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{{Short description|1499 naval battle of the Ottoman–Venetian War of 1499–1503}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2013}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}} |
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{{More citations needed|date=November 2010}} |
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{{Infobox military conflict |
{{Infobox military conflict |
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|conflict=Battle of Zonchio |
|conflict=Battle of Zonchio |
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|place=[[Zonchio]], [[Ionian Sea]] |
|place=[[Zonchio]], [[Ionian Sea]] |
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|result= Ottoman victory<ref>Alan G. Jamieson, ''Faith and Sword: A Short History of Christian-Muslim Conflict'', (Reaktion Books, 2006), 220.</ref> |
|result= Ottoman victory<ref>Alan G. Jamieson, ''Faith and Sword: A Short History of Christian-Muslim Conflict'', (Reaktion Books, 2006), 220.</ref> |
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|combatant1= |
|combatant1=[[Republic of Venice]] |
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|combatant2= |
|combatant2=[[Ottoman Empire]] |
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|commander1= |
|commander1=[[Antonio Grimani]] |
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|commander2=[[ |
|commander2=[[Kemal Reis]]<br />[[Feriz Beg]] |
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|strength1=46 light galleys<br />17 heavy galleys<br />and 15 carracks<br/><ref>Domenico Malipiero. "Annali veneti dall'anno 1457 al 1500," (Florence, Vieusseux, 1843) edited by Francesco Longo and Agostino Sagredo, 163.</ref> |
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|strength1=47 galleys<br>17 galliotsabout 100 small vessels<br/>{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} |
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|strength2=260 ships, of which 60 were light galleys, and a small number of carracks.<ref>Domenico Malipiero. "Annali veneti dall'anno 1457 al 1500," (Florence, Vieusseux, 1843) edited by Francesco Longo and Agostino Sagredo, 163.</ref> |
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|strength2=67 galleys<br>20 galliots<br>200 small vessels<br/>{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} |
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}} |
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{{Campaignbox Ottoman–Venetian Wars}} |
{{Campaignbox Ottoman–Venetian Wars}} |
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{{Campaignbox Ottoman–Venetian War (1499–1503)}} |
{{Campaignbox Ottoman–Venetian War (1499–1503)}} |
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The naval '''Battle of Zonchio''' ({{ |
The naval '''Battle of Zonchio''' ({{langx|tr|Sapienza Deniz Muharebesi}}, also known as the '''Battle of Sapienza''' or the '''First Battle of Lepanto''') took place on four separate days: 12, 20, 22, and 25 August 1499. It was a part of the [[Ottoman–Venetian War (1499–1503)|Ottoman–Venetian War of 1499–1503]].<ref>Norwich, John J. (2003) ''A History of Venice'' Penguin, London, pp. 383–385, {{ISBN|978-0-14-101383-1}}, reprint of the 1977, 2 volume, edition, entitled ''Venice: the rise to empire'' and ''Venice: the greatness and the fall''</ref> |
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==Preparations== |
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In January 1499 [[Kemal Reis]] set sail from [[Constantinople]] with a force of 10 [[galley]]s and 4 other types of ships, and in July |
In January 1499 [[Kemal Reis]] set sail from [[Istanbul|Constantinople]] with a force of 10 [[galley]]s and 4 other types of ships, and in July met with the huge Ottoman fleet which was sent to him by [[Koca Davud Pasha|Davud Pasha]] and took over its command in order to wage a large scale war against the [[Republic of Venice]]. The Ottoman fleet consisted of 290 ships, of which 60 [[galliot]]s and a handful of [[carrack]]s. The Venetian fleet of 17 galleys, 46 galliots, and about 15 carracks was under the command of [[Antonio Grimani]]. Grimani was 65 and although he was a proven captain in battle, he was not an experienced leader and had never commanded large battle fleets. He had only been given command because of a donation of 16,000 ducats to the state and personally funding the arming of 10 galleys. He was not told whether to fight an offensive or defensive campaign. |
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==Battle== |
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After reaching [[Cape Zonchio]] in the [[Ionian Sea]] with the large Ottoman fleet in August 1499, Kemal Reis defeated the Venetian fleet of 47 galleys, 17 galliots and about 100 smaller vessels under the command of [[Antonio Grimani]]. Grimani was 65 and although he was a proven captain in battle, he was not an experienced leader and had never commanded large battle fleets. He had only been given command because of a donation of 16,000 ducats to the state and personally funding the arming of 10 galleys. He was not told whether to fight an offensive or defensive campaign. Many captains ignored his orders to attack the Ottomans and he did not take part in the battle. His indecisiveness and reluctance to attack led to failure during the battle. |
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After reaching [[Cape Zonchio]] in the [[Ionian Sea]] with the large Ottoman fleet in August, Kemal Reis defeated the Venetians. Many captains ignored Grimani's orders to attack the Ottomans and he did not take part in the battle. His indecisiveness and reluctance to attack led to failure during the battle. |
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On the second day, Grimani ordered the crews to kill any captains who refused to fight. Despite this, and the arrival of four French galleys, he sent just two galleys out of 170 against the Ottomans. Both somehow returned unharmed. |
On the second day, Grimani ordered the crews to kill any captains who refused to fight. Despite this, and the arrival of four French galleys, he sent just two galleys out of 170 against the Ottomans. Both somehow returned unharmed. |
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On 25 August the Venetians captured some Ottoman galleys, then discipline broke down and the Ottomans recaptured the vessels while they were being looted; the French reinforcements abandoned the Venetians in disgust and fled to [[Rhodes]]. |
On 25 August the Venetians captured some Ottoman galleys, then discipline broke down and the Ottomans recaptured the vessels while they were being looted; the French reinforcements abandoned the Venetians in disgust and fled to [[Rhodes]]. |
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During the most critical stage of the battle, two Venetian carracks, captained by Andrea Loredan (a member of the influential [[Loredan]] family of Venice, and cousin of the future doge [[Leonardo Loredan]])<ref name="Barzman">{{cite book |url=https://books.google. |
During the most critical stage of the battle, two Venetian carracks, captained by [[Andrea Loredan (admiral)|Andrea Loredan]] (a member of the influential [[House of Loredan|Loredan]] family of Venice, and cousin of the future [[Doge (title)|doge]] [[Leonardo Loredan]])<ref name="Barzman">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nqy8DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA113 |title=The Limits of Identity: Early Modern Venice, Dalmatia, and the Representation of Difference |pages=113–114 |publisher=Brill |year=2017 |last=Barzman |first=Karen-edis |isbn=978-9004331518}}</ref> and by Alban d'Armer, boarded one of the command ships of the Ottoman fleet. The commander of the vessel, Burak Reis, was unable to disentangle his ship from the boarders and chose to set her aflame. The sight of the three great ships burning together dealt a severe blow to the Venetian morale.<ref>{{cite book|first=Sydney N.|last= Fisher|title=The Foreign Relation of Turkey, 1481–1512|page=Chapter 6|no-pp=true}}.</ref> |
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==Aftermath== |
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Antonio Grimani was arrested on 29 September and banished to the island of [[Cherso]]. Grimani later became the [[Doge of Venice]] in 1521. The Ottoman Sultan [[Bayezid II]] gave 10 of the captured Venetian galleys to Kemal Reis, who later stationed his fleet at the island of [[Cefalonia]] between October and December 1499. |
Antonio Grimani was arrested on 29 September and banished to the island of [[Cres|Cherso]]. Grimani later became the [[Doge of Venice]] in 1521. The Ottoman Sultan [[Bayezid II]] gave 10 of the captured Venetian galleys to Kemal Reis, who later stationed his fleet at the island of [[Cefalonia]] between October and December 1499. |
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The Ottomans and Venetians soon confronted each other for a second time at the [[Battle of Lepanto (1500)|Second Battle of Lepanto]], which is also known as the Battle of Modon, and the Ottomans were victorious under Kemal Reis. |
The Ottomans and Venetians soon confronted each other for a second time at the [[Battle of Lepanto (1500)|Second Battle of Lepanto]], which is also known as the Battle of Modon, and the Ottomans were again victorious under Kemal Reis. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Ottoman Navy]] |
*[[Ottoman Navy]] |
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*[[History of the Republic of Venice]] |
*[[History of the Republic of Venice]] |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070711042901/http://www2.let.uu.nl/Solis/anpt/ejos/pdf/Fisher6.pdf Sydney N. Fisher: The Foreign Relation of Turkey, |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070711042901/http://www2.let.uu.nl/Solis/anpt/ejos/pdf/Fisher6.pdf Sydney N. Fisher: The Foreign Relation of Turkey, 1481–1512, Chapter VI: War with Venice, 1499–1503] |
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*[http://deremilitari.org/2014/03/foundations-of-venetian-naval-strategy-from-pietro-ii-orseoto-to-the-battle-of-zoncho-1000-1500/ John E. Dotson: Foundations of Venetian Naval Strategy from Pietro II Orseolo to the Battle of Zonchio] |
*[http://deremilitari.org/2014/03/foundations-of-venetian-naval-strategy-from-pietro-ii-orseoto-to-the-battle-of-zoncho-1000-1500/ John E. Dotson: Foundations of Venetian Naval Strategy from Pietro II Orseolo to the Battle of Zonchio] |
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| ⚫ | |||
{{Ottoman battles}} |
{{Ottoman battles}} |
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| ⚫ | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle Of Zonchio}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle Of Zonchio}} |
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[[Category:1499 in Europe]] |
[[Category:1499 in Europe]] |
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[[Category:Naval battles of the Ottoman–Venetian Wars|Zonchio]] |
[[Category:Naval battles of the Ottoman–Venetian Wars|Zonchio]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Naval battles involving the Ottoman Empire|Zonchio]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Naval battles involving the Republic of Venice|Zonchio]] |
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| ⚫ | |||
[[Category:Conflicts in 1499]] |
[[Category:Conflicts in 1499]] |
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[[Category:1499 in the Ottoman Empire]] |
[[Category:1499 in the Ottoman Empire]] |
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[[Category:Ottoman–Venetian War (1499–1503)]] |
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Latest revision as of 12:06, 1 November 2024
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2010) |
| Battle of Zonchio | |||||||
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| Part of the Ottoman–Venetian War of 1499–1503 | |||||||
 unknown Venetian artist, British Museum | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
| Republic of Venice | Ottoman Empire | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Antonio Grimani |
Kemal Reis Feriz Beg | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
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46 light galleys 17 heavy galleys and 15 carracks [2] | 260 ships, of which 60 were light galleys, and a small number of carracks.[3] | ||||||
The naval Battle of Zonchio (Turkish: Sapienza Deniz Muharebesi, also known as the Battle of Sapienza or the First Battle of Lepanto) took place on four separate days: 12, 20, 22, and 25 August 1499. It was a part of the Ottoman–Venetian War of 1499–1503.[4]
Preparations
[edit]In January 1499 Kemal Reis set sail from Constantinople with a force of 10 galleys and 4 other types of ships, and in July met with the huge Ottoman fleet which was sent to him by Davud Pasha and took over its command in order to wage a large scale war against the Republic of Venice. The Ottoman fleet consisted of 290 ships, of which 60 galliots and a handful of carracks. The Venetian fleet of 17 galleys, 46 galliots, and about 15 carracks was under the command of Antonio Grimani. Grimani was 65 and although he was a proven captain in battle, he was not an experienced leader and had never commanded large battle fleets. He had only been given command because of a donation of 16,000 ducats to the state and personally funding the arming of 10 galleys. He was not told whether to fight an offensive or defensive campaign.
Battle
[edit]After reaching Cape Zonchio in the Ionian Sea with the large Ottoman fleet in August, Kemal Reis defeated the Venetians. Many captains ignored Grimani's orders to attack the Ottomans and he did not take part in the battle. His indecisiveness and reluctance to attack led to failure during the battle.
On the second day, Grimani ordered the crews to kill any captains who refused to fight. Despite this, and the arrival of four French galleys, he sent just two galleys out of 170 against the Ottomans. Both somehow returned unharmed.
On 25 August the Venetians captured some Ottoman galleys, then discipline broke down and the Ottomans recaptured the vessels while they were being looted; the French reinforcements abandoned the Venetians in disgust and fled to Rhodes.
During the most critical stage of the battle, two Venetian carracks, captained by Andrea Loredan (a member of the influential Loredan family of Venice, and cousin of the future doge Leonardo Loredan)[5] and by Alban d'Armer, boarded one of the command ships of the Ottoman fleet. The commander of the vessel, Burak Reis, was unable to disentangle his ship from the boarders and chose to set her aflame. The sight of the three great ships burning together dealt a severe blow to the Venetian morale.[6]
Aftermath
[edit]Antonio Grimani was arrested on 29 September and banished to the island of Cherso. Grimani later became the Doge of Venice in 1521. The Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II gave 10 of the captured Venetian galleys to Kemal Reis, who later stationed his fleet at the island of Cefalonia between October and December 1499.
The Ottomans and Venetians soon confronted each other for a second time at the Second Battle of Lepanto, which is also known as the Battle of Modon, and the Ottomans were again victorious under Kemal Reis.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Alan G. Jamieson, Faith and Sword: A Short History of Christian-Muslim Conflict, (Reaktion Books, 2006), 220.
- ^ Domenico Malipiero. "Annali veneti dall'anno 1457 al 1500," (Florence, Vieusseux, 1843) edited by Francesco Longo and Agostino Sagredo, 163.
- ^ Domenico Malipiero. "Annali veneti dall'anno 1457 al 1500," (Florence, Vieusseux, 1843) edited by Francesco Longo and Agostino Sagredo, 163.
- ^ Norwich, John J. (2003) A History of Venice Penguin, London, pp. 383–385, ISBN 978-0-14-101383-1, reprint of the 1977, 2 volume, edition, entitled Venice: the rise to empire and Venice: the greatness and the fall
- ^ Barzman, Karen-edis (2017). The Limits of Identity: Early Modern Venice, Dalmatia, and the Representation of Difference. Brill. pp. 113–114. ISBN 978-9004331518.
- ^ Fisher, Sydney N. The Foreign Relation of Turkey, 1481–1512. Chapter 6..