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{{Short description|Ancient Egyptian prince}}
{{about|Nefermaat I|his nephew|Nefermaat II}}
{{about|Nefermaat I|his nephew|Nefermaat II}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = Nefermaat I
| name = Nefermaat I
| native_name = ''Nfr-m3ˁt''<br>''(With) perfect [[Maat|justice]]''<ref>Hermann Ranke: Die ägyptischen Personennamen. Verlag von J. J. Augustin in Glückstadt, 1935., p. 196</ref><br><hiero>nfr-U4:t</hiero>
| native_name = ''Nfr-m3ˁt''<br>''[[Maat|justice]] is beautiful''<ref>Hermann Ranke: Die ägyptischen Personennamen. Verlag von J. J. Augustin in Glückstadt, 1935., p. 196</ref><br>{{center|<hiero>nfr-U4:t</hiero>}}
| native_name_lang = Ancient Egyptian
| native_name_lang = Ancient Egyptian
| image = Fragment from the tomb of Nefermaat and Itet, Meidum, Egypt, Old Kingdom, Dynasty 4, reign of Snefru, c. 2430 BC, limestone, colored paste, restored - Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago - DSC07773.JPG
| image = Maler der Grabkammer der Itet 002.jpg
| image_size = 190 px
| image_size = 190 px
| alt = A stele from the University of Chicago. The top layer depicts Nefermaat. The middle depicts his wife Itet seated, behind her an unknown child (top) and Ankherfenedjef (bottom). The bottom layer depicts four more of their children, from left to right, Wehemka, an unknown child, Ankhersheretef, and Nebkhenet.
| alt = Painting on the wall of Nefermaat's tomb
| caption = A stele from the [[University of Chicago]]. The top layer depicts Nefermaat. The middle depicts his wife Itet seated, behind her an unknown child (top) and Ankherfenedjef (bottom). The bottom layer depicts four more of their children, from left to right, Wehemka, an unknown child, Ankhersheretef, and Nebkhenet.
| caption = Tomb painting from Nefermaat's tomb at [[Meidum]]
| birth_name = Nefermaat
| birth_date = <!-- {{birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
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| birth_place =
| birth_date = <!-- {{birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
⚫
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth) -->
⚫
| birth_place =
⚫
| resting_place = mastaba 16, [[Meidum]]
⚫
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth) -->
⚫
| resting_place = mastaba 16, [[Meidum]]
| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} -->
| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} -->
| occupation = [[vizier]]<br/>royal seal bearer<br/>prophet of [[Bastet]]
| occupation = [[vizier]]<br/>royal seal bearer<br/>prophet of [[Bastet]]
| spouse = [[Itet]]
| years_active = c. 2560 BC
| children = Vizier [[Hemiunu]]; several others
| spouse = [[Itet]]
| children = Vizier [[Hemiunu]]; several others
| parents = [[Sneferu]] and unknown queen
| parents = [[Sneferu]] and his 1st wife
}}
}}

'''Nefermaat I''' was an [[Egypt]]ian prince, a son of [[pharaoh]] Sneferu. He was a vizier possessing the titles of the king's eldest son,<ref>[http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/meydum/nefermaat/person.html Nefermaat] page from digitalegypt (University College London)</ref> royal seal bearer, and prophet of [[Bastet]]. His name means "[[Maat]] is beautiful" or "With perfect justice".
'''Nefermaat I''' ({{fl.|{{circa}} 2560 BC}}) was an [[ancient Egypt]]ian prince, a son of [[pharaoh|king]] [[Sneferu]]. He was a [[Vizier (Ancient Egypt)|vizier]] possessing the titles of the king's eldest son,<ref>[http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/meydum/nefermaat/person.html Nefermaat] page from digitalegypt (University College London)</ref> royal seal bearer, and prophet of [[Bastet]]. His name means "[[Maat]] is beautiful" or "With perfect justice".


== Biography ==
== Biography ==
Nefermaat was the eldest son of [[Sneferu]], the pharaoh and founder of the [[4th Dynasty]] of Egypt, and his first wife. He was a half-brother of [[Khufu]]. Nefermaat's wife was [[Itet]], also spelled as Atet. Fifteen of Nefermaat's children are named in his tomb, sons Hemiunu, Isu, Teta, Khentimeresh and daughters Djefatsen and Isesu are depicted as adults, while sons Itisen, Inkaef, Serfka, Wehemka, Shepseska, Kakhent, Ankhersheretef, Ankherfenedjef, Buneb, Shepsesneb and Nebkhenet and daughter Pageti are shown as children. His son Hemiunu is probably identical with [[Vizier (Ancient Egypt)|vizier]] [[Hemiunu]] who was believed to have helped plan the Great Pyramids. One of Nefermaat's sisters, [[Nefertkau]] had a son also called [[Nefermaat II|Nefermaat]].<ref>Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 0-500-05128-3, pp.52-53, 56-61</ref>
Nefermaat was the eldest son of [[Sneferu]], the king and founder of the [[Fourth Dynasty of Egypt]] and his first wife. He was a half-brother of [[Khufu]]. Nefermaat's wife was [[Itet]], also spelled as Atet. Fifteen of Nefermaat's offspring are named in his tomb, sons Hemiunu, Isu, Teta, Khentimeresh and daughters Djefatsen and Isesu are depicted as adults, while sons Itisen, Inkaef, Serfka, Wehemka, Shepseska, Kakhent, Ankhersheretef, Ankherfenedjef, Buneb, Shepsesneb and Nebkhenet and daughter Pageti are shown as children. His son Hemiunu is probably identical with vizier [[Hemiunu]], who was believed to have helped plan the Great Pyramids.
One of Nefermaat's sisters, [[Nefertkau I|Nefertkau]] had a son also called [[Nefermaat II|Nefermaat]].<ref>Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004. {{ISBN|0-500-05128-3}}, pp.52-53, 56-61</ref>


== Tomb ==
== Tomb ==
[[File:Mastaba-M16-nefermaat-Meidoum.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Tomb of Nefermaat in Meidum]]
[[File:Mastaba-M16-nefermaat-Meidoum.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Tomb of Nefermaat in Meidum]]
[[File:Nefermaat mastaba Meidum M16.script(en).jpg|thumb|left|250px|Nefermaat at the sacrificial table framed by titles<ref>PETRIE, Flinders; F.Griffith. Medum [online]. London: David Nutt, 1892. [https://archive.org/details/cu31924028670465]</ref><ref>UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. Who was Nefermaat? [online]. London: 2003. [https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/meydum/nefermaat/person.html] </ref>]]
⚫
Nefermaat was buried in [[mastaba]] 16 at [[Meidum]]. He was one of several relatives of King Sneferu, who was buried in Meidum. The tomb is known for the special technique used for drawing the scenes. Sculptors carved deeply incised images that then were filled with colored paste. This method was labor-intensive because the paste tended to dry, crack, and then fall out.<ref>The Egyptian Museum in Cairo: a walk through the alleys of ancient Egypt, by Farid Atiya, Abeer El-Shahawy, Farid S. Atiya, page 71</ref> The technique results in vividly colored scenes. This tomb is the only one known to date showing this technique. The fact that later, the plaster cracked and resulted in the loss of the paste, likely led to craftsmen abandoning this type of decoration.<ref name="FT"/>


⚫
Nefermaat's tomb is famous for the scene referred to as the "Meidum Geese" (now in the [[Egyptian Museum]], JE 34571/ CG 1742). Discovered in 1871 by [[Auguste Mariette]] and [[Luigi Vassalli]], the scene was executed in painted plaster. The painting was removed from the wall in order to be reassembled inside the [[Bulaq Museum]]. The full scene depicts six geese ([[Greylag goose|greylag]], [[Greater white-fronted goose|greater white-fronted]] and [[Red-breasted goose|red-breasted geese]], none of which call modern Egypt home); three pointing to the left and three pointing to the right. Each group of three geese consists of one goose shown with head bowed down, eating, and two geese with heads held up. Each group of three animals represents many geese, as three represents the plural in Egyptian imagery. There are differences in the plumage of the birds that breaks the overall symmetry of the scene. This example of Egyptian painting is considered a masterpiece.<ref name="FT">Tiradritti, F. (editor), Egyptian Treasures from the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Harry N. Abrams Inc. 1999, pp. 60-61, {{ISBN|0-8109-3276-8}}</ref><ref name=contro>{{cite news |last=El-Aref |first=Nevine |date=April 9, 2015 |title=Controversy over the Meidum Geese |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/10942/47/Controversy-over-the-Meidum-Geese.aspx |newspaper=[[Al-Ahram Weekly]] |location=Cairo |access-date=September 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218023953/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/10942/47/Controversy-over-the-Meidum-Geese.aspx |archive-date=February 18, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A 2015 research paper by Francesco Tiradritti at the [[Kore University of Enna]], published on [[LiveScience]], suggested that the painting could be a nineteenth-century forgery, possibly made by Vassalli.<ref>{{cite news |last=Owen |first=Jarus |date=March 31, 2015 |title=Shocking Discovery: Egypt's 'Mona Lisa' May Be a Fake|url=http://www.livescience.com/50309-egyptian-mona-lisa-may-be-fake.html |newspaper=[[LiveScience]] |access-date=September 28, 2015}}</ref><ref name=contro/> Tiradritti's claims were promptly dismissed by [[Zahi Hawass]] and other Egyptian authorities.<ref name=contro/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hawass |first1=Zahi |author-link1=Zahi Hawass |title=The Meidum Geese Are Not A Fake |url=http://www.drhawass.com/wp/the-meidum-geese-are-not-a-fake/ |website=Dr. Zahi: The Man with the Hat |accessdate=15 July 2018 |date=April 9, 2015}}</ref>
⚫
Nefermaat was buried in [[mastaba]] 16 at [[Meidum]]. Nefermaat was one of several relatives of Pharaoh Sneferu who was buried in Meidum. The tomb is known for the special technique used for drawing the scenes. Sculptors carved deeply incised images which were then filled with colored paste. This method was labor-intensive and the paste tended to dry, crack and then fall out.<ref>The Egyptian Museum in Cairo: a walk through the alleys of ancient Egypt, by Farid Atiya, Abeer El-Shahawy, Farid S. Atiya, page 71</ref> The technique results in vividly colored scenes. This tomb is the only one known to date showing this technique. The fact that the plaster cracked resulting in the loss of the paste likely led to the craftsmen abandoning this type of decoration.<ref name="FT"/>

A 2021 research paper<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Romilio|first=A.|date=2021-04-01|title=Assessing 'Meidum Geese' species identification with the 'Tobias criteria'|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X21000468|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports|language=en|volume=36|pages=102834|doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102834|bibcode=2021JArSR..36j2834R |s2cid=233592524 |issn=2352-409X}}</ref> used a biodiversity indicator called the 'Tobias Criteria<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tobias|first1=Joseph A.|last2=Seddon|first2=Nathalie|last3=Spottiswoode|first3=Claire N.|last4=Pilgrim|first4=John D.|last5=Fishpool|first5=Lincoln D. C.|last6=Collar|first6=Nigel J.|date=2010|title=Quantitative criteria for species delimitation|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2010.01051.x|journal=Ibis|language=en|volume=152|issue=4|pages=724–746|doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.2010.01051.x|issn=1474-919X}}</ref>' to assess the 'Meidum Geese<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/544531|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726065113/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/544531|archive-date=26 Jul 2016|title=Facsimile Painting of Geese, Tomb of Nefermaat and Itet|access-date=2021-03-02|website=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref>" to see if these geese match with the species they have been identified as depicting. While Greylag and Greater white-fronted geese were consistent with their respective images, Red-breasted geese was a mismatch according to the analysis. Reasons to account for these differences could be due to either: artistic/cultural license; the depiction being a blend of different animals; or is an accurate depiction of an animal that no longer exists. Of these reasons, the study considered other realistic animal art from the Chapel of Itet<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Petrie|first1=W. M. Flinders (William Matthew Flinders)|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028670465|title=Medum|last2=Griffith|first2=F. Ll (Francis Llewellyn)|date=1892|publisher=London, D. Nutt|others=Cornell University Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=tomb-painting {{!}} British Museum|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/Y_EA69014|access-date=2021-03-02|website=The British Museum|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=tomb-painting {{!}} British Museum|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/Y_EA69015|access-date=2021-03-02|website=The British Museum|language=en}}</ref> (waterfowl, dogs, jackal, leopard, antelope) that are also identifiable to species-level, and suggested it possible the geese painted with red-coloured breast regions may be an unknown extinct goose species.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Romilio|first=Anthony|url=https://www.amazon.com/guide-Extinct-Animals-Ancient-Egypt/dp/B08VYFJYDS|title=A guide to Extinct Animals of Ancient Egypt|publisher=Amazon|year=2021|isbn=9798706305130|location=South Carolina, US|pages=43}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=GrrlScientist|title=The 'Mona Lisa' Of Ancient Egyptian Art Depicts Extinct Goose|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/grrlscientist/2021/02/28/the-mona-lisa-of-ancient-egyptian-art-depicts-extinct-goose/|access-date=2021-03-02|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-25|title=It Turns Out That an Ancient Painting Known as 'Egypt's Mona Lisa' Actually Depicts an Extinct Breed of Goose|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/extinct-goose-egypt-mona-lisa-1947028|access-date=2021-03-02|website=Artnet News|language=en-US}}</ref> A 2022 study found them to be within the plumage variation range and artistic licence for red-breasted geese.<ref name="Kirwan">{{cite journal |last1=Kirwan |first1=Guy M. |last2=Broughton |first2=Richard K. |last3=Lees |first3=Alexander C. |last4=Ottenburghs |first4=Jente |last5=Tobias |first5=Joseph A. |title=The 'Meidum geese' revisited: Early historical art is not a suitable basis for taxonomic speculation |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports |date=2022 |volume=41 |pages=103322 |doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103322|bibcode=2022JArSR..41j3322K |hdl=10044/1/94631 |url=https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/628890/3/Meidum%20Goose%20response_v1.pdf |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

{{Gallery
|title=The Meidum Geese
|width=150
|align=center
|File:Ägyptisches Museum Kairo 2016-03-29 Gänse von Meidum 01.jpg|The full scene
|File:Ägyptisches Museum Kairo 2016-03-29 Gänse von Meidum 02.jpg|Left section with a [[greylag goose|greylag]] and two [[greater white-fronted goose|white-fronted geese]]
|File:Ägyptisches Museum Kairo 2016-03-29 Gänse von Meidum 03.jpg|Right section with a greylag and two [[Red-breasted goose|red-breasted geese]]
|File:Ägyptisches Museum Kairo 2016-03-29 Gänse von Meidum 04.jpg|Detail of red-breasted geese
⚫
}}


⚫
Nefermaat's tomb is also famous for the scene referred to as the '''"Meidum Geese"''' (now in the [[Egyptian Museum]], JE 34571/ CG 1742). The scene executed in painted plaster was discovered in 1871 by [[Auguste Mariette]] and [[Luigi Vassalli]], and removed from the wall by the latter in order to being reassembled inside the [[Bulaq Museum]]. The full scene depicts six geese; three pointing to the left and three pointing to the right. Each group of three geese consists of one goose shown with his head bowed down, eating grass and two geese with their heads held up. The group of three animals actually represents many geese, as three represents the plural in Egyptian writing. There are differences in the plumage of the birds which break the overall symmetry of the scene. This example of Egyptian painting is considered a masterpiece.<ref name="FT">Tiradritti,F. (editor), Egyptian Treasures from the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Harry N. Abrams Inc. 1999, pp. 60-61, ISBN 0-8109-3276-8</ref><ref name=contro>{{cite news |last=El-Aref |first=Nevine |date=April 9, 2015 |title=Controversy over the Meidum Geese|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/10942/47/Controversy-over-the-Meidum-Geese.aspx |newspaper=[[Al-Ahram Weekly]] |location=Cairo |access-date=September 28, 2015}}</ref><br>
A 2015 research by [[Francesco Tiradritti]] at [[Kore University of Enna]] published on [[LiveScience]], suggests that the painting could be a 19th-century forgery, possibly made by Vassalli himself.<ref>{{cite news |last=Owen |first=Jarus |date=March 31, 2015 |title=Shocking Discovery: Egypt's 'Mona Lisa' May Be a Fake|url=http://www.livescience.com/50309-egyptian-mona-lisa-may-be-fake.html |newspaper=[[LiveScience]] |location= |access-date=September 28, 2015}}</ref><ref>http://news.discovery.com/history/art-history/egypts-mona-lisa-may-be-a-fake-150401.htm</ref><ref name=contro/> Tiradritti's claims were promptly dismissed by [[Zahi Hawass]] and other Egyptian authorities.<ref name=contro/>
[[File:OiesdeMeidoum.JPG|thumb|450px|center| The Meidum Geese from Nefermaat's mastaba]]
{{Commons category|Nefermaat}}
{{Commons category|Nefermaat}}


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<references/>
<references/>


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[[Category:Viziers of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt]]
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
[[Category:Mastabas]]
| NAME = Nefermaat
[[Category:Princes of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt]]
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Ancient Egyptian prince
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
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}}
[[Category:Ancient Egyptian viziers]]
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[[Category:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt]]
[[Category:Ancient Egyptian princes]]
[[Category:Sneferu]]
[[Category:Sneferu]]

Latest revision as of 16:06, 1 November 2024

This article is about Nefermaat I. For his nephew, see Nefermaat II.

Nefermaat I
Nfr-m3ˁt
justice is beautiful[1]
nfrU4
t
A stele from the University of Chicago. The top layer depicts Nefermaat. The middle depicts his wife Itet seated, behind her an unknown child (top) and Ankherfenedjef (bottom). The bottom layer depicts four more of their children, from left to right, Wehemka, an unknown child, Ankhersheretef, and Nebkhenet.
A stele from the University of Chicago. The top layer depicts Nefermaat. The middle depicts his wife Itet seated, behind her an unknown child (top) and Ankherfenedjef (bottom). The bottom layer depicts four more of their children, from left to right, Wehemka, an unknown child, Ankhersheretef, and Nebkhenet.
Resting placemastaba 16, Meidum
Occupation(s)vizier
royal seal bearer
prophet of Bastet
Years activec. 2560 BC
SpouseItet
ChildrenVizier Hemiunu; several others
Parent(s)Sneferu and his 1st wife

Nefermaat I (fl. c. 2560 BC) was an ancient Egyptian prince, a son of king Sneferu. He was a vizier possessing the titles of the king's eldest son,[2] royal seal bearer, and prophet of Bastet. His name means "Maat is beautiful" or "With perfect justice".

Biography

[edit]

Nefermaat was the eldest son of Sneferu, the king and founder of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt and his first wife. He was a half-brother of Khufu. Nefermaat's wife was Itet, also spelled as Atet. Fifteen of Nefermaat's offspring are named in his tomb, sons Hemiunu, Isu, Teta, Khentimeresh and daughters Djefatsen and Isesu are depicted as adults, while sons Itisen, Inkaef, Serfka, Wehemka, Shepseska, Kakhent, Ankhersheretef, Ankherfenedjef, Buneb, Shepsesneb and Nebkhenet and daughter Pageti are shown as children. His son Hemiunu is probably identical with vizier Hemiunu, who was believed to have helped plan the Great Pyramids.

One of Nefermaat's sisters, Nefertkau had a son also called Nefermaat.[3]

Tomb

[edit]
Tomb of Nefermaat in Meidum
Nefermaat at the sacrificial table framed by titles[4][5]

Nefermaat was buried in mastaba 16 at Meidum. He was one of several relatives of King Sneferu, who was buried in Meidum. The tomb is known for the special technique used for drawing the scenes. Sculptors carved deeply incised images that then were filled with colored paste. This method was labor-intensive because the paste tended to dry, crack, and then fall out.[6] The technique results in vividly colored scenes. This tomb is the only one known to date showing this technique. The fact that later, the plaster cracked and resulted in the loss of the paste, likely led to craftsmen abandoning this type of decoration.[7]

Nefermaat's tomb is famous for the scene referred to as the "Meidum Geese" (now in the Egyptian Museum, JE 34571/ CG 1742). Discovered in 1871 by Auguste Mariette and Luigi Vassalli, the scene was executed in painted plaster. The painting was removed from the wall in order to be reassembled inside the Bulaq Museum. The full scene depicts six geese (greylag, greater white-fronted and red-breasted geese, none of which call modern Egypt home); three pointing to the left and three pointing to the right. Each group of three geese consists of one goose shown with head bowed down, eating, and two geese with heads held up. Each group of three animals represents many geese, as three represents the plural in Egyptian imagery. There are differences in the plumage of the birds that breaks the overall symmetry of the scene. This example of Egyptian painting is considered a masterpiece.[7][8] A 2015 research paper by Francesco Tiradritti at the Kore University of Enna, published on LiveScience, suggested that the painting could be a nineteenth-century forgery, possibly made by Vassalli.[9][8] Tiradritti's claims were promptly dismissed by Zahi Hawass and other Egyptian authorities.[8][10]

A 2021 research paper[11] used a biodiversity indicator called the 'Tobias Criteria[12]' to assess the 'Meidum Geese[13]" to see if these geese match with the species they have been identified as depicting. While Greylag and Greater white-fronted geese were consistent with their respective images, Red-breasted geese was a mismatch according to the analysis. Reasons to account for these differences could be due to either: artistic/cultural license; the depiction being a blend of different animals; or is an accurate depiction of an animal that no longer exists. Of these reasons, the study considered other realistic animal art from the Chapel of Itet[14][15][16] (waterfowl, dogs, jackal, leopard, antelope) that are also identifiable to species-level, and suggested it possible the geese painted with red-coloured breast regions may be an unknown extinct goose species.[17][18][19] A 2022 study found them to be within the plumage variation range and artistic licence for red-breasted geese.[20]

The Meidum Geese
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nefermaat.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Hermann Ranke: Die ägyptischen Personennamen. Verlag von J. J. Augustin in Glückstadt, 1935., p. 196
  2. ^ Nefermaat page from digitalegypt (University College London)
  3. ^ Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 0-500-05128-3, pp.52-53, 56-61
  4. ^ PETRIE, Flinders; F.Griffith. Medum [online]. London: David Nutt, 1892. [1]
  5. ^ UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. Who was Nefermaat? [online]. London: 2003. [2]
  6. ^ The Egyptian Museum in Cairo: a walk through the alleys of ancient Egypt, by Farid Atiya, Abeer El-Shahawy, Farid S. Atiya, page 71
  7. ^ a b Tiradritti, F. (editor), Egyptian Treasures from the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Harry N. Abrams Inc. 1999, pp. 60-61, ISBN 0-8109-3276-8
  8. ^ a b c El-Aref, Nevine (9 April 2015). "Controversy over the Meidum Geese". Al-Ahram Weekly. Cairo. Archived from the original on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
  9. ^ Owen, Jarus (31 March 2015). "Shocking Discovery: Egypt's 'Mona Lisa' May Be a Fake". LiveScience. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
  10. ^ Hawass, Zahi (9 April 2015). "The Meidum Geese Are Not A Fake". Dr. Zahi: The Man with the Hat. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  11. ^ Romilio, A. (1 April 2021). "Assessing 'Meidum Geese' species identification with the 'Tobias criteria'". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 36: 102834. Bibcode:2021JArSR..36j2834R. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102834. ISSN 2352-409X. S2CID 233592524.
  12. ^ Tobias, Joseph A.; Seddon, Nathalie; Spottiswoode, Claire N.; Pilgrim, John D.; Fishpool, Lincoln D. C.; Collar, Nigel J. (2010). "Quantitative criteria for species delimitation". Ibis. 152 (4): 724–746. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2010.01051.x. ISSN 1474-919X.
  13. ^ "Facsimile Painting of Geese, Tomb of Nefermaat and Itet". www.metmuseum.org. Archived from the original on 26 July 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  14. ^ Petrie, W. M. Flinders (William Matthew Flinders); Griffith, F. Ll (Francis Llewellyn) (1892). Medum. Cornell University Library. London, D. Nutt.
  15. ^ "tomb-painting | British Museum". The British Museum. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  16. ^ "tomb-painting | British Museum". The British Museum. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  17. ^ Romilio, Anthony (2021). A guide to Extinct Animals of Ancient Egypt. South Carolina, US: Amazon. p. 43. ISBN 9798706305130.
  18. ^ GrrlScientist. "The 'Mona Lisa' Of Ancient Egyptian Art Depicts Extinct Goose". Forbes. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  19. ^ "It Turns Out That an Ancient Painting Known as 'Egypt's Mona Lisa' Actually Depicts an Extinct Breed of Goose". Artnet News. 25 February 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  20. ^ Kirwan, Guy M.; Broughton, Richard K.; Lees, Alexander C.; Ottenburghs, Jente; Tobias, Joseph A. (2022). "The 'Meidum geese' revisited: Early historical art is not a suitable basis for taxonomic speculation" (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 41: 103322. Bibcode:2022JArSR..41j3322K. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103322. hdl:10044/1/94631.
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