Frits Zernike: Difference between revisions

Frits Zernike
Frits Zernike
	Zernike in 1953
Born	Frederick Zernike; 16 July 1888; Amsterdam, Netherlands
Died	10 March 1966 (aged 77); Amersfoort, Netherlands
Nationality	Dutch
Alma mater	University of Amsterdam
Known for	Phase-contrast microscopy; Zernike polynomials; Ornstein–Zernike equation; Van Cittert–Zernike theorem
Spouse	Dora van Bommel van Vloten (1930-1945) Lena Koperberg-Baanders (since 1954)
Awards	Rumford Medal (1952); Nobel Prize in Physics (1953); Fellow of the Royal Society
	Scientific career
Fields	Physics
Institutions	Groningen University

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Frits Zernike (Dutch pronunciation: [frɪt ˈsɛrnikə]; 16 July 1888 – 10 March 1966) was a Dutch physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1953 for his invention of the phase-contrast microscope.

Early life and education

Frederick "Frits" Zernike^[3] was born on 16 July 1888 in Amsterdam, Netherlands to Carl Friedrich August Zernike and Antje Dieperink. Both parents were teachers of mathematics, and he especially shared his father's passion for physics. In 1905 he enrolled at the University of Amsterdam, studying chemistry (his major), mathematics and physics.

Academic career

In 1912, he was awarded a prize for his work on opalescence in gases. In 1913, he became assistant to Jacobus Kapteyn at the astronomical laboratory of Groningen University. In 1914, Zernike and Leonard Ornstein were jointly responsible for the derivation of the Ornstein–Zernike equation in critical-point theory. In 1915, he became lector in theoretical mechanics and mathematical physics at the same university and in 1920 he was promoted to professor of mathematical physics.^[4]

In 1930, Zernike was conducting research into spectral lines when he discovered that the so-called ghost lines that occur to the left and right of each primary line in spectra created by means of a diffraction grating, have their phase shifted from that of the primary line by 90 degrees.^{[citation needed]}^[5] It was at a Physical and Medical Congress in Wageningen in 1933, that Zernike first described his phase contrast technique in microscopy. He extended his method to test the figure of concave mirrors. His discovery lay at the base of the first phase contrast microscope, built during World War II.^{[citation needed]}

He also made another contribution in the field of optics, relating to the efficient description of the imaging defects or aberrations of optical imaging systems like microscopes and telescopes. The representation of aberrations was originally based on the theory developed by Ludwig Seidel in the middle of the nineteenth century. Seidel's representation was based on power series expansions and did not allow a clear separation between various types and orders of aberrations. Zernike's orthogonal circle polynomials provided a solution to the long-standing problem of the optimum 'balancing' of the various aberrations of an optical instrument. Since the 1960s, Zernike's circle polynomials are widely used in optical design, optical metrology and image analysis.

Zernike's work helped awaken interest in coherence theory, the study of partially coherent light sources. In 1938 he published a simpler derivation of Van Cittert's 1934 theorem on the coherence of radiation from distant sources, now known as the Van Cittert–Zernike theorem.^[6]^[7]

Death

He died in hospital in Amersfoort in 1966 after suffering illness the last years of his life.^[8] His granddaughter is journalist Kate Zernike.^[9]

Honours and awards

In 1946, Zernike became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.^[10]

In 1953, Zernike won the Nobel Prize in Physics, for his invention of the phase-contrast microscope, an instrument that permits the study of internal cell structure without the need to stain and thus kill the cells.^[1]

In 1954, Zernike became an Honorary Member of The Optical Society (OSA).^[11] Zernike was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS).^[1]

The university complex (Zernike Campus) to the north of the city of Groningen is named after him, as is the crater Zernike on the Moon and the minor planet 11779 Zernike.

Zernike's great-nephew Gerard 't Hooft won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1999.^[12]

The Oz Enterprise, a Linux distribution, was named after Leonard Ornstein and Frederik Zernike.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Tolansky, S. (1967). "Frits Zernike 1888-1966". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 13: 392–402. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1967.0021. S2CID 123209453.
^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953".
^ Dörfel, G. (2012-08-15). "The early history of thermal noise: The long way to paradigm change". Annalen der Physik. 524 (8): 117–121. Bibcode:2012AnP...524..117D. doi:10.1002/andp.201200736. ISSN 0003-3804.
^ Frits Zernike 1888-1966
^ Zernicke, Frits (1935). "Das Phasenkontrastverfahren bei der mikroskopischen Beobachtung". Zeitschrift für technische Physik. 16: 454–457.
^ Van Cittert, P. H. (1934). "Die Wahrscheinliche Schwingungsverteilung in Einer von Einer Lichtquelle Direkt Oder Mittels Einer Linse Beleuchteten Ebene". Physica. 1 (1–6): 201–210. Bibcode:1934Phy.....1..201V. doi:10.1016/S0031-8914(34)90026-4.
^ Zernike, F. (1938). "The concept of degree of coherence and its application to optical problems". Physica. 5 (8): 785–795. Bibcode:1938Phy.....5..785Z. doi:10.1016/S0031-8914(38)80203-2.
^ Van Berkel, Klaas; Van Helden, A.; Palm, L. (1999). "Frits Zernike 1888–1966". A History of Science in The Netherlands. Survey, Themes and Reference. Leiden: Brill. pp. 609–611. ISBN 90-04-10006-7.
^ New York Times Weddings: Kate Zernike and Jonathan Schwartz" September 25, 2005
^ "Frederik (Frits) Zernike (1888–1966)". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
^ "OSA Honorary Members".
^ Robert Goldwyn. "Gerardus 't Hooft Science Video Interview".

External links

Media related to Frits Zernike at Wikimedia Commons

Frits Zernike Photo
Frits Zernike on Nobelprize.org including his Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1953 How I discovered phase contrast
Extended Nijboer–Zernike theory
Museum Boerhaave Negen Nederlandse Nobelprijswinnaars
H. Brinkman, Zernike, Frits (1888–1966), in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland.
Prominente Groningse hoogleraren Frits Zernike (1888–1966)
Frits Zernike (1888–1966) biography at the National library of the Netherlands.
The Ornstein-Zernike equation and integral equations
Multilevel wavelet solver for the Ornstein-Zernike equation Abstract
Analytical solution of the Ornstein-Zernike equation for a multicomponent fluid
The Ornstein-Zernike equation in the canonical ensemble

[frs-1] Tolansky, S. (1967). "Frits Zernike 1888-1966". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 13: 392–402. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1967.0021. S2CID 123209453.

[2] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953".

[3] Dörfel, G. (2012-08-15). "The early history of thermal noise: The long way to paradigm change". Annalen der Physik. 524 (8): 117–121. Bibcode:2012AnP...524..117D. doi:10.1002/andp.201200736. ISSN 0003-3804.

[4] Frits Zernike 1888-1966

[5] Zernicke, Frits (1935). "Das Phasenkontrastverfahren bei der mikroskopischen Beobachtung". Zeitschrift für technische Physik. 16: 454–457.

[6] Van Cittert, P. H. (1934). "Die Wahrscheinliche Schwingungsverteilung in Einer von Einer Lichtquelle Direkt Oder Mittels Einer Linse Beleuchteten Ebene". Physica. 1 (1–6): 201–210. Bibcode:1934Phy.....1..201V. doi:10.1016/S0031-8914(34)90026-4.

[7] Zernike, F. (1938). "The concept of degree of coherence and its application to optical problems". Physica. 5 (8): 785–795. Bibcode:1938Phy.....5..785Z. doi:10.1016/S0031-8914(38)80203-2.

[8] Van Berkel, Klaas; Van Helden, A.; Palm, L. (1999). "Frits Zernike 1888–1966". A History of Science in The Netherlands. Survey, Themes and Reference. Leiden: Brill. pp. 609–611. ISBN 90-04-10006-7.

[9] New York Times Weddings: Kate Zernike and Jonathan Schwartz" September 25, 2005

[10] "Frederik (Frits) Zernike (1888–1966)". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 17 July 2015.

[11] "OSA Honorary Members".

[12] Robert Goldwyn. "Gerardus 't Hooft Science Video Interview".

[2]

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[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Dutch physicist (1888–1966)}}
-{{Infobox Scientist
+{{Infobox scientist
-|name              = Frits Zernike
-|image             = Zernike.jpg
+| name              = Frits Zernike
-|caption           = Frits Zernike (1888-1966)
+| image             = Zernike.jpg
-|birth_date        = July 16, 1888
+| caption           = Zernike in 1953
-|birth_place       = [[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]]
+| birth_name        = Frederick Zernike
-|death_date        = {{Death date and age|1966|03|10|1888|07|16|df=no}}
+| birth_date        = {{Birth date|1888|07|16|df=yes}}
-|death_place       = [[Amersfoort]], [[Netherlands]]
+| birth_place       = [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands
+| death_date        = {{Death date and age|1966|3|10|1888|7|16|df=y}}
-|nationality       = [[Netherlands]]
-|fields            = [[Physics]]
+| death_place       = [[Amersfoort]], Netherlands
+| nationality       = Dutch
-|workplaces        = [[Groningen University]]
-|alma_mater        = [[University of Amsterdam]]
+| fields            = [[Physics]]
+| workplaces        = [[Groningen University]]
-|doctoral_advisor  =
+| alma_mater        = [[University of Amsterdam]]
-|academic_advisor  =
+| doctoral_advisor  =
-|doctoral_students = [[Christoffel Bouwkamp]]<br/>[[Herman de Boer]]<br/>[[Bernard Nijboer]]
-|notable_students  =
+| academic_advisor  =
+| doctoral_students =
-|known_for         = [[Ornstein-Zernike equation]]<br/>[[Zernike polynomials]]<br/>[[Phase contrast microscope|Phase contrast microscopy]]
+| notable_students  =
-|influences        = [[Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn]]
+| known_for         = [[Phase-contrast microscopy]]<br />[[Zernike polynomials]]<br />[[Ornstein–Zernike equation]]<br />[[Van Cittert–Zernike theorem]]
-|influenced        =
-|awards            = [[Rumford Medal]] (1952)<br/>[[Nobel Prize for Physics]] (1953)
+| awards            = {{no wrap|[[Rumford Medal]] (1952)<br />[[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1953)<br>[[Fellow of the Royal Society]]<ref name="frs"/>}}
+| spouse            = Dora van Bommel van Vloten  (1930-1945)
+Lena Koperberg-Baanders  (since 1954)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1953/zernike/biographical/ | title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953 }}</ref>
 }}
-'''Frits Zernike''' (July 16, 1888 &ndash; March 10, 1966) was a [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[physicist]] and winner of the [[Nobel prize]] for [[physics]] in 1953 for his invention of the [[phase contrast microscope]], an instrument that permits the study of internal [[cell (biology)|cell]] structure without the need to [[staining (biology)|stain]] and thus kill the cells.
+'''Frits Zernike'''  ({{IPA|nl|frɪt ˈsɛrnikə}}; 16 July 1888 – 10 March 1966) was a Dutch physicist and winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1953 for his invention of the [[Phase-contrast microscopy|phase-contrast microscope]].
+== Early life and education ==
-==Biography==
+Frederick "Frits" Zernike<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dörfel |first=G. |date=2012-08-15 |title=The early history of thermal noise: The long way to paradigm change |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.201200736 |journal=Annalen der Physik |language=en |volume=524 |issue=8 |pages=117–121 |doi=10.1002/andp.201200736 |bibcode=2012AnP...524..117D |issn=0003-3804}}</ref> was born on 16 July 1888 in [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands to Carl Friedrich August Zernike and Antje Dieperink. Both parents were teachers of mathematics, and he especially shared his father's passion for physics. In 1905 he enrolled at the [[University of Amsterdam]], studying chemistry (his major), mathematics and physics.
-Zernike was born in [[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]] to Carl Frederick August Zernike and Antje Dieperink. Both parents were teachers of [[mathematics]], and he especially shared his father's passion for physics. He studied [[chemistry]] (his major), mathematics and physics at the [[University of Amsterdam]]. In 1912 he was awarded a prize for his work on [[opalescence]] in gases. In 1913 he became assistant to [[Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn]] at the astronomical laboratory of [[Groningen University]]. In 1914, he was responsible jointly with [[Leonard Salomon Ornstein]] for the derivation of the [[Ornstein-Zernike equation]] in critical-point theory. In 1915, he obtained a position in [[theoretical physics]] at the same university and in 1920 he was promoted to full professor of theoretical physics.
+== Academic career ==
-==Research in physical optics==
+In 1912, he was awarded a prize for his work on [[opalescence]] in gases. In 1913, he became assistant to [[Jacobus Kapteyn]] at the astronomical laboratory of [[Groningen University]]. In 1914, Zernike and [[Leonard Ornstein]] were jointly responsible for the derivation of the [[Ornstein–Zernike equation]] in critical-point theory. In 1915, he became [[lector]] in [[theoretical mechanics]] and [[mathematical physics]] at the same university and in 1920 he was promoted to professor of mathematical physics.<ref>[https://www.math.rug.nl/bernoulli/Geschiedenis/Zernike Frits Zernike 1888-1966]</ref>
-In 1930, Zernike was conducting research into [[spectral line]]s and discovered that the so-called ''ghost lines'' that occur to the left and right of each primary line in [[electromagnetic spectrum|spectra]] created by means of a [[diffraction grating]], have their phase shifted from that of the primary line by 90 degrees. It was at a Physical and Medical Congress in Wageningen in 1933 that Zernike first described his phase contrast technique in microscopy. He extended his method to test the figure of concave mirrors. His discovery lay at the base of the first phase contrast microscope, built during [[World War II]].
+In 1930, Zernike was conducting research into [[spectral line]]s when he discovered that the so-called ''ghost lines'' that occur to the left and right of each primary line in [[electromagnetic spectrum|spectra]] created by means of a [[diffraction grating]], have their phase shifted from that of the primary line by 90 degrees.{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zernicke|first=Frits|date=1935|title=Das Phasenkontrastverfahren bei der mikroskopischen Beobachtung|journal=Zeitschrift für technische Physik|volume=16|pages=454–457}}</ref> It was at a Physical and Medical Congress in [[Wageningen]] in 1933, that Zernike first described his phase contrast technique in microscopy. He extended his method to test the figure of concave mirrors. His discovery lay at the base of the first phase contrast microscope, built during World War II.{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}
-Another contribution in the field of optics is related to the efficient description of the imaging defects or [[Aberration in optical systems|aberrations of optical imaging systems]] like [[microscope]]s and [[telescope]]s. The representation of [[Aberration in optical systems|aberrations]] was originally  based on the theory developed by [[Philipp Ludwig von Seidel|Ludwig Seidel]] in the middle of the nineteenth century. [[Philipp Ludwig von Seidel|Seidel's]] representation was based on [[power series]] expansions and did not allow a clear separation between various types and orders of [[Aberration in optical systems|aberrations]]. [[Zernike polynomials|Zernike's orthogonal circle polynomials]] provided the [[optics]] community with a crystal-clear tool to separate the various [[Aberration in optical systems|aberrations]] and to easily solve the long-standing problem of the optimum 'balancing' of the various [[Aberration in optical systems|aberrations]] of an optical instrument. Since the 1960s, [[Zernike polynomials|Zernike's circle polynomials]] are widely used in [[optical design]], optical [[metrology]] and [[image analysis]].
+He also made another contribution in the field of optics, relating to the efficient description of the imaging defects or [[optical aberration|aberrations of optical imaging systems]] like [[microscope]]s and [[telescope]]s. The representation of aberrations was originally  based on the theory developed by [[Philipp Ludwig von Seidel|Ludwig Seidel]] in the middle of the nineteenth century. [[Philipp Ludwig von Seidel|Seidel's]] representation was based on [[power series]] expansions and did not allow a clear separation between various types and orders of aberrations. [[Zernike's orthogonal circle polynomials]] provided a solution to the long-standing problem of the optimum 'balancing' of the various aberrations of an optical instrument. Since the 1960s, [[Zernike's circle polynomials]] are widely used in [[optical design]], optical [[metrology]] and [[image analysis]].
-Zernike's work helped awaken interest in [[coherence theory]], the study of partially coherent light sources. He died in hospital at [[Amersfoort]], [[Netherlands]] in 1966 after suffering illness the last years of his life.<ref>{{cite book | last=Van Berkel | first=Klaas  | coauthors=Van Helden, A.; Palm, L.| title=A History of Science in The Netherlands. Survey, Themes and Reference | chapter=Frits Zernike 1888-1966 | location=Leiden | publisher=Brill | year=1999 | pages=609–611 | isbn=9004100067  | url=http://www.historyofscience.nl/author.cfm?RecordId=1979}}</ref>
+Zernike's work helped awaken interest in [[coherence theory (optics)|coherence theory]], the study of partially coherent light sources. In 1938 he published a simpler derivation of Van Cittert's 1934 theorem on the coherence of radiation from distant sources, now known as the [[Van Cittert–Zernike theorem]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Van Cittert | first1 = P. H. | doi = 10.1016/S0031-8914(34)90026-4 | title = Die Wahrscheinliche Schwingungsverteilung in Einer von Einer Lichtquelle Direkt Oder Mittels Einer Linse Beleuchteten Ebene | journal = Physica | volume = 1 | pages = 201–210 | year = 1934 | issue = 1–6 |bibcode = 1934Phy.....1..201V }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Zernike | first1 = F. | title = The concept of degree of coherence and its application to optical problems | doi = 10.1016/S0031-8914(38)80203-2 | journal = Physica | volume = 5 | issue = 8 | pages = 785–795 | year = 1938 |bibcode = 1938Phy.....5..785Z }}</ref>
-==Honours and awards==
-Zernike has an [[Erdős number]] of six.<ref>{{cite web | author=Jerry Grossman | title=Some Famous People with Finite Erdös Numbers | url=http://www.oakland.edu/enp/erdpaths.html | work=The Erdös Number Project | date=22 April 2008 | accessdate=2008-07-15 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080618131813/http://www.oakland.edu/enp/erdpaths.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2008-06-18}}</ref>
+== Death ==
-The university complex to the north of the city of [[Groningen (city)|Groningen]] is named after him (Zernike park), as is the crater [[Zernike (crater)|Zernike]] on the [[Moon]].
+He died in hospital in [[Amersfoort]] in 1966 after suffering illness the last years of his life.<ref>{{cite book | last=Van Berkel | first=Klaas | author-link1 = Klaas van Berkel |author2=Van Helden, A.|author3=Palm, L.| title=A History of Science in The Netherlands. Survey, Themes and Reference | chapter=Frits Zernike 1888–1966 | location=Leiden | publisher=Brill | year=1999 | pages=609–611 | isbn=90-04-10006-7  | url=http://www.historyofscience.nl/author.cfm?RecordId=1979}}</ref> His granddaughter is journalist [[Kate Zernike]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/25/fashion/weddings/kate-zernike-and-jonathan-schwartz.html New York Times Weddings: Kate Zernike and Jonathan Schwartz"] September 25, 2005</ref>
-Zernike's great-nephew [[Gerardus 't Hooft]] won the [[Nobel Prize]] in [[physics]] in [[1999]].<ref>{{cite web | author=Robert Goldwyn | title=Gerardus 't Hooft Science Video Interview | url=http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/35}}</ref>
+== Honours and awards ==
+In 1946, Zernike became member of the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00004022 |title=Frederik (Frits) Zernike (1888–1966) |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences |access-date=17 July 2015}}</ref>
+In 1953, Zernike won the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]], for his invention of the [[phase-contrast microscope]], an instrument that permits the study of internal [[cell (biology)|cell]] structure without the need to [[staining|stain]] and thus kill the cells.<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Tolansky | first1 = S. | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1967.0021 | title = Frits Zernike 1888-1966 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 13 | pages = 392–402| year = 1967 | s2cid = 123209453 }}</ref>
+In 1954, Zernike became an Honorary Member of The Optical Society (OSA).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.osa.org/en-us/awards_and_grants/honorary_members/|title=OSA Honorary Members}}</ref> Zernike was elected a Foreign Member of the [[Royal Society]] (ForMemRS).<ref name="frs"/>
+The university complex ([[University of Groningen#Campus|Zernike Campus]]) to the north of the city of [[Groningen]] is named after him, as is the crater [[Zernike (crater)|Zernike]] on the Moon and the minor planet [[List of minor planets: 11001–12000#779|11779 Zernike]].
+Zernike's great-nephew [[Gerard 't Hooft]] won the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1999.<ref>{{cite web | author=Robert Goldwyn | title=Gerardus 't Hooft Science Video Interview | url=http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/35}}</ref>
+The Oz Enterprise, a [[Linux distribution]], was named after [[Leonard Ornstein]] and Frederik Zernike.
 ==See also==
-*[[Leonard Salomon Ornstein]]
+* [[Leonard Ornstein]]
-* [[Coherence theory]]
+* [[Coherence theory (optics)|Coherence theory]]
+* [[Fourier optics]]
+* [[Live cell imaging]]
+* [[Optical aberration]]
+* [[Phase-contrast X-ray imaging]]
 * [[Physical optics]]
-* [[Phase contrast microscope]]
-* [[Zernike polynomials]]
-* [[Oz Enterprise]] (a [[Linux distribution]] named after [[Leonard Salomon Ornstein]] and ''Frederik Zernike'').
 ==References==
+{{Reflist}}
-<references/>
 ==External links==
+*{{Commons category-inline}}
 {{wikiquote}}
 * [http://www.nobel-winners.com/Physics/frits_zernike.html Frits Zernike Photo]
+* {{Nobelprize}} including his Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1953 ''How I discovered phase contrast''
-* [http://nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1953/zernike-bio.html Frits Zernike Biography]
+* [http://www.nijboerzernike.nl Extended Nijboer–Zernike theory]
-* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1953/zernike-lecture.pdf "How I discovered phase contrast"] Nobel Prize speech
+* Museum Boerhaave [https://web.archive.org/web/20080307154851/http://www.museumboerhaave.nl/ONDERWIJS/VOORTGEZET/2defase/ANW/pdf/nobelprijswinnaars.pdf Negen Nederlandse Nobelprijswinnaars]
-* [http://www.nijboerzernike.nl Extended Nijboer-Zernike theory]
+* H. Brinkman, [http://www.inghist.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/BWN/lemmata/bwn1/zernike ''Zernike, Frits (1888–1966)''], in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland.
-* Museum Boerhaave [http://www.museumboerhaave.nl/ONDERWIJS/VOORTGEZET/2defase/ANW/pdf/nobelprijswinnaars.pdf Negen Nederlandse Nobelprijswinnaars]
-* H. Brinkman, [http://www.inghist.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/BWN/lemmata/bwn1/zernike ''Zernike, Frits (1888-1966)''], in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland.
+* Prominente Groningse hoogleraren [http://www.rug.nl/museum/geschiedenis/hoogleraren/zernike ''Frits Zernike (1888–1966)'']
-* Prominente Groningse hoogleraren [http://www.rug.nl/museum/geschiedenis/hoogleraren/zernike ''Frits Zernike (1888-1966)'']
+* [http://www.kb.nl/hkc/nobel/zernike/zernike.html Frits Zernike (1888–1966)] biography at the National library of the Netherlands.
-* [http://www.kb.nl/hkc/nobel/zernike/zernike.html Frits Zernike (1888-1966)] biography at the National library of the Netherlands.
 * [http://cbp.tnw.utwente.nl/PolymeerDictaat/node15.html The Ornstein-Zernike equation and integral equations]
 * [http://www4.ncsu.edu/~ctk/PAPERS/OZwavelet4.pdf Multilevel wavelet solver for the Ornstein-Zernike equation Abstract]
@@ Line 64: / Line 81: @@
 {{Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1951-1975}}
+{{Nobel Prize laureates from The Netherlands|state=collapsed}}
+{{1953 Nobel Prize winners}}
+{{Authority control}}
-{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
-| NAME              = Zernike, Frits
-| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
-| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
-| DATE OF BIRTH     = July 16, 1888
-| PLACE OF BIRTH    = [[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]]
-| DATE OF DEATH     = 1966-03-10
-| PLACE OF DEATH    = [[Amersfoort]], [[Netherlands]]
-}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Zernike, Frits}}
 [[Category:1888 births]]
 [[Category:1966 deaths]]
-[[Category:People from Amsterdam]]
+[[Category:20th-century Dutch inventors]]
-[[Category:University of Amsterdam alumni]]
+[[Category:Dutch Nobel laureates]]
-[[Category:University of Groningen faculty]]
+[[Category:20th-century Dutch physicists]]
+[[Category:Foreign members of the Royal Society]]
+[[Category:Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
 [[Category:Microscopists]]
-[[Category:Dutch physicists]]
-[[Category:Dutch scientists]]
 [[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]]
-[[Category:Foreign Members of the Royal Society]]
+[[Category:Scientists from Amsterdam]]
-[[Category:Dutch Nobel laureates]]
+[[Category:University of Amsterdam alumni]]
+[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Groningen]]
-[[ar:فريتس زيرنيكه]]
-[[bn:ফ্রিৎস জের্নিকে]]
-[[bg:Фриц Цернике]]
-[[ca:Frits Zernike]]
-[[cs:Frits Zernike]]
-[[de:Frits Zernike]]
-[[es:Frits Zernike]]
-[[eo:Frits Zernike]]
-[[fr:Frederik Zernike]]
-[[fy:Fritz Zernike]]
-[[gl:Frits Zernike]]
-[[ko:프리츠 제르니커]]
-[[io:Frits Zernike]]
-[[id:Frits Zernike]]
-[[it:Frits Zernike]]
-[[sw:Frits Zernike]]
-[[ht:Frits Zernike]]
-[[ku:Frits Zernike]]
-[[mr:फ्रिट्स झेर्निके]]
-[[nl:Frits Zernike]]
-[[ja:フリッツ・ゼルニケ]]
-[[no:Frits Zernike]]
-[[oc:Frits Zernike]]
-[[pnb:فرتس زرنائیک]]
-[[pl:Frits Zernike]]
-[[pt:Frits Zernike]]
-[[ro:Frits Zernike]]
-[[ru:Цернике, Фриц]]
-[[sk:Frits Zernike]]
-[[sl:Frits Zernike]]
-[[sr:Фриц Цернике]]
-[[fi:Frits Zernike]]
-[[sv:Frits Zernike]]
-[[uk:Фріц Церніке]]
-[[yo:Frits Zernike]]
-[[zh:弗里茨·泽尔尼克]]

v t e Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physics
1901–1925	1901: Röntgen 1902: Lorentz / Zeeman 1903: Becquerel / P. Curie / M. Curie 1904: Rayleigh 1905: Lenard 1906: J. J. Thomson 1907: Michelson 1908: Lippmann 1909: Marconi / Braun 1910: Van der Waals 1911: Wien 1912: Dalén 1913: Kamerlingh Onnes 1914: Laue 1915: W. L. Bragg / W. H. Bragg 1916 1917: Barkla 1918: Planck 1919: Stark 1920: Guillaume 1921: Einstein 1922: N. Bohr 1923: Millikan 1924: M. Siegbahn 1925: Franck / Hertz
1926–1950	1926: Perrin 1927: Compton / C. Wilson 1928: O. Richardson 1929: De Broglie 1930: Raman 1931 1932: Heisenberg 1933: Schrödinger / Dirac 1934 1935: Chadwick 1936: Hess / C. D. Anderson 1937: Davisson / G. P. Thomson 1938: Fermi 1939: Lawrence 1940 1941 1942 1943: Stern 1944: Rabi 1945: Pauli 1946: Bridgman 1947: Appleton 1948: Blackett 1949: Yukawa 1950: Powell
1951–1975	1951: Cockcroft / Walton 1952: Bloch / Purcell 1953: Zernike 1954: Born / Bothe 1955: Lamb / Kusch 1956: Shockley / Bardeen / Brattain 1957: C. N. Yang / T. D. Lee 1958: Cherenkov / Frank / Tamm 1959: Segrè / Chamberlain 1960: Glaser 1961: Hofstadter / Mössbauer 1962: Landau 1963: Wigner / Goeppert Mayer / Jensen 1964: Townes / Basov / Prokhorov 1965: Tomonaga / Schwinger / Feynman 1966: Kastler 1967: Bethe 1968: Alvarez 1969: Gell-Mann 1970: Alfvén / Néel 1971: Gabor 1972: Bardeen / Cooper / Schrieffer 1973: Esaki / Giaever / Josephson 1974: Ryle / Hewish 1975: A. Bohr / Mottelson / Rainwater
1976–2000	1976: Richter / Ting 1977: P. W. Anderson / Mott / Van Vleck 1978: Kapitsa / Penzias / R. Wilson 1979: Glashow / Salam / Weinberg 1980: Cronin / Fitch 1981: Bloembergen / Schawlow / K. Siegbahn 1982: K. Wilson 1983: Chandrasekhar / Fowler 1984: Rubbia / Van der Meer 1985: von Klitzing 1986: Ruska / Binnig / Rohrer 1987: Bednorz / Müller 1988: Lederman / Schwartz / Steinberger 1989: Ramsey / Dehmelt / Paul 1990: Friedman / Kendall / R. Taylor 1991: de Gennes 1992: Charpak 1993: Hulse / J. Taylor 1994: Brockhouse / Shull 1995: Perl / Reines 1996: D. Lee / Osheroff / R. Richardson 1997: Chu / Cohen-Tannoudji / Phillips 1998: Laughlin / Störmer / Tsui 1999: 't Hooft / Veltman 2000: Alferov / Kroemer / Kilby
2001– present	2001: Cornell / Ketterle / Wieman 2002: Davis / Koshiba / Giacconi 2003: Abrikosov / Ginzburg / Leggett 2004: Gross / Politzer / Wilczek 2005: Glauber / Hall / Hänsch 2006: Mather / Smoot 2007: Fert / Grünberg 2008: Nambu / Kobayashi / Maskawa 2009: Kao / Boyle / Smith 2010: Geim / Novoselov 2011: Perlmutter / Schmidt / Riess 2012: Wineland / Haroche 2013: Englert / Higgs 2014: Akasaki / Amano / Nakamura 2015: Kajita / McDonald 2016: Thouless / Haldane / Kosterlitz 2017: Weiss / Barish / Thorne 2018: Ashkin / Mourou / Strickland 2019: Peebles / Mayor / Queloz 2020: Penrose / Genzel / Ghez 2021: Parisi / Hasselmann / Manabe 2022: Aspect / Clauser / Zeilinger 2023: Agostini / Krausz / L'Huillier 2024: Hopfield / Hinton

v t e Nobel Prize laureates from the Netherlands
Chemistry	Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff (1901) Peter Debye (1936) Paul J. Crutzen (1995) Ben Feringa (2017)
Economic sciences	Jan Tinbergen (1969) Tjalling Koopmans (1975)
Peace	Tobias Asser (1911)
Physics	Pieter Zeeman (1902) Hendrik Lorentz (1902) Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1910) Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1913) Frits Zernike (1953) Nicolaas Bloembergen (1981) Simon van der Meer (1981) Martinus J. G. Veltman (1999) Gerard 't Hooft (1999) Andre Geim (2010)
Physiology or medicine	Willem Einthoven (1924) Christiaan Eijkman (1929) Nikolaas Tinbergen (1973)

v t e 1953 Nobel Prize laureates
Chemistry	Hermann Staudinger (Germany)
Literature (1953)	Winston Churchill (Great Britain)
Peace	George C. Marshall (United States)
Physics	Frits Zernike (Netherlands)
Physiology or Medicine	Hans Krebs (Great Britain) Fritz Albert Lipmann (United States)
Nobel Prize recipients 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958

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