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{{About|the Catholic religious order|the geographic region|Mariannhill|the Catholic diocese|Roman Catholic Diocese of Mariannhill}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox organization
{{Infobox organization
| native_name = Congregatio Missionariorum de Mariannhill
| full_name = Congregation of the Missionaries of Mariannhill
| native_name = Congregatio Missionariorum de Mariannhill
| native_name_lang = LA
| native_name_lang = la
| logo = Congregation of the Missionaries of Mariannhill logo.png
| image = Congregation of the Missionaries of Mariannhill logo.png
| abbreviation = CMM
| abbreviation = CMM
| nickname = Mariannhillers
⚫
| formation = {{start date and age|1909}}
| motto = ''[[Ora et labora]]'' (Pray and work)
⚫
| founder = [[Franz Pfanner]]
⚫
| formation = {{start date and age|1909}}
⚫
| founding_location = [[Mariannhill]], [[KwaZulu Natal]], [[South Africa]]
⚫
| founder = [[Franz Pfanner]]
| type = Clerical Religious Congregation of Pontifical Right (for Men)<ref name=gcatholic>[http://www.gcatholic.org/orders/055.htm Profile], gcatholic.org. Accessed 24 February 2024.</ref>
⚫
| founding_location = [[Mariannhill]], [[South Africa]]
| headquarters = Via S. Giovanni Eudes 91, 00163 Rome, [[Italy]]<ref name=gcatholic />
| type = [[Religious congregation]]
| additional_location = [[Austria]], [[Canada]], [[Germany]], [[Spain]], [[Switzerland]], [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]]
| additional_location = [[South Africa]], [[Austria]], [[Germany]], [[Spain]], [[Switzerland]], [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Kenya]], [[Zambia]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Colombia]]
| membership = 320 members (214 priests) as of 2018<ref name=gcatholic />
| origins = [[Trappists]]
| leader_title = [[Superior General]]
| membership = 337 (2017)<ref>{{cite book |title=Annuario Pontificio |publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana |year=2017}}</ref>
| leader_name = Michael Mass<ref name=gcatholic />
⚫
| website = {{URL|mariannhill.org}}
}}
}}


The '''Congregation of Mariannhill Missionaries''' ({{Lang-la|Congregatio Missionariorum de Mariannhill|lit='''Congregation of the Missionaries of Mariannhill'''}}, abbreviated as '''CMM'''), also known as the '''Mariannhillers''',<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Apostle of South Africa|last=Balling|first=Adalbert Ludwig|date=30 October 2015|publisher=Engelsdorfer Verlag|isbn=9781481785488|pages=52}}</ref> are a [[religious congregation]] of the [[Catholic Church]] founded by Dom [[Franz Pfanner]]. They were originally a monastery of [[Trappist]] monks founded in 1882 by Pfanner, but were later branched off as a separate congregation by decree of the [[Holy See]]. The name of the congregation comes from [[Mariannhill]], a suburb near [[Pinetown]] in [[KwaZulu Natal]], [[South Africa]], where the congregation originated.
The '''Mariannhillers''',<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Balling|first=Adalbert Ludwig|title=The Apostle of South Africa|date=30 October 2015|publisher=Engelsdorfer Verlag|isbn=9781481785488|page=52}}</ref><ref name= ":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Garrett|first=John|title=Where Nets Were Cast: Christianity in Oceania Since World War II|publisher=Institute of Pacific Studies|year=1997|isbn=9789820201217|location=Suva}}</ref> officially named the '''Congregation of the Missionaries of Mariannhill''' ({{Langx|la|Congregatio Missionariorum de Mariannhill}}; abbreviated '''CMM''')<ref name=":0" /> are a [[religious institute]] of the [[Catholic Church]] founded by [[Franz Pfanner]]. They were originally a monastery of [[Trappist]] monks founded in 1882 by Pfanner, but were later branched off as a separate congregation by decree of the [[Holy See]].

The name of the congregation comes from [[Mariannhill]], a suburb near [[Pinetown]] in [[KwaZulu Natal]], [[South Africa]], where the congregation was first established.


==History==
==History==
In 1882, Pfanner, then prior of [[Mariastern Abbey, Banja Luka|Mariastern Abbey]], founded a Trappist monastery in Mariannhill at the invitation of Bishop Jolivet, OMI. It grew rapidly, and by 1885 it was raised to the status of an abbey, with Pfanner elected as its first abbot.<ref name=":0">{{Cite CE1913|id=09661a|title=Congregation of the Missionaries of Mariannhill|accessdate=2 June 2019|first=Edmond|last=Obrecht}}</ref> It engaged significantly in missionary work, establishing a number of mission stations where priests and brothers taught the natives to read and trained them in trades and skills such as farming.<ref name=":1">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Mariannhill Missionaries, Congregation Of|year=2003|publisher=The Gale Group Inc.|encyclopedia=New Catholic Encyclopedia|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/mariannhill-missionaries-congregation|accessdate=3 June 2019}}</ref> In 1892, Pfanner retired, and was succeeded by two abbots: Dom Amandus Schoelzig who died in 1900; then Abbot Gerard Wolpert who died in 1904.<ref name=":0" />
In 1882, Pfanner, then prior of [[Mariastern Abbey, Banja Luka|Mariastern Abbey]], founded a Trappist monastery in [[Mariannhill]] at the invitation of Bishop Charles-Constant Jolivet, OMI, Apostolic Vicar of Natal (later Durban). It grew rapidly and by 1885 was raised to the status of an abbey. Pfanner was elected its first abbot.<ref name=":0">{{Cite CE1913|id=09661a|title=Congregation of the Missionaries of Mariannhill|accessdate=2 June 2019|first=Edmond|last=Obrecht}}</ref> It engaged in missionary work, establishing a number of mission stations where priests and brothers taught the native [[Zulu people]] to read and trained them in trades and skills such as farming.<ref name=":1">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Mariannhill Missionaries, Congregation Of|year=2003|publisher=The Gale Group Inc.|encyclopedia=New Catholic Encyclopedia|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/mariannhill-missionaries-congregation|access-date=3 June 2019}}</ref> The missionaries also emphasised learning [[Zulu language|Zulu]] and [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], and they developed standard Zulu [[grammar]]s.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Egan|first=Anthony|date=27 September 2017|title=Op-Ed: Church, colonialism and mission – two hundred years of Catholicism in South Africa|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-09-27-op-ed-church-colonialism-and-mission-two-hundred-years-of-catholicism-in-south-africa/|access-date=16 June 2020|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> In 1892, Pfanner retired and was succeeded by two abbots: Dom Amandus Schoelzig who died in 1900 and then Abbot Gerard Wolpert who died in 1904.


In 1904, the abbot of [[Gethsemani Abbey]], Edmond Obrecht, was appointed by the [[Holy See]] as administrator of Mariannhill. He studied the compatibility between monastic life and missionary work, submitting his report after three years of study.<ref name=":0" /> Following his report, the [[Sacred Congregation of Propaganda]] directed Bishop William Miller, OMI, the vicar-apostolic of [[Transvaal Colony|Transvaal]], to facilitate the independence of the Mariannhill monks. A general chapter of Mariannhill monks in 1908 under Bishop Miller recommended that the monks be formed into a missionary society loosely-associated with the Trappists.<ref name=":1" />
In 1904, the abbot of [[Gethsemani Abbey]], Edmond Obrecht, was appointed by the [[Holy See]] as administrator of Mariannhill. He studied the compatibility between monastic life and missionary work, submitting his report after three years of study. Following his report, the [[Sacred Congregation of Propaganda]] directed Bishop William Miller, OMI, the apostolic vicar of [[Transvaal Colony|Transvaal]], to facilitate the independence of the Mariannhill monks. A general chapter of Mariannhill monks in 1908 under Bishop Miller recommended that the monks be formed into a missionary society loosely associated with the Trappists.<ref name=":1" /> By 1 January 1910, nearly 20,000 persons, mostly adults, had been baptized in the 55 churches and chapels scattered throughout the 26 missions and stations.


However, in 1909, the Holy See decreed that the monks of Mariannhill would be completely separate from the Trappist Order, forming the Congregation of the Mariannhill Missionaries.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="OSV">{{cite web | url=https://www.osv.com/OSVNewsweekly/ByIssue/Article/TabId/735/ArtMID/13636/ArticleID/4036/How-one-monk-changed-the-South-African-landscape.aspx | title=How one monk changed the South African landscape | work=[[OSV Newsweekly]] | date= 23 November 2010 | accessdate=26 June 2016 | author=Denny-Dimitriou, Julia}}</ref> Their new constitutions were approved in 1914, subsequently followed by the first general chapter in 1920, when Adalbero Fleischer was elected as first superior general. As their [[religious habit]], they adopted a black cassock, paired with a red cincture for priests, black cincture for other clerics, and black belt for brothers.<ref name=":1" />
In 1909, the Holy See decreed that the monks of Mariannhill would be completely separate from the Trappists.<ref name="OSV">{{cite web | url=https://www.osv.com/OSVNewsweekly/ByIssue/Article/TabId/735/ArtMID/13636/ArticleID/4036/How-one-monk-changed-the-South-African-landscape.aspx | title=How one monk changed the South African landscape | work=[[OSV Newsweekly]] | date= 23 November 2010 | access-date=26 June 2016 | author=Denny-Dimitriou, Julia}}</ref>


After separation, the Mariannhill Missionaries continued to work in South Africa, but also established presences in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, the United States, England, Canada and Spain.<ref name=":1" />
Their new constitutions were approved by [[Pope Pius X]] in March 1914, though further development stalled due to the outbreak of [[World War I]]. After the conclusion of the war, they held their first general chapter in 1920, when they named themselves the Religious Missionaries of Mariannhill and elected Adalbero Fleischer as their first superior general. As their [[religious habit]], they adopted a black cassock, paired with a red cincture for priests, black cincture for other clerics, and black belt for brothers.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> After their separation from the Trappists, the Mariannhillers continued to work in South Africa, but also established presences in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, the United States, England, Canada and Spain. Their [[Superior general|generalate]] is based in Rome.<ref name=":1" />


During [[the Holocaust]], Blessed [[Engelmar Unzeitig]], a priest of the congregation, was arrested for preaching against the [[Third Reich]] and its persecution of the Jews. He died on 2 March 1945 in the [[Dachau concentration camp]], where he was known as the "Angel of Dachau". He was declared [[venerable]] by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] in 2009, recognised by [[Pope Francis]] as a [[martyr]] in January 2020, and [[beatified]] on 24 September 2016. His [[feast day]] is 2 March.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 September 2016|title=This priest, martyred in a concentration camp, is now a blessed|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/34623/this-priest-martyred-in-a-concentration-camp-is-now-a-blessed|access-date=23 April 2020|website=Catholic News Agency|language=en}}</ref>
The members of the congregation are exempt from the jurisdiction of the [[Ordinary (Catholic Church)|ordinary]] of the diocese and take perpetual vows.<ref name=":0" />


In 1946, [[Józef Wojaczek]] from [[Prudnik]] received a decree from the general superior of the congregation naming him provincial superior of the Mariannhillers in Poland. Six years later, Wojaczek was arrested by the [[Ministry of Public Security (Poland)|Department of Security]] and imprisoned.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kamińska-Chełminiak|first=Kamila|url=https://www.wdib.uw.edu.pl/attachments/article/2695/Summary.pdf|title=Censorship in Poland in 1944-1960. Organization - staff - working methods (Summary)|publisher=Oficyna Wydawnicza ASPRA-JR|year=2019|location=Warsaw|pages=9}}</ref> He was paroled in 1955 and settled in West Germany.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ratajczak|first=Dariusz|title=Świadectwo księdza Wojaczka|year=1994|location=Opole|oclc=751316434|author-link=Dariusz Ratajczak}}</ref>
From its foundation until 1 January 1910, nearly 20,000 persons, mostly adults, were baptized in the 55 churches and chapels scattered throughout the 26 missions and stations.<ref name=":0" />

On 10 March 2019, George Kageche Mukua, a priest of the congregation, died as one of the passengers on board [[Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 March 2019|title=Catholic missionaries, aid workers among victims of Ethiopian plane crash|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/40769/catholic-missionaries-aid-workers-among-victims-of-ethiopian-plane-crash|access-date=23 April 2020|website=Catholic News Agency|language=en}}</ref>

[[Pope Francis]] named a member of the order, [[Mandla Siegfried Jwara|Siegfried Mandla Jwara]], archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Durban|Durban]] on 9 June 2021.<ref>{{cite press release | publisher = Holy See Press Office | access-date = 9 June 2021 | date = 9 June 2021 | url = https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2021/06/09/0368/00805.html | language = it | title = Rinunce e nomine, 09.06.2021 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Catholic Church in South Africa]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mariannhill]]


==References==
==References==
Line 35: Line 48:


==External links==
==External links==
*{{Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=Congregation of the Missionaries of Mariannhill}}
⚫
*{{Official website|www.mariannhill.org}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110727064315/http://www.mariannhill.org/dcms/sites/cmm/english/index.html?f_country=ZA Official web site South Africa]
*{{Official website|https://mariannhill.org/community/}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110727064315/http://www.mariannhill.org/dcms/sites/cmm/english/index.html?f_country=ZA Official website (South Africa)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070714020159/http://www.mariannhill.de/dcms/sites/cmm/francais/index.html Order of Mariannhill in French]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070714020159/http://www.mariannhill.de/dcms/sites/cmm/francais/index.html Order of Mariannhill (in French)]
*[http://www.mariannhill.us/home.html Official web site United States]
*[http://www.mariannhill.us/home.html Official web site (United States)]
*[https://archive.is/20070811134531/http://chi.gospelcom.net/lives_events/more/pfanner.shtml ''Christian History Institute'']
*[https://archive.today/20070811134531/http://chi.gospelcom.net/lives_events/more/pfanner.shtml ''Christian History Institute'']

{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Catholic missionary orders]]
[[Category:Catholic missionary orders]]

Latest revision as of 13:05, 1 November 2024

This article is about the Catholic religious order. For the geographic region, see Mariannhill. For the Catholic diocese, see Roman Catholic Diocese of Mariannhill.

Mariannhillers
Congregation of the Missionaries of Mariannhill
Congregatio Missionariorum de Mariannhill
AbbreviationCMM
Formation1909; 115 years ago (1909)
FounderFranz Pfanner
Founded atMariannhill, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
TypeClerical Religious Congregation of Pontifical Right (for Men)[1]
HeadquartersVia S. Giovanni Eudes 91, 00163 Rome, Italy[1]
Locations
Membership320 members (214 priests) as of 2018[1]
Michael Mass[1]
Websitemariannhill.org

The Mariannhillers,[2][3][4] officially named the Congregation of the Missionaries of Mariannhill (Latin: Congregatio Missionariorum de Mariannhill; abbreviated CMM)[5] are a religious institute of the Catholic Church founded by Franz Pfanner. They were originally a monastery of Trappist monks founded in 1882 by Pfanner, but were later branched off as a separate congregation by decree of the Holy See.

The name of the congregation comes from Mariannhill, a suburb near Pinetown in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa, where the congregation was first established.

History

[edit]

In 1882, Pfanner, then prior of Mariastern Abbey, founded a Trappist monastery in Mariannhill at the invitation of Bishop Charles-Constant Jolivet, OMI, Apostolic Vicar of Natal (later Durban). It grew rapidly and by 1885 was raised to the status of an abbey. Pfanner was elected its first abbot.[5] It engaged in missionary work, establishing a number of mission stations where priests and brothers taught the native Zulu people to read and trained them in trades and skills such as farming.[6] The missionaries also emphasised learning Zulu and Xhosa, and they developed standard Zulu grammars.[3] In 1892, Pfanner retired and was succeeded by two abbots: Dom Amandus Schoelzig who died in 1900 and then Abbot Gerard Wolpert who died in 1904.

In 1904, the abbot of Gethsemani Abbey, Edmond Obrecht, was appointed by the Holy See as administrator of Mariannhill. He studied the compatibility between monastic life and missionary work, submitting his report after three years of study. Following his report, the Sacred Congregation of Propaganda directed Bishop William Miller, OMI, the apostolic vicar of Transvaal, to facilitate the independence of the Mariannhill monks. A general chapter of Mariannhill monks in 1908 under Bishop Miller recommended that the monks be formed into a missionary society loosely associated with the Trappists.[6] By 1 January 1910, nearly 20,000 persons, mostly adults, had been baptized in the 55 churches and chapels scattered throughout the 26 missions and stations.

In 1909, the Holy See decreed that the monks of Mariannhill would be completely separate from the Trappists.[7]

Their new constitutions were approved by Pope Pius X in March 1914, though further development stalled due to the outbreak of World War I. After the conclusion of the war, they held their first general chapter in 1920, when they named themselves the Religious Missionaries of Mariannhill and elected Adalbero Fleischer as their first superior general. As their religious habit, they adopted a black cassock, paired with a red cincture for priests, black cincture for other clerics, and black belt for brothers.[2][6] After their separation from the Trappists, the Mariannhillers continued to work in South Africa, but also established presences in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, the United States, England, Canada and Spain. Their generalate is based in Rome.[6]

During the Holocaust, Blessed Engelmar Unzeitig, a priest of the congregation, was arrested for preaching against the Third Reich and its persecution of the Jews. He died on 2 March 1945 in the Dachau concentration camp, where he was known as the "Angel of Dachau". He was declared venerable by Pope Benedict XVI in 2009, recognised by Pope Francis as a martyr in January 2020, and beatified on 24 September 2016. His feast day is 2 March.[8]

In 1946, Józef Wojaczek from Prudnik received a decree from the general superior of the congregation naming him provincial superior of the Mariannhillers in Poland. Six years later, Wojaczek was arrested by the Department of Security and imprisoned.[9] He was paroled in 1955 and settled in West Germany.[10]

On 10 March 2019, George Kageche Mukua, a priest of the congregation, died as one of the passengers on board Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302.[11]

Pope Francis named a member of the order, Siegfried Mandla Jwara, archbishop of Durban on 9 June 2021.[12]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Profile, gcatholic.org. Accessed 24 February 2024.
  2. ^ a b Balling, Adalbert Ludwig (30 October 2015). The Apostle of South Africa. Engelsdorfer Verlag. p. 52. ISBN 9781481785488.
  3. ^ a b Egan, Anthony (27 September 2017). "Op-Ed: Church, colonialism and mission – two hundred years of Catholicism in South Africa". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  4. ^ Garrett, John (1997). Where Nets Were Cast: Christianity in Oceania Since World War II. Suva: Institute of Pacific Studies. ISBN 9789820201217.
  5. ^ a b Public Domain Obrecht, Edmond (1913). "Congregation of the Missionaries of Mariannhill". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  6. ^ a b c d "Mariannhill Missionaries, Congregation Of". New Catholic Encyclopedia. The Gale Group Inc. 2003. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  7. ^ Denny-Dimitriou, Julia (23 November 2010). "How one monk changed the South African landscape". OSV Newsweekly. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  8. ^ "This priest, martyred in a concentration camp, is now a blessed". Catholic News Agency. 26 September 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  9. ^ Kamińska-Chełminiak, Kamila (2019). Censorship in Poland in 1944-1960. Organization - staff - working methods (Summary) (PDF). Warsaw: Oficyna Wydawnicza ASPRA-JR. p. 9.
  10. ^ Ratajczak, Dariusz (1994). Świadectwo księdza Wojaczka. Opole. OCLC 751316434.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. ^ "Catholic missionaries, aid workers among victims of Ethiopian plane crash". Catholic News Agency. 11 March 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  12. ^ "Rinunce e nomine, 09.06.2021" (Press release) (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. 9 June 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
[edit]
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