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Sahasranāma is a Sanskrit term which means "a thousand names".^[1] It is also a genre of stotra literature,^[2]^[3] usually found as a title of the text named after a deity, such as Vishnu Sahasranāma, wherein the deity is remembered by 1,000 names, attributes or epithets.^[1]^[4]

As stotras, Sahasra-namas are songs of praise, a type of devotional literature.^[2] The word is a compound of sahasra "thousand" and nāman "name". A Sahasranāma often includes the names of other deities, suggesting henotheistic equivalence and/or that they may be attributes rather than personal names.^[5] Thus the Ganesha Sahasranama list of one thousand names includes Brahma, Vishnu, Shakti, Shiva, Rudra, SadaShiva and others.^[6] It also includes epithets such as Jiva (life force), Satya (truth), Param (highest), Jnana (knowledge) and others.^[6] The Vishnu Sahasranama includes in its list work and jñāna-yājna (offering of knowledge) as two attributes of Vishnu.^[7] The Lalita Sahasranama, similarly, includes the energies of a goddess that manifest in an individual as desire, wisdom and action.^[8]

A sahasranama provides a terse list of attributes, virtues and legends symbolized by a deity. There are also many shorter stotras, containing only 108 names (108 being a sacred number in Dharmic religions) and accordingly called ashtottara-shata-nāma.

Chronology

The sahasranamas such as the Vishnu Sahasranama, are not found in early Samhita manuscripts, rather found in medieval and later versions of various Samhitas.^[9] One of the significant works on Sahasranama is from the sub-school of Ramanuja and the Vishnu Sahasra-namam Bhasya (commentary) by 12th-century Parasara Bhattar.^[10]^[11]

Type

Sahasranamas are used for recitals, in ways such as:

sravana, listening to recitals of names and glories of God
nama-sankirtana (nāma-sankīrtana), reciting the names of God either set to music or not
smarana, recalling divine deeds and teaching of divine deeds.
archana (arcanā), worshipping the divine with ritual repetition of divine names.

Hinduism

Some well-known sahasranāmas include:

The Vishnu Sahasranama, of which the most popular version is found in the Anushasana Parva (13.135) of the Mahabharata.^[12]^[13] Other versions are found in many Puranas linked to Vaishnavism.^[14]^[15]
The Shiva Sahasranama, which is also found in the Anushasana Parva (13.17) of the Mahabharata.^[12] Seven other versions also exist.^[16]
The Lalita Sahasranama, which is a Shaktist stotra.^[17] This Devi-related work is found in the Brahmāṇḍa Purāṇa.^[18]
The Ganesha Sahasranama, found in the Ganesha Purana.^[19]^[20]
The Hanuman Sahasranama, is a Hanuman stotra told by Valmiki. Its origin is unknown, but it is often attributed to the deity Rama. ^[21]

Tantrikas chant the Bhavani Nāma Sahasra Stuti and the Kali Sahasranāma. While the Vishnu and Shiva Sahasranāmas are popular amongst all Hindus, the Lalita Sahasranama is mostly chanted in South India. The Ganesha Sahasranama is mainly chanted by Ganapatya, the Bhavani Nāma Sahasra Stuti is the choice of Kashmiri Paṇḍits, and the Kali Sahasranāma is mostly chanted by Bengalis.

Jainism

Jina-sahasranama is a stotra text of Jainism,^[22] with thousand names of Jinasena, Ashadhara and Banarasidas, Arhannamasahasrasamuccaya by Acarya Hemacandra.^[23]

Sikhism

Guru Arjan of Sikhism, along with his associates, are credited with Sukhmani Sahasranama, composed in gauri raga, based on Hindu Puranic literature, and dedicated to Waheguru.^[24] This 17th-century Sikh text is entirely dedicated to bhakti themes.

References

^ ^a ^b Sir Monier Monier-Williams, sahasranAman, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages, Oxford University Press (Reprinted: Motilal Banarsidass), ISBN 978-8120831056
^ ^a ^b Harvey P. Alper (1991). Understanding Mantras. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 362–363. ISBN 978-81-208-0746-4.
^ Nancy Ann Nayar (1992). Poetry as Theology: The Śrīvaiṣṇava Stotra in the Age of Rāmānuja. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 17. ISBN 978-3-447-03255-1.
^ David Kinsley (1974), Through the Looking Glass: Divine Madness in the Hindu Religious Tradition, History of Religions, Vol. 13, No. 4, pages 270-305
^ John S. Mbiti. Concepts of God in Africa. p.217, 1970
^ ^a ^b श्रीगणपतिसहस्रनामावली, Sri Ganapati Sahasranama, Shree Sharada SahasraNama/श्री शारदा सहस्रनाम dedicated to Sharda Devi,The presiding deity of Kashmir now in Sharada Valley, Muzaffarabad POK SanskritDocuments.Org Archive
^ Dharm Bhawuk (2011). Spirituality and Indian Psychology. Springer. pp. 152–153. ISBN 978-1441981103.
^ V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar (1942). The Lalitā Cult. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 4–5 with footnote 7. ISBN 978-81-208-0919-2.
^ Nancy Ann Nayar (1992). Poetry as Theology: The Śrīvaiṣṇava Stotra in the Age of Rāmānuja. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-3-447-03255-1.
^ Nancy Ann Nayar (1992). Poetry as Theology: The Śrīvaiṣṇava Stotra in the Age of Rāmānuja. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 82–83. ISBN 978-3-447-03255-1.
^ P. Pratap Kumar (1997). The Goddess Lakṣmī: The Divine Consort in South Indian Vaiṣṇava Tradition. Scholars Press/The American Academy of Religion. pp. 77–79. ISBN 978-0788501999.
^ ^a ^b Jessica Frazier (2014). The Bloomsbury Companion to Hindu Studies. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 186 footnote 22. ISBN 978-1472567161.
^ Swami Vimalananda. Sri Vishnu Sahasranama Stotram. With Namavali, Introduction, English Rendering and Index. Fourth Edition. (Sri Ramakrishna Tapovanam: 1985).
^ Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2010). Survey of Hinduism, A: Third Edition. State University of New York Press. p. 530 with footnote 35. ISBN 978-0-7914-8011-3.
^ P. Sankaranarayanan. Sri Viṣṇusahasranāma Stotram. With English Translation of Srī Saṅkara Bhagavatpāda’s Commentary. (Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan: Mumbai: 1996).
^ Śarmā, Rāmakaraṇa (1996). Śivasahasranāmāṣṭakam : eight collections of hymns containing one thousand and eight names of Śiva. Delhi: Nag Publishers. ISBN 9788170813507. OCLC 36990863. Includes Śivasahasranāmakoṣa, a dictionary of names. This work compares eight versions of the Śivasahasranāmāstotra. The preface and introduction (in English) by Ram Karan Sharma provide an analysis of how the eight versions compare with one another. The text of the eight versions is given in Sanskrit.
^ Swami Tapasyananda (Editor). Śrī Lalitā Sahasranāma. (Sri Ramakrishna Math: Chennai, n.d.). With text, transliteration, and translation. ISBN 81-7120-104-0.
^ Labhashankar Mohanlal Joshi. Lalitā Sahasranāma: A Comprehensive Study of One Thousand Names of Lalitā Mahā-Tripurasundarī. Tantra in Contemporary Researches, no. 2. (D. K. Printworld (P) Ltd.: New Delhi, 1998). ISBN 81-246-0073-2.
^ The Gaṇeśa Purāṇa. Nag Publishers; Reprint 1993. "Introduction" in English by Ram Karan Sharma. Text in Sanskrit. ISBN 81-7081-279-8.
^ Gaṇeśasahasranāmastotram: mūla evaṁ srībhāskararāyakṛta 'khadyota' vārtika sahita. (Prācya Prakāśana: Vārāṇasī, 1991). Source text with a commentary by Bhāskararāya in Sanskrit.
^ "shrI Anjaneya or Hanuman Stotra of 1000 Names". sanskritdocuments.org. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
^ Johannes Klatt (1892). Specimen of a Literary-bibliographical Jaina-onomasticon. O. Harrassowitz. pp. 39–40.
^ Jain Journal, Volumes 2-3, Jain Bhawan., 1967, p. 125
^ Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 175–178. ISBN 978-0-19-100412-4.

External links

SahasranAma stotras (160+) at sanskritdocuments.org (in Sanskrit).
SahasranAmAvalIs (110+) at sanskritdocuments.org (in Sanskrit).
Media related to Sahasranama at Wikimedia Commons

[mmwsahasran-1] Sir Monier Monier-Williams, sahasranAman, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages, Oxford University Press (Reprinted: Motilal Banarsidass), ISBN 978-8120831056

[harveyalper362-2] Harvey P. Alper (1991). Understanding Mantras. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 362–363. ISBN 978-81-208-0746-4.

[Nayar1992p17-3] Nancy Ann Nayar (1992). Poetry as Theology: The Śrīvaiṣṇava Stotra in the Age of Rāmānuja. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 17. ISBN 978-3-447-03255-1.

[4] David Kinsley (1974), Through the Looking Glass: Divine Madness in the Hindu Religious Tradition, History of Religions, Vol. 13, No. 4, pages 270-305

[5] John S. Mbiti. Concepts of God in Africa. p.217, 1970

[ganapatisahas-6] श्रीगणपतिसहस्रनामावली, Sri Ganapati Sahasranama, Shree Sharada SahasraNama/श्री शारदा सहस्रनाम dedicated to Sharda Devi,The presiding deity of Kashmir now in Sharada Valley, Muzaffarabad POK SanskritDocuments.Org Archive

[7] Dharm Bhawuk (2011). Spirituality and Indian Psychology. Springer. pp. 152–153. ISBN 978-1441981103.

[8] V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar (1942). The Lalitā Cult. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 4–5 with footnote 7. ISBN 978-81-208-0919-2.

[9] Nancy Ann Nayar (1992). Poetry as Theology: The Śrīvaiṣṇava Stotra in the Age of Rāmānuja. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-3-447-03255-1.

[10] Nancy Ann Nayar (1992). Poetry as Theology: The Śrīvaiṣṇava Stotra in the Age of Rāmānuja. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 82–83. ISBN 978-3-447-03255-1.

[11] P. Pratap Kumar (1997). The Goddess Lakṣmī: The Divine Consort in South Indian Vaiṣṇava Tradition. Scholars Press/The American Academy of Religion. pp. 77–79. ISBN 978-0788501999.

[Frazier2014p186-12] Jessica Frazier (2014). The Bloomsbury Companion to Hindu Studies. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 186 footnote 22. ISBN 978-1472567161.

[13] Swami Vimalananda. Sri Vishnu Sahasranama Stotram. With Namavali, Introduction, English Rendering and Index. Fourth Edition. (Sri Ramakrishna Tapovanam: 1985).

[14] Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2010). Survey of Hinduism, A: Third Edition. State University of New York Press. p. 530 with footnote 35. ISBN 978-0-7914-8011-3.

[15] P. Sankaranarayanan. Sri Viṣṇusahasranāma Stotram. With English Translation of Srī Saṅkara Bhagavatpāda’s Commentary. (Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan: Mumbai: 1996).

[Śarmā_1996-16] Śarmā, Rāmakaraṇa (1996). Śivasahasranāmāṣṭakam : eight collections of hymns containing one thousand and eight names of Śiva. Delhi: Nag Publishers. ISBN 9788170813507. OCLC 36990863. Includes Śivasahasranāmakoṣa, a dictionary of names. This work compares eight versions of the Śivasahasranāmāstotra. The preface and introduction (in English) by Ram Karan Sharma provide an analysis of how the eight versions compare with one another. The text of the eight versions is given in Sanskrit.

[17] Swami Tapasyananda (Editor). Śrī Lalitā Sahasranāma. (Sri Ramakrishna Math: Chennai, n.d.). With text, transliteration, and translation. ISBN 81-7120-104-0.

[18] Labhashankar Mohanlal Joshi. Lalitā Sahasranāma: A Comprehensive Study of One Thousand Names of Lalitā Mahā-Tripurasundarī. Tantra in Contemporary Researches, no. 2. (D. K. Printworld (P) Ltd.: New Delhi, 1998). ISBN 81-246-0073-2.

[19] The Gaṇeśa Purāṇa. Nag Publishers; Reprint 1993. "Introduction" in English by Ram Karan Sharma. Text in Sanskrit. ISBN 81-7081-279-8.

[20] Gaṇeśasahasranāmastotram: mūla evaṁ srībhāskararāyakṛta 'khadyota' vārtika sahita. (Prācya Prakāśana: Vārāṇasī, 1991). Source text with a commentary by Bhāskararāya in Sanskrit.

[21] "shrI Anjaneya or Hanuman Stotra of 1000 Names". sanskritdocuments.org. Retrieved 9 July 2022.

[22] Johannes Klatt (1892). Specimen of a Literary-bibliographical Jaina-onomasticon. O. Harrassowitz. pp. 39–40.

[23] Jain Journal, Volumes 2-3, Jain Bhawan., 1967, p. 125

[hssyanohss-24] Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 175–178. ISBN 978-0-19-100412-4.

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@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 ==Hinduism==
-The most well-known sahasranāmas are:
+Some well-known sahasranāmas include:
-*[[Vishnu sahasranama]], is a [[Vaishnavism]] stotra, and is found in section 13.135 ([[Anushasana Parva]]) of the [[Mahabharata]],<ref name="Frazier2014p186"/><ref>Swami Vimalananda.  Sri Vishnu Sahasranama Stotram.  With Namavali, Introduction, English Rendering and Index.  Fourth Edition.  (Sri Ramakrishna Tapovanam: 1985).</ref> and all [[Purana]]s linked to Vaishnavism.<ref>{{cite book|last= Klostermaier|first=Klaus K.|title=Survey of Hinduism, A: Third Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CVviRghVtIC | year= 2010| publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-8011-3|page=530 with footnote 35}}</ref><ref>P. Sankaranarayanan.  {{IAST|Sri Viṣṇusahasranāma Stotram}}.  With English Translation of {{IAST|Srī Saṅkara Bhagavatpāda}}’s Commentary.  (Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan: Mumbai: 1996).</ref>
+*The [[Vishnu sahasranama|Vishnu Sahasranama]], of which the most popular version is found in the [[Anushasana Parva]] (13.135) of the [[Mahabharata]].<ref name="Frazier2014p186"/><ref>Swami Vimalananda.  Sri Vishnu Sahasranama Stotram.  With Namavali, Introduction, English Rendering and Index.  Fourth Edition.  (Sri Ramakrishna Tapovanam: 1985).</ref> Other versions are found in many [[Purana]]s linked to Vaishnavism.<ref>{{cite book|last= Klostermaier|first=Klaus K.|title=Survey of Hinduism, A: Third Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CVviRghVtIC | year= 2010| publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-8011-3|page=530 with footnote 35}}</ref><ref>P. Sankaranarayanan.  {{IAST|Sri Viṣṇusahasranāma Stotram}}.  With English Translation of {{IAST|Srī Saṅkara Bhagavatpāda}}’s Commentary.  (Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan: Mumbai: 1996).</ref>
-*[[Shiva sahasranama]], is a [[Shaivism]] stotra, also found in 13.17 of the [[Mahabharata]].<ref name="Frazier2014p186">{{cite book|author=Jessica Frazier|title=The Bloomsbury Companion to Hindu Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AdZBAgAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1472567161|page=186 footnote 22}}</ref> It exists in eight different versions.<ref name="Śarmā 1996">{{cite book |last=Śarmā |first=Rāmakaraṇa |title=Śivasahasranāmāṣṭakam : eight collections of hymns containing one thousand and eight names of Śiva |publisher=Nag Publishers |publication-place=Delhi |year=1996 |isbn=9788170813507 |oclc=36990863}} Includes ''Śivasahasranāmakoṣa'', a dictionary of names. This work compares eight versions of the ''Śivasahasranāmāstotra''. The preface and introduction (in English) by Ram Karan Sharma provide an analysis of how the eight versions compare with one another. The text of the eight versions is given in Sanskrit.</ref>  The best-known version is from Book 13 of the [[Mahabharata]].<ref>Swami Chidbhavananda. Siva Sahasranama Stotram.  Third Edition (Sri Ramakrishna Tapovanam: Tirupparaithurai, 1997).  With Navavali, Introduction, and English Rendering.  The version provided by Chidbhavananda is from chapter 17 of the Anuśāsana Parva of the Mahābharata.</ref>
+*The [[Shiva sahasranama|Shiva Sahasranama]], which is also found in the [[Anushasana Parva]] (13.17) of the [[Mahabharata]].<ref name="Frazier2014p186">{{cite book|author=Jessica Frazier|title=The Bloomsbury Companion to Hindu Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AdZBAgAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1472567161|page=186 footnote 22}}</ref> Seven other versions also exist.<ref name="Śarmā 1996">{{cite book |last=Śarmā |first=Rāmakaraṇa |title=Śivasahasranāmāṣṭakam : eight collections of hymns containing one thousand and eight names of Śiva |publisher=Nag Publishers |publication-place=Delhi |year=1996 |isbn=9788170813507 |oclc=36990863}} Includes ''Śivasahasranāmakoṣa'', a dictionary of names. This work compares eight versions of the ''Śivasahasranāmāstotra''. The preface and introduction (in English) by Ram Karan Sharma provide an analysis of how the eight versions compare with one another. The text of the eight versions is given in Sanskrit.</ref>
-*[[Lalita sahasranama]], is a [[Shaktism]] stotra.<ref>Swami Tapasyananda (Editor).  Śrī Lalitā Sahasranāma.  (Sri Ramakrishna Math: Chennai, n.d.).  With text, transliteration, and translation.  {{ISBN|81-7120-104-0}}.</ref> This [[Devi]]-related work is found in the {{IAST|Brahmāṇḍa Purāṇa}}.<ref>Labhashankar Mohanlal Joshi.  Lalitā Sahasranāma: A Comprehensive Study of One Thousand Names of Lalitā Mahā-Tripurasundarī.  Tantra in Contemporary Researches, no. 2.  (D. K. Printworld (P) Ltd.: New Delhi, 1998).  {{ISBN|81-246-0073-2}}.</ref>
+*The [[Lalita sahasranama|Lalita Sahasranama]], which is a [[Shaktism|Shaktist]] stotra.<ref>Swami Tapasyananda (Editor).  Śrī Lalitā Sahasranāma.  (Sri Ramakrishna Math: Chennai, n.d.).  With text, transliteration, and translation.  {{ISBN|81-7120-104-0}}.</ref> This [[Devi]]-related work is found in the {{IAST|Brahmāṇḍa Purāṇa}}.<ref>Labhashankar Mohanlal Joshi.  Lalitā Sahasranāma: A Comprehensive Study of One Thousand Names of Lalitā Mahā-Tripurasundarī.  Tantra in Contemporary Researches, no. 2.  (D. K. Printworld (P) Ltd.: New Delhi, 1998).  {{ISBN|81-246-0073-2}}.</ref>
-*[[Ganesha Sahasranama|Ganesha sahasranama]], is a Ganeshism stotra. One version is found in the [[Ganesha Purana]].<ref>The {{IAST|Gaṇeśa Purāṇa}}.  Nag Publishers; Reprint 1993.  "Introduction" in English by Ram Karan Sharma.  Text in Sanskrit.  {{ISBN|81-7081-279-8}}.</ref><ref>{{IAST|Gaṇeśasahasranāmastotram: mūla evaṁ srībhāskararāyakṛta 'khadyota' vārtika sahita}}.  ({{IAST|Prācya Prakāśana: Vārāṇasī}}, 1991).  Source text with a commentary by Bhāskararāya in Sanskrit.</ref>
+*The [[Ganesha Sahasranama]], found in the [[Ganesha Purana]].<ref>The {{IAST|Gaṇeśa Purāṇa}}.  Nag Publishers; Reprint 1993.  "Introduction" in English by Ram Karan Sharma.  Text in Sanskrit.  {{ISBN|81-7081-279-8}}.</ref><ref>{{IAST|Gaṇeśasahasranāmastotram: mūla evaṁ srībhāskararāyakṛta 'khadyota' vārtika sahita}}.  ({{IAST|Prācya Prakāśana: Vārāṇasī}}, 1991).  Source text with a commentary by Bhāskararāya in Sanskrit.</ref>
-*Hanuman Sahasranama, is a [[Hanuman]] stotra told by [[Valmiki]]. Its origin is unknown and it is attributed to [[Rama]]chandra who is the seer for this stotra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=shrI Anjaneya or Hanuman Stotra of 1000 Names |url=https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_hanumaana/anjaneya1000.html |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=sanskritdocuments.org}}</ref>
+*The Hanuman Sahasranama, is a [[Hanuman]] stotra told by [[Valmiki]]. Its origin is unknown, but it is often attributed to the deity [[Rama]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=shrI Anjaneya or Hanuman Stotra of 1000 Names |url=https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_hanumaana/anjaneya1000.html |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=sanskritdocuments.org}}</ref>
-Tantrikas chant the Bhavani Nāma Sahasra Stuti and the Kali Sahasranāma. While the Vishnu and Shiva Sahāsranamas are popular amongst all Hindus, the [[Lalita sahasranama|Lalita Sahasranama]] is mostly chanted in South India. The [[Ganesha Sahasranama]] is mainly chanted by [[Ganapatya]], the Bhavani Nāma Sahasra Stuti is the choice of {{IAST|[[Kashmiri Paṇḍit]]}}s, and the Kali Sahasranāma is mostly chanted by Bengalis.
+Tantrikas chant the Bhavani Nāma Sahasra Stuti and the Kali Sahasranāma. While the Vishnu and Shiva Sahasranāmas are popular amongst all Hindus, the [[Lalita sahasranama|Lalita Sahasranama]] is mostly chanted in South India. The [[Ganesha Sahasranama]] is mainly chanted by [[Ganapatya]], the Bhavani Nāma Sahasra Stuti is the choice of {{IAST|[[Kashmiri Paṇḍit]]}}s, and the Kali Sahasranāma is mostly chanted by Bengalis.
 ==Jainism==
-''Jina-sahasranama'' is a [[stotra]] text of [[Jainism]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Johannes Klatt|title=Specimen of a Literary-bibliographical Jaina-onomasticon |url=https://archive.org/details/specimenalitera00klatgoog |year=1892| publisher=O. Harrassowitz|pages=[https://archive.org/details/specimenalitera00klatgoog/page/n47 39]–40}}</ref> with thousand names of [[Jinasena]], [[Ashadhara]] and [[Banarasidas]], Arhannamasahasrasamuccaya by Acarya [[Hemacandra]].<ref>Jain Journal, Volumes 2-3, Jain Bhawan., 1967, p. 125</ref>
+''Jina-sahasranama'' is a [[stotra]] text of [[Jainism]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Johannes Klatt|author-link=Johannes Klatt|title=Specimen of a Literary-bibliographical Jaina-onomasticon |url=https://archive.org/details/specimenalitera00klatgoog |year=1892| publisher=O. Harrassowitz|pages=[https://archive.org/details/specimenalitera00klatgoog/page/n47 39]–40}}</ref> with thousand names of [[Jinasena]], Ashadhara and [[Banarasidas]], Arhannamasahasrasamuccaya by Acarya [[Hemacandra]].<ref>Jain Journal, Volumes 2-3, Jain Bhawan., 1967, p. 125</ref>
 ==Sikhism==