largest ethnic group in Kizilsu, consisting of nearly two-thirds of the population.

Etymology

[edit]
For other uses, see Kyzyl-Suu (disambiguation).

The name Kizilsu (also spelled Kezilesu, derived from Chinese pinyin[4][5]) refers to the Kezi River and means "red water" in the Kyrgyz language.[6] Kiziloy, Kizilto, and the Kizil Caves are nearby places that also use the prefix kizil (red).

History

[edit]

Kizilsu was within the territory of the First East Turkestan Republic, which lasted from November 1933 to April 1934. The establishment of the short-lived breakaway state was thanks in part to a political and military alliance between Uyghurs and Kyrgyz in western Xinjiang.

The Southern Xinjiang Administrative Office of the People's Republic of China established the Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Region on 14 July 1954. The autonomous region was reorganised as an autonomous prefecture in February 1955.[7][1]

In 1955, the townships of Barin, Jamaterek, and Ujme were transferred from Yengisar County to Akto County, as was Bulungkol from Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County of Kashgar Prefecture.[8]

In April 1990, a protest in Barin against Chinese rule in Xinjiang escalated into an armed insurrection, in what came to be known as the Barin uprising or Barin riot.[9]

Subdivisions

[edit]
Map including the westernmost point of China (DMA, 1982)

Kizilsu directly administers 1 county-level city and 3 counties.


(Note: This map does not reflect changes to the China–Tajikistan border.)
# Name Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Uyghur (UEY) Uyghur Latin (ULY) Kyrgyz (Arabic script) Kyrgyz (Cyrillic script) Kyrgyz Latin transcription Population (2020 Census) Area (km2) Density (km2)
1 Artux 阿图什市 Ātúshí Shì ئاتۇش شەھىرى Atush Shehiri ارتىش شاارى Артыш шаары Artysh shaary 290,936 15,698 18.53
2 Akto County 阿克陶县 Ākètáo Xiàn ئاقتو ناھىيىسى Aqto Nahiyisi ﺍﻗﺘﻮﻭ وودانى Актоо ооданы Aktoo oodany 226,005 24,555 9.20
3 Akqi County 阿合奇县 Āhéqí Xiàn ئاقچى ناھىيىسى Aqchi Nahiyisi اقچىي وودانى Акчий ооданы Akchiy oodany 44,369 11,545 3.84
4 Wuqia County[10] 乌恰县 Wūqià Xiàn ئۇلۇغچات ناھىيىسى Ulughchat Nahiyisi ۇلۇۇچات وودانى Улуучат ооданы Uluuchat oodany 60,912 19,118 3.19

Demographics

[edit]

According to the 2020 census, Kizilsu has 622,222 inhabitants with a population density of 6.36 inhabitants per km2. Most Kyrgyz in China (80 per cent) reside in Kizilsu.[11] As of 2013, 27 per cent of the inhabitants of the prefecture were Kyrgyz.[12]

Population by ethnicity
Nationality 2000[13] 2010[14] 2018[15]
Population % Population % Population %
Uyghur 281,306 63.98% 339,926 64.68% 413,655 66.24%
Kyrgyz 124,533 28.32% 143,582 27.32% 163,863 26.24%
Han 28,197 6.41% 35,629 6.78% 39,292 6.29%
Tajiks 4,662 1.06% 5,547 1.06% 6,097 0.98%
Hui 432 0.10% 447 0.08% 586 0.09%
Uzbek 44 0.01% 196 0.03%
Kazakhs 88 0.02% 180 0.03%
Manchu 33 0.01% 86 0.01%
Mongol 40 0.01% 66 0.01%
Tatars 35 0.01%
Sibe 33 0.01%
Russians 5 <0.01%
Daur 2 <0.01%
Tibetan 51 0.01%
Tujia 49 0.01%
Others 558 0.13% 134 0.03% 400 0.06%
Total 439,688 100% 525,570 100% 624,496 100%

Government

[edit]

Party secretary

[edit]

Governor

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ "Kyrgyz" is spelled "Kirgiz" by the Chinese government.[3]
  2. ^
    • Chinese: 克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州; pinyin: Kèzīlèsū Kē'ěrkèzī Zìzhìzhōu
    • Uyghur: قىزىلسۇ قىرغىز ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى, romanized: Qizilsu Qirghiz Aptonom Oblasti
    • Kyrgyz: قىزىلسۇۇ قىرعىز اپتونوم وبلاسى, romanized: Kyzylsuu Kyrgyz aptonom oblasy

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b 夏征农; 陈至立, eds. (September 2009). 辞海：第六版彩图本 [Cihai (Sixth Edition in Color)] (in Chinese). 上海. Shanghai: 上海辞书出版社. Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House. p. 1246. ISBN 9787532628599.
  2. ^ "克孜勒苏州2019年国民经济和社会发展统计公报" (in Chinese). 12 March 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  3. ^ "The Kirgiz ethnic minority". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 3 September 2020. The Kirgiz ethnic minority, with a population of 143,500, finds 80 per cent of its inhabitants in the Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture in the southwestern part of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.
  4. ^ "Addition of Certain Entities to the Entity List". Federal Register. 9 October 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2020. Kezilesu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture Public Security Bureau, including one alias (Kizilsu Autonomous Prefecture Public Security Bureau)
  5. ^ Eset Sulaiman, Paul Eckert (11 September 2017). "China Runs Region-wide Re-education Camps in Xinjiang for Uyghurs And Other Muslims". Radio Free Asia. Translated by Eset Sulaiman. Retrieved 21 September 2020. The officer from Ujme Township in Aktu (Aketao in Chinese) County, Kizilsu (Kezilesu) prefecture ...
  6. ^ Ole Olufsen (1904). Through the Unknown Pamirs. William Heinemann. p. 5 – via Internet Archive. The Kizilsu Surkhab (Kizilsu being Turkish for Red Water, and Surkhab the Persian for Red Water) has its source near the psas of Ton Murum in Transalai, and, with it broad fertile valley, forms the boundary between the Alai mountains and Transalai, the most northerly range of Pamir.
  7. ^ 克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州历史沿革 [Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture Historical Development] (in Simplified Chinese). XZQH.org. 29 January 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2020. 1949年，新疆和平解放，境内阿合奇县辖于新疆省阿克苏专区，阿图什、乌恰等县辖于喀什专区。1954年7月，以柯尔克孜族为自治民族的克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州成立。至此，克孜勒苏才形成一个统一的地区级行政建置。
  8. ^ Xie Yuzhong 解玉忠 (2003). 地名中的新疆 (in Simplified Chinese). Ürümqi: 新疆人民出版社. pp. 191–93. ISBN 7-228-08004-1.
  9. ^ Guo, Rongxing (15 July 2015). "Uyghur unrest and Xinjiang: Narrative". China's Spatial (Dis)integration: Political Economy of the Interethnic Unrest in Xinjiang. Chandos Publishing. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-0-08-100403-6.
  10. ^ The official spelling according to 中国地名录. Beijing: SinoMaps Press (中国地图出版社). 1997. ISBN 7-5031-1718-4.
  11. ^ "Kirgiz ethnic group". State Council Information Office. 7 June 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2020. The Kirgiz ethnic minority, with a population of 160,823, finds 80 percent of its inhabitants in the Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture in the southwestern part of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.
  12. ^ "Central Officials Visit Kizilsu Region ahead of Xinjiang Autonomy Anniversary". China Central Television Video News Agency. 28 September 2015. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2020 – via YouTube. Top Chinese political adviser Yu Zhengsheng visited China's westernmost Kizilsu region on Monday, as China prepares to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the founding of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.
    Bordering Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, Kizilsu is the only Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture in the country. Some 27 percent of the local population was Kyrgyz in 2013, local government figures show.
  13. ^ 2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料. Publishing House of Minority Nationalities. 2003. ISBN 7-105-05425-5.
  14. ^ Stanley W. Toops (August 2012). Susan M. Walcott; Corey Johnson (eds.). Eurasian Corridors of Interconnection: From the South China to the Caspian Sea. Routledge. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-1135078751.
  15. ^ 3-7 各地、州、市、县(市)分民族人口数 [3-7 Population by Nationality by Prefecture, State, City and County (City)]. tjj.xinjiang.gov.cn (in Chinese). Statistical Bureau of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. 10 June 2020. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  16. ^ a b Eset Sulaiman, Roseanne Gerin (12 April 2017). "Authorities Urge Kyrgyz Herdsmen to Spy on Uyghurs in China's Xinjiang". Radio Free Asia. Translated by Mamatjan Juma. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  17. ^ "Yueerguli Jiapaer 约尔古丽·加帕尔". China Vitae. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019.
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Look up Kizilsu, Kizil Su, Kezilesu, K'o-tzu-le-su, or K'o-tzu-lo-su in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

39°43′N 76°10′E / 39.71°N 76.17°E / 39.71; 76.17

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