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| cathedral = {{ubl|[[Proto-Cathedral St. Francis of Assisi, Aden|St. Francis of Assisi Cathedral]], [[Aden]] (1892 - 1983)|[[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Abu Dhabi|St. Joseph's Cathedral]], [[Abu Dhabi]] (1983 - 2011)}}
| cathedral = {{ubl|[[Proto-Cathedral St. Francis of Assisi, Aden|St. Francis of Assisi Cathedral]], [[Aden]] (1892 - 1983)|[[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Abu Dhabi|St. Joseph's Cathedral]], [[Abu Dhabi]] (1983 - 2011)}}
| cocathedral =
| cocathedral =
| language = {{ubl|[[Ecclesiastical Latin]]|[[Arabic]]|[[English language]]|[[Filipino language]]<ref name="cathedral parish"/>|[[French language]]<ref name="cathedral parish"/><ref name="dubai parish"/>|[[German language]]<ref name="cathedral parish"/><ref name="dubai parish"/>|[[Italian language]]<ref name="cathedral parish"/><ref name="dubai parish"/>|[[Konkani language]]<ref name="cathedral parish"/><ref name="dubai parish"/><ref name="muscat parish">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ruwiparish.org/mass-times|title=Mass Timings and Devotions}}</ref><ref name="sharjah parish"/><ref name="sohar parish"/>|[[Korean language]]<ref name="cathedral parish"/><ref name="dubai parish">https://www.stfrancisjebelali.ae/mass-schedule</ref>|[[Malayalam]]<ref name="cathedral parish"/><ref name="dubai parish"/><ref name="muscat parish"/><ref name="sharjah parish"/><ref name="sohar parish"/>|[[Marathi language]]<ref name="sharjah parish">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stmichaelssharjah.org/mass-times|title = Mass Timings}}</ref>|[[Polish language]]<ref name="cathedral parish"/>|[[Sinhala language]]<ref name="cathedral parish"/><ref name="dubai parish"/><ref name="muscat parish"/><ref name="sharjah parish"/>|[[Spanish language]]<ref name="dubai parish"/>|[[Tagalog language]]<ref name="dubai parish"/><ref name="muscat parish"/><ref name="sharjah parish"/><ref name="sohar parish">{{Cite web|url=http://www.soharchurch.org/mass-schedule|title=Mass Schedule}}</ref>|[[Tamil language]]<ref name="cathedral parish"/><ref name="dubai parish"/><ref name="muscat parish"/><ref name="sharjah parish"/><ref name="sohar parish"/>|[[Ukrainian language]]<ref name="cathedral parish">{{Cite web |url=http://stjosephsabudhabi.org/mass-schedule/ |title=::: St Joseph's Cathedral :: Abu Dhabi, UAE ::: |access-date=2020-08-15 |archive-date=2020-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706171356/http://stjosephsabudhabi.org/mass-schedule/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>|[[Urdu]]<ref name="cathedral parish"/><ref name="muscat parish"/><ref name="sharjah parish"/>}}
| language = {{ubl|[[Ecclesiastical Latin]]|[[Arabic]]|[[English language]]|[[Filipino language]]<ref name="cathedral parish"/>|[[French language]]<ref name="cathedral parish"/><ref name="dubai parish"/>|[[German language]]<ref name="cathedral parish"/><ref name="dubai parish"/>|[[Italian language]]<ref name="cathedral parish"/><ref name="dubai parish"/>|[[Konkani language]]<ref name="cathedral parish"/><ref name="dubai parish"/><ref name="muscat parish">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ruwiparish.org/mass-times|title=Mass Timings and Devotions}}</ref><ref name="sharjah parish"/><ref name="sohar parish"/>|[[Korean language]]<ref name="cathedral parish"/><ref name="dubai parish">https://www.stfrancisjebelali.ae/mass-schedule {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>|[[Malayalam]]<ref name="cathedral parish"/><ref name="dubai parish"/><ref name="muscat parish"/><ref name="sharjah parish"/><ref name="sohar parish"/>|[[Marathi language]]<ref name="sharjah parish">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stmichaelssharjah.org/mass-times|title = Mass Timings}}</ref>|[[Polish language]]<ref name="cathedral parish"/>|[[Sinhala language]]<ref name="cathedral parish"/><ref name="dubai parish"/><ref name="muscat parish"/><ref name="sharjah parish"/>|[[Spanish language]]<ref name="dubai parish"/>|[[Tagalog language]]<ref name="dubai parish"/><ref name="muscat parish"/><ref name="sharjah parish"/><ref name="sohar parish">{{Cite web|url=http://www.soharchurch.org/mass-schedule|title=Mass Schedule}}</ref>|[[Tamil language]]<ref name="cathedral parish"/><ref name="dubai parish"/><ref name="muscat parish"/><ref name="sharjah parish"/><ref name="sohar parish"/>|[[Ukrainian language]]<ref name="cathedral parish">{{Cite web |url=http://stjosephsabudhabi.org/mass-schedule/ |title=::: St Joseph's Cathedral :: Abu Dhabi, UAE ::: |access-date=2020-08-15 |archive-date=2020-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706171356/http://stjosephsabudhabi.org/mass-schedule/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>|[[Urdu]]<ref name="cathedral parish"/><ref name="muscat parish"/><ref name="sharjah parish"/>}}
| calendar =
| calendar =
| music =
| music =
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}}


The '''Apostolic Vicariate of Arabia''' ({{lang-la|Vicariatus Apostolicus Arabiæ}}) was an [[apostolic vicariate]] of the [[Catholic Church]] with territorial jurisdiction for [[Bahrain]], [[Kuwait]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Somalia]], [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Yemen]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=30Giorni {{!}} The most extensive Vicariate in the world ()|url=http://www.30giorni.it/articoli_id_10115_l3.htm|access-date=2021-04-06|website=www.30giorni.it}}</ref> The last Apostolic Vicar is [[Paul Hinder|Msgr. Paul Hinder]], [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|OFM Cap.]]
The '''Apostolic Vicariate of Arabia''' ({{langx|la|Vicariatus Apostolicus Arabiæ}}) was an [[apostolic vicariate]] of the [[Catholic Church]] with territorial jurisdiction for [[Bahrain]], [[Kuwait]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Somalia]], [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Yemen]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=30Giorni {{!}} The most extensive Vicariate in the world ()|url=http://www.30giorni.it/articoli_id_10115_l3.htm|access-date=2021-04-06|website=www.30giorni.it}}</ref> The last Apostolic Vicar is [[Paul Hinder|Msgr. Paul Hinder]], [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|OFM Cap.]]


== History ==
== History ==
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In 1948, Msgr. [[Irzio Luigi Magliacani]], [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|OFM Cap.]] was quick to assess the situation following [[World War II|World War 2]] and fulfilled the urgent requirement for [[Church (building)|church]]es and personnel in [[Somalia]], [[Yemen]], and [[Bahrain]]; Msgr. Magliacani saw the rising prominence of the mission in [[Bahrain]]. There was a priest stationed in [[Bahrain]] and later more priests were added who would visit the [[United Arab Emirates|Emirates]], [[Oman]] and [[Yemen]]. On 29 June 1953, the territorial jurisdiction of [[Bahrain]] was split from the Apostolic Vicariate of Arabia and the [[Apostolic Prefecture of Kuwait]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Scudder|first=Lewis R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKBn1AOZUrwC|title=The Arabian Mission's Story: In Search of Abraham's Other Son|date=1998|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-4616-7|language=en}}</ref> ''(now [[Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Arabia]])'' was established.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Northern Arabia (Vicariate Apostolic) [Catholic-Hierarchy]|url=http://catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dnara.html|access-date=2021-04-05|website=catholic-hierarchy.org}}</ref> In 1962, land was donated by the Sheikhs in the [[United Arab Emirates|Emirates]] to the Catholic Church and soon [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Abu Dhabi|St. Joseph's Church]] in [[Abu Dhabi]] and [[St. Mary's Catholic Church, Dubai|St. Mary's Church]] in [[Dubai]] were built.
In 1948, Msgr. [[Irzio Luigi Magliacani]], [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|OFM Cap.]] was quick to assess the situation following [[World War II|World War 2]] and fulfilled the urgent requirement for [[Church (building)|church]]es and personnel in [[Somalia]], [[Yemen]], and [[Bahrain]]; Msgr. Magliacani saw the rising prominence of the mission in [[Bahrain]]. There was a priest stationed in [[Bahrain]] and later more priests were added who would visit the [[United Arab Emirates|Emirates]], [[Oman]] and [[Yemen]]. On 29 June 1953, the territorial jurisdiction of [[Bahrain]] was split from the Apostolic Vicariate of Arabia and the [[Apostolic Prefecture of Kuwait]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Scudder|first=Lewis R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKBn1AOZUrwC|title=The Arabian Mission's Story: In Search of Abraham's Other Son|date=1998|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-4616-7|language=en}}</ref> ''(now [[Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Arabia]])'' was established.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Northern Arabia (Vicariate Apostolic) [Catholic-Hierarchy]|url=http://catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dnara.html|access-date=2021-04-05|website=catholic-hierarchy.org}}</ref> In 1962, land was donated by the Sheikhs in the [[United Arab Emirates|Emirates]] to the Catholic Church and soon [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Abu Dhabi|St. Joseph's Church]] in [[Abu Dhabi]] and [[St. Mary's Catholic Church, Dubai|St. Mary's Church]] in [[Dubai]] were built.


During this time events in [[South Yemen]] were taking a turn for the worse after the [[British Empire|British]] left Aden in 1967, and [[Communism|Communists]] soon took control.; [[Church (building)|churches]] were closed, the government took over [[Catholic school]]s and [[orphanage]]s, [[nun]]s and most priests sent away and [[Deportation|deported]]; due to this, In 1974, The see of the Apostolic Vicar was transferred from [[Proto-Cathedral St. Francis of Assisi, Aden|''Proto-Cathedra'' St. Francis of Assisi Church]], [[Aden]], [[Yemen]] to [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Abu Dhabi|St, Joseph's Church]], [[Abu Dhabi]], [[United Arab Emirates|The United Arab Emirates]]. Msgr. [[Giovanni Bernardo Gremoli]], [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|OFM Cap.]] was appointed as Apostolic Vicar in 1975, his most urgent task was fulfilling the need of clerical personnel in Arabia; as Tuscany could not fulfil the need of the Vicariate, [[Giovanni Bernardo Gremoli|Msgr. Gremoli]] turned to other provinces like [[India]], [[Philippines|The Philippines]], [[Lebanon]] and so on.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vicariate in Arabia celebrates 100th Anniversary of Tuscan Capuchin Presence|url=https://www.ofmcap.org/en/notizie/altre-notizie/item/1246-vicariate-in-arabia-celebrates-100th-anniversary-of-tuscan-capuchin-presence|access-date=2021-04-05|website=www.ofmcap.org}}</ref>
During this time events in [[South Yemen]] were taking a turn for the worse after the [[British Empire|British]] left Aden in 1967, and [[Communism|Communists]] soon took control; [[Church (building)|churches]] were closed, the government took over [[Catholic school]]s and [[orphanage]]s, [[nun]]s and most priests sent away and [[Deportation|deported]]. Due to this, in 1974 the see of the Apostolic Vicar was transferred from [[Proto-Cathedral St. Francis of Assisi, Aden|''Proto-Cathedra'' St. Francis of Assisi Church]], [[Aden]], [[Yemen]] to [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Abu Dhabi|St, Joseph's Church]], [[Abu Dhabi]], [[United Arab Emirates|The United Arab Emirates]]. Msgr. [[Giovanni Bernardo Gremoli]], [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|OFM Cap.]] was appointed as Apostolic Vicar in 1975. His most urgent task was fulfilling the need of clerical personnel in Arabia. As Tuscany could not fulfill the needs of the Vicariate, [[Giovanni Bernardo Gremoli|Msgr. Gremoli]] turned to other provinces like [[India]], [[Philippines|The Philippines]], [[Lebanon]] and so on.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vicariate in Arabia celebrates 100th Anniversary of Tuscan Capuchin Presence|url=https://www.ofmcap.org/en/notizie/altre-notizie/item/1246-vicariate-in-arabia-celebrates-100th-anniversary-of-tuscan-capuchin-presence|access-date=2021-04-05|website=www.ofmcap.org}}</ref>


[[Giovanni Bernardo Gremoli|Msgr. Gremoli]] now turned his attention to building [[Church (building)|churches]] for the [[Catholics]] who are pouring into the [[Arab States of the Persian Gulf|Persian Gulf]] as a result of the [[oil boom]], [[Giovanni Bernardo Gremoli|Msgr. Gremoli]] built, expanded and renovated at least 12 church complexes and also extended and built new schools. As [[Giovanni Bernardo Gremoli|Msgr. Gremoli]] retired in 2005 he entrusted the Vicariate to his Axillary [[Paul Hinder|Msgr. Paul Hinder]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=EPISCOPAL ORDINATION OF MONS. PAUL HINDER, O.F.M., Cap.|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cevang/documents/rc_con_cevang_doc_20040130_homily-abu-dhabi_en.html|access-date=2021-04-06|website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> who was the ''last'' Apostolic Vicar of Arabia.<ref>{{Citation|title=Builders of the Church in Arabia|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wlJEZGczVBU|language=en|access-date=2021-04-05}}</ref>
[[Giovanni Bernardo Gremoli|Msgr. Gremoli]] then turned his attention to building [[Church (building)|churches]] for the [[Catholics]] who were pouring into the [[Arab States of the Persian Gulf|Persian Gulf]] as a result of the [[oil boom]]. [[Giovanni Bernardo Gremoli|Msgr. Gremoli]] built, expanded and renovated at least 12 church complexes and also extended and built new schools. As [[Giovanni Bernardo Gremoli|Msgr. Gremoli]] retired in 2005 he entrusted the Vicariate to his Axillary [[Paul Hinder|Msgr. Paul Hinder]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=EPISCOPAL ORDINATION OF MONS. PAUL HINDER, O.F.M., Cap.|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cevang/documents/rc_con_cevang_doc_20040130_homily-abu-dhabi_en.html|access-date=2021-04-06|website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> who was the ''last'' Apostolic Vicar of Arabia.<ref>{{Citation|title=Builders of the Church in Arabia|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wlJEZGczVBU|language=en|access-date=2021-04-05}}</ref>


== List of Apostolic Vicars of Arabia ==
== List of Apostolic Vicars of Arabia ==
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[[Category:1953 establishments in Kuwait]]
[[Category:1953 establishments in Kuwait]]
[[Category:Apostolic vicariates]]
[[Category:Apostolic vicariates]]
[[Category:Catholic Church in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Arabia]]
[[Category:Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Arabia]]
[[Category:Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Arabia]]
[[Category:Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Arabia]]

Latest revision as of 10:52, 1 November 2024

Apostolic Vicariate of Arabia

Apostolicus Vicariatus Arabiæ

النيابة الرسولية للجزيرة العربية
Information
First holderLouis-Callixte Lasserre, OFM Cap.
Formation28 June 1889
Sui iuris churchLatin Church
RiteRoman Rite
Dissolved31 May 2011
Cathedral
Language
Leadership
Last holderPaul Hinder

The Apostolic Vicariate of Arabia (Latin: Vicariatus Apostolicus Arabiæ) was an apostolic vicariate of the Catholic Church with territorial jurisdiction for Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen.[6] The last Apostolic Vicar is Msgr. Paul Hinder, OFM Cap.

History

[edit]

The territory was originally part of the Vicariate Apostolic of the Gallas,[7] but it was separated into an apostolic prefecture by Pope Pius IX on 21 January 1875.[8] On 25 April 1888, Pope Leo XIII made the Apostolic Vicariate of Aden, located in Yemen. On the 28 June 1889, the name was changed to the Apostolic Vicariate of Arabia,[9] responsible for the countries of the Arabian Peninsula[10] and surrounding region: Bahrain, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Somalia and Yemen.[11] The Vicariate was entrusted to the Capuchin Franciscans of Lyons, France until 1916. In 1915, The Congregation for the Propagation of Faith was looking to establish a capuchin province in the Arabian Peninsula which could bring back stability to the mission in the region, and in 1916 the Vicariate was entrusted to the Capuchins of the Tuscan Province in Florence, Italy.[12]

For many years, Capuchins and other priest had come but could not cope with the harsh reality of the Arabian Peninsula and left after a short stay, most of the missionaries came from neighboring provinces like Agra in The British Raj (India) where the Tuscan Province had a flourishing mission, most of the Apostolic Vicars came from India. The missionaries who had come from India were ready to fulfil the need of the populace.[13]

Friars invited other priest, nuns and religious congregations to assist with the mission in Arabia, they completely reorganized and expanded the schools which was much appreciated by the local population. Msgr. Evangelista Latino Enrico Vanni, OFM Cap. and Msgr. Pacifico Tiziano Micheloni, OFM Cap. concentrated their efforts on Aden and the Somali coast. Msgr. Giovanni Tirinnanzi, OFM Cap. made a historic step by visiting Bahrain in 1939 when he heard of the presence of Catholics on the island nation, In an audience with the ruler H.H. Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa; the catholic church was granted a plot of land to build a church and Sacred Heart Church, the first church in the Persian Gulf region was built and blessed on 8 March 1940.

In 1948, Msgr. Irzio Luigi Magliacani, OFM Cap. was quick to assess the situation following World War 2 and fulfilled the urgent requirement for churches and personnel in Somalia, Yemen, and Bahrain; Msgr. Magliacani saw the rising prominence of the mission in Bahrain. There was a priest stationed in Bahrain and later more priests were added who would visit the Emirates, Oman and Yemen. On 29 June 1953, the territorial jurisdiction of Bahrain was split from the Apostolic Vicariate of Arabia and the Apostolic Prefecture of Kuwait[14] (now Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Arabia) was established.[15] In 1962, land was donated by the Sheikhs in the Emirates to the Catholic Church and soon St. Joseph's Church in Abu Dhabi and St. Mary's Church in Dubai were built.

During this time events in South Yemen were taking a turn for the worse after the British left Aden in 1967, and Communists soon took control; churches were closed, the government took over Catholic schools and orphanages, nuns and most priests sent away and deported. Due to this, in 1974 the see of the Apostolic Vicar was transferred from Proto-Cathedra St. Francis of Assisi Church, Aden, Yemen to St, Joseph's Church, Abu Dhabi, The United Arab Emirates. Msgr. Giovanni Bernardo Gremoli, OFM Cap. was appointed as Apostolic Vicar in 1975. His most urgent task was fulfilling the need of clerical personnel in Arabia. As Tuscany could not fulfill the needs of the Vicariate, Msgr. Gremoli turned to other provinces like India, The Philippines, Lebanon and so on.[16]

Msgr. Gremoli then turned his attention to building churches for the Catholics who were pouring into the Persian Gulf as a result of the oil boom. Msgr. Gremoli built, expanded and renovated at least 12 church complexes and also extended and built new schools. As Msgr. Gremoli retired in 2005 he entrusted the Vicariate to his Axillary Msgr. Paul Hinder,[17] who was the last Apostolic Vicar of Arabia.[18]

List of Apostolic Vicars of Arabia

[edit]
  1. Louis-Callixte Lasserre, OFM Cap. (1888 – April 1900)[19]
  2. Bernard Thomas Edward Clark, OFM Cap. (21 March 1902 – 18 June 1910)
  3. Raffaele Filippo Presutti, OFM Cap. (13 September 1910 – 1915)
  4. Evangelista Latino Enrico Vanni, OFM Cap. (15 April 1916 – 1925)
  5. Pacifico Tiziano Micheloni, OFM Cap. (25 April 1933 – 6 July 1936)
  6. Giovanni Tirinnanzi, OFM Cap. (2 July 1937 – 27 January 1949)
  7. Irzio Luigi Magliacani, OFM Cap. (25 December 1949 – 1969)
  8. Giovanni Bernardo Gremoli, OFM Cap. (2 October 1975 – 21 March 2005)
  9. Paul Hinder, OFM Cap. (21 March 2005 – 31 May 2011)

Restructuring of The Apostolic Vicariate of Arabia

[edit]

On 31 May 2011, with a decree by the Congregation of the Evangelization of Peoples, the Apostolic Vicariate of Arabia was divided, restructured and redrawn into two: The Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Arabia (Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia) with residence and see of the Bishop in Awali, Bahrain and The Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Arabia (United Arab Emirates, Oman and Yemen) with the residence and see of the Bishop in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.[20]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "::: St Joseph's Cathedral :: Abu Dhabi, UAE :::". Archived from the original on 2020-07-06. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j https://www.stfrancisjebelali.ae/mass-schedule [bare URL]
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Mass Timings and Devotions".
  4. ^ a b c d e f g "Mass Timings".
  5. ^ a b c d "Mass Schedule".
  6. ^ "30Giorni | The most extensive Vicariate in the world ()". www.30giorni.it. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
  7. ^ "Vicariate Apostolic of Arabia - Encyclopedia Volume - Catholic Encyclopedia". Catholic Online. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
  8. ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Vicariate Apostolic of Arabia". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
  9. ^ "Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Arabia, Abu Dhabi (2021)". www.findglocal.com. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
  10. ^ "Charles G. Herbermann: Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume 1: Aachen-Assize - Christian Classics Ethereal Library". ccel.org. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
  11. ^ "Yemen Church Records". FamilySearch Wiki. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
  12. ^ "Welcome to AVONA (Apostolic Vicars: Bishops accredited to Bahrain)". www.avona.org. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  13. ^ "Southern Arabia (Vicariate Apostolic) [Catholic-Hierarchy]". catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  14. ^ Scudder, Lewis R. (1998). The Arabian Mission's Story: In Search of Abraham's Other Son. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-4616-7.
  15. ^ "Northern Arabia (Vicariate Apostolic) [Catholic-Hierarchy]". catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  16. ^ "Vicariate in Arabia celebrates 100th Anniversary of Tuscan Capuchin Presence". www.ofmcap.org. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  17. ^ "EPISCOPAL ORDINATION OF MONS. PAUL HINDER, O.F.M., Cap". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
  18. ^ Builders of the Church in Arabia, retrieved 2021-04-05
  19. ^ "Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Arabia - Arms, armoiries, escudo, wappen, crest of Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Arabia". www.heraldry-wiki.com. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
  20. ^ "Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Arabia, United Arab Emirates". GCatholic. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
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