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Coordinates: 37°59′N 36°05′E / 37.983°N 36.083°E / 37.983; 36.083
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{{Infobox Turkey place
{{Infobox settlement <!--more fields are available for this Infobox--See Template:Infobox Settlement-->
| type = metro district
| settlement_type = City
| name = Saimbeyli
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{TUR}}
| other_name = Hadjin • Հաճն
| image_skyline = Saimbeyli, Adana 07.JPG
| timezone=[[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| image_caption = Partial view of the town
| utc_offset=+2
| image_map = Adana location Saimbeyli.svg
| map_caption =
| map_caption = Map showing Saimbeyli District in Adana Province
| timezone_DST=[[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
| coordinates = {{coord|37|59|N|36|05|E|region:TR|display=inline,title}}|
| utc_offset_DST=+3
| province = Adana
| official_name = Saimbeyli
| leader_party = AKP
| image_map = Adana location Saimbeyli.svg
| leader_name = Mahmut Dal
| pushpin_map=Turkey
| leader_name1 =
| subdivision_type1=[[Regions of Turkey|Region]]
| area_total_km2 = 989
| subdivision_name1=Mediterranean
| elevation_m = 1050
| subdivision_type2=[[Provinces of Turkey|Province]]
| population_footnotes = <ref name=tuik/>
| subdivision_name2 = [[Adana Province|Adana]]
| population_total = 13621
| leader_party = [[Nationalist Movement Party|MHP]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| population_as_of = 2022
| leader_name = Mustafa Şahin Gökçe
| postal_code = 01740
| area_footnotes = {{Turkey district areas|SOURCE}}
| area_code = 0322
| website = {{url|http://www.saimbeyli.bel.tr/}}
| area_blank1_title = District
| area_blank1_km2 = {{Turkey district areas|Adana|Saimbeyli}}
| population_footnotes = {{Turkey district populations|SOURCE|Adana}}
| population_urban = {{Turkey district populations|Adana|Saimbeyli|şehir}}
| population_as_of = {{Turkey district populations|YEAR}}
| population_blank1_title = District
| population_blank1 = {{Turkey district populations|Adana|Saimbeyli|toplam}}
| population_density_blank1_km2 = auto
| elevation_m = 1050
| coordinates = {{coord|37|48|N|35|57|E|region:TR|display=inline,title}}
|
| postal_code_type=[[Postal code]]
| postal_code = 01xx
| area_code = 0322
| blank_name=[[Turkish car number plates|Licence&nbsp;plate]]
| blank_info = 01
| website =
}}
}}
'''Saimbeyli''', historically known as '''Hadjin''' ({{langx|hy|Հաճըն|translit=Hačən}}), is a town and district of [[Adana Province]] in present-day [[Turkey]].<ref>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.</ref> Its area is 989&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harita.gov.tr/uploads/files-folder/il_ilce_alanlari.xlsx|title=İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri|publisher=General Directorate of Mapping|access-date=12 July 2023}}</ref> and its population is 13,621 (2022).<ref name=tuik>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports|url=https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en |access-date=12 July 2023|publisher=[[TÜİK]]|language=en|format=XLS}}</ref> The town is located at the [[Taurus mountains]] of [[Cilicia]] region, 157 km north of the city of [[Adana]].


Saimbeyli is perched in a valley between the forested mountains of [[Dibek]] and [[Bakir]]. There is a pass through the mountains from here to [[Kayseri]] and the valley is watered by mountain streams.
'''Saimbeyli''' ({{lang-tr|Haçin}} {{lang-hy|Հաճըն}}, Hačën) is a small city and a district in [[Adana Province]], [[Turkey]] at the [[Cilicia]] highlands. The city of Saimbeyli is located in the [[Taurus mountains]], 157&nbsp;km north of the city of [[Adana]], via an adequate road. The city had a population of 4,010 in 2012.


It was one of the sites of the 1909 [[Adana massacres]] during the [[Armenian genocide]].
The city of Saimbeyli is on the Göksu river (one of the sources of the [[Seyhan]], in a valley between the forested mountains of Dibek and Bakır. There is a pass through the mountains from here to [[Kayseri]] and the valley is watered by many mountain streams.


==History and Monuments==
==History and monuments==
The fortress of Saimbeyli may be the castle of ''Berdus'', which appears on the Coronation List of [[Leo I, King of Armenia|King Levon I]] of Cilician Armenia in A.D. 1198/99.<ref name="edwards">{{cite book|last1=Edwards|first1=Robert W.| title=The Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: Dumbarton Oaks Studies XXIII |date=1987|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=0-88402-163-7|pages=208–211, 279, 285, pls.185a-188b}}</ref> This fortress, which guards the strategic road between [[Kayseri]] to the north and the [[Rubenid]] castle of [[Feke|Vahka]] to the south, stands on the junction of two valleys and two tributaries of the Seyhan River. The plan and masonry of Saimbeyli’s castle are identical to the military architecture in the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]] and undoubtedly date from the mid-12th century to the 13th century.
The area probably has the foundations of Hittite settlements. There is no evidence at present that it was occupied in the Roman period, but it seems likely.


Opposite and below the fortress are the substantial remains of ecclesiastical and civilian architecture, which date from the 14th through the 19th century.<ref>Robert W. Edwards, "Ecclesiastical Architecture in the Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: Second Report," ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' 37, 1983, pp.125–28, 130–31, pls. 10–17, 30–34.</ref>
The fortress of Saimbeyli may be the medieval ''Badimon'' or perhaps the castle of ''Berdus'', which appears on the Coronation List of [[Leo I, King of Armenia| King Levon I]] in A.D. 1198/99.<ref name="edwards">{{cite book|last1=Edwards|first1=Robert W.| title=The Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: Dumbarton Oaks Studies XXIII |date=1987|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=0-88402-163-7|pages=208-211, 279, 285, pls.185a-188b}}</ref> This fortress, which guards the strategic road between Kayseri to the north and the [[Rubenid]] castle of [[Feke| Vahka]] to the south, stands on an outcrop at the junction of two valleys and two tributaries of the Seyhan River. The plan and masonry of Saimbeyli’s castle are identical to the military architecture in the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]] and undoubtedly date from the mid-12th century to the 13th century. Two large round towers with embrasured loopholes (shooting ports) guard the entrance at the northwest, while the remainder of the circuit is protected by steep cliffs below and three rounded salients. In the lower level of the salient in the east wall is the apse for a chapel. A well-preserved vaulted cistern is located near the southwest side of the ward. The exterior masonry consists of ashlar blocks with a rusticated facing. There is evidence of repair, perhaps into early modern times.<ref name=edwards></ref>


Opposite and below the fortress are the substantial remains of ecclesiastical and civilian architecture, which date from the 14th through the 19th century.<ref>Robert W. Edwards, "Ecclesiastical Architecture in the Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: Second Report," ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' 37, 1983, pp.125–28, 130–31, pls. 10–17, 30–34.</ref> The monastic complex dedicated to St. James is perched on the side of a tall hill at the northwest end of the village. The monastery may have a 12th century foundation, but it was rebuilt in 1554 by Bishop Khatchadour.<ref name="alishan">{{cite book|last1=Alishan|first1=G. |title=Sissouan ou l’Arméno-Cilicie. Description géographique et historique| date=1899| location=Venice| pages=174–177}}</ref> In 1981 the foundation of an orphanage school was visible and only the east end of the large Church of St. James was standing. There was evidence of an underground crypt below the central apse of the church.
An Armenian monastic complex dedicated to St. James is perched on the side of a tall hill at the northwest end of the village. It stood on a 12th century foundation, but it was rebuilt in 1554 by Bishop Khatchadour<ref name="alishan">{{cite book|last1=Alishan|first1=G. |title=Sissouan ou l’Arméno-Cilicie. Description géographique et historique| date=1899| location=Venice| pages=174–177}}</ref> and was purposefully desecrated during the [[Adana massacres]] of the [[Armenian genocide]], leaving little remains.

Violence consumed [[Kahramanmaraş|Marash]] and [[Hadjin]] during the [[Adana massacres]] of April 1909, when estimates of the death toll grew to exceed 5,000.<ref name=fivet>{{cite news| title=MOSLEM MASSACRES TAKE 5,000 LIVES|url= http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60817F93C5512738DDDA80A94DC405B898CF1D3 |date=April 21, 1909|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> [[Rose Lambert]], an American missionary at Hadjin, wrote in her book how many sought refuge in the missionary compound for safety.<ref name=Lambert>{{cite book|last=Lambert|first=Rose|title=Hadjin and the Armenian Massacres|year=1911|publisher=Revell|url=https://archive.org/details/hadjinarmenianma00lamb}}</ref> Reports to British authorities surfaced that imperial Ottoman leaders were "either indifferent or conniving in the slaughter."<ref name=fivet />
[[File:AdanaMassacreDistricts.JPG|left|thumb|200px|This page from a 1911 publication contrasts the ruins of the Armenian quarter of Adana with an untouched Turkish district nearby.<ref>{{cite book|last=Woods|first= H. Charles|title=The Danger Zone of Europe: Changes and Problems in the Near East|year=1911|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/dangerzoneofeuro00woodrich#page/n161/mode/2up|page=127|publisher= Little, Brown |location=Boston|chapter=The Armenian Massacres of April, 1909}}</ref>]]
Some order was restored by April 20, and the British cruiser [[HMS Swiftsure (1903)|HMS ''Swiftsure'']] was able to deliver "provisions and medicines intended for Adana."<ref name=Cruisers>{{cite news| title=Foreign Cruisers at Mersina.|url= http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F30616F93E5A12738DDDAA0A94DC405B898CF1D3 |date=April 23, 1909|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> A "threatening" report from Hadjin indicated that well-armed Armenians were held up in the town, "beleaguered by Moslem tribesmen who are only awaiting sufficient numerical strength to rush the improvised defenses erected by the Armenians."<ref name=Cruisers /> 8,000 such refugees filled the missions of Tarsus, where order had been restored under martial law, the dead numbering approximately 50.<ref name=Cruisers />

An April 22 message from an American missionary in Hadjin indicated that the town was taking fire intermittently, surrounding Armenian properties had been burned, and that siege was inevitable. The entirety of the Armenian population of [[Kırıkhan]] was reported to have been "slaughtered"; the Armenian village of [[Dörtyol]] was burning and surrounded; additional bloodshed flared up in Tarsus; massacres were reported in [[Antioch]], and rioting in [[Birejik]].<ref name=hadjin>{{cite news| title=AMERICAN WOMEN IN PERIL AT HADJIN.|url= http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F10616F93E5A12738DDDAA0A94DC405B898CF1D3 |date=April 23, 1909|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>


==Population==
==Population==
{{Unsourced section |date=June 2023}}
The city known as Haçin had a great Armenian population by the beginning of the 20th century of around 30,000. The Armenians had six churches, including the main Armenian Apostolic (Orthodox) denomination, but also an Armenian Catholic and two Evangelical Armenian churches. The population worked in agriculture and various trades. They were subject to deportations and massacres during the [[Armenian Genocide]]. After the end of [[World War I]], in 1919, part of the Armenian population returned under French Protectorate, but the French abandoned the city to Turkish rule resulting in the Armenian rebellion and the eventual emptying of the city with the advent of the Kemali forces. The remaining Armenian population of Hajin settled in various countries, notably Lebanon, Syria, France, United States and Latin American countries. They established unions highlighting their city and achievements of its populations.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Hadjin had an Armenian population of around 30,000. The Armenians had six churches, including the main [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian Apostolic]] denomination, but also an [[Armenian Catholic Church|Armenian Catholic]] and two Evangelical Armenian churches. The population worked in agriculture and various trades. They were subject to deportations and massacres during the [[Armenian genocide]]. After the end of [[World War I]], in 1919, part of the Armenian population returned under the French Protectorate, but the French abandoned the city to Turkish rule, resulting in the Armenian rebellion and the eventual emptying of the city with the arrival of the Kemalist forces. The remaining Armenian population of Hadjin settled in various countries, notably Lebanon, Syria, France, the United States and Latin American countries. They established unions highlighting their city and achievements of its populations.


The Turkish authorities renamed the city Saimbeyli in the name of the Turkish military commander that retook the city under Turkish control.
The Turkish authorities renamed the city Saimbeyli in the name of the Turkish military commander that retook the city under Turkish control.


In 1953, a city of [[Nor Hachn]] (New Hajin) was founded in the [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (now [[Republic of Armenia]]) in memory of the city of Hajin in Turkey. According to a census of 2015, Nor Hachn has a population of 9,400, The city also includes in its population some survivors and descendants of the genocide and a memorial built in memory of the Armenian victims of Hajin and the Haçin resistance. The memorial itself was inaugurated in 1974.
In 1953, a town called [[Nor Hachn]] (New Hadjin) was founded in the [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (now [[Armenia]]) in memory of the city of Hadjin in Turkey. According to a census of 2015, Nor Hachn has a population of 9,400, The town also includes in its population some survivors and descendants of survivors of the genocide and a memorial built in memory of the Armenian victims of Hadjin and the Hadjin resistance. The memorial itself was inaugurated in 1974.

==Composition==
There are 28 [[mahalle|neighbourhoods]] in Saimbeyli District:<ref>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Mahalle], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Aksaağaç, Saimbeyli|Aksaağaç]]
* [[Avcıpınarı, Saimbeyli|Avcıpınarı]]
* [[Ayvacık, Saimbeyli|Ayvacık]]
* [[Beypınarı, Saimbeyli|Beypınarı]]
* [[Çatak, Saimbeyli|Çatak]]
* [[Çeralan, Saimbeyli|Çeralan]]
* [[Çorak, Saimbeyli|Çorak]]
* [[Cumhurlu, Saimbeyli|Cumhurlu]]
* [[Değirmenciuşağı, Saimbeyli|Değirmenciuşağı]]
* [[Eyüplü, Saimbeyli|Eyüplü]]
* Fatih
* [[Gökmenler, Saimbeyli|Gökmenler]]
* [[Gürleşen, Saimbeyli|Gürleşen]]
* [[Halilbeyli, Saimbeyli|Halilbeyli]]
* [[Himmetli, Saimbeyli|Himmetli]]
* İslam
* [[Kandilli, Saimbeyli|Kandilli]]
* [[Kapaklıkuyu, Saimbeyli|Kapaklıkuyu]]
* [[Karakuyu, Saimbeyli|Karakuyu]]
* [[Kızılağaç, Saimbeyli|Kızılağaç]]
* [[Mahmutlu, Saimbeyli|Mahmutlu]]
* [[Naltaş, Saimbeyli|Naltaş]]
* [[Narlıdere, Saimbeyli|Narlıdere]]
* Topallar
* [[Tülü, Saimbeyli|Tülü]]
* [[Yardibi, Saimbeyli|Yardibi]]
* [[Yeniköy, Saimbeyli|Yeniköy]]
* Yeşilbağlar
{{div col end}}


==Places of interest==
==Places of interest==
*Near the village of Bahçeköyü there is a castle perched on a rock.
*Near the village of Bahçeköyü there is a castle perched on a rock.
*''Saimbeyli castle'' (known as ''Badimon'' in the Middle Ages)
*''Saimbeyli castle'' (known as ''Badimon'' in the Middle Ages)

==See also==
* [http://www.saimbeyli.gov.tr/media/brifing/brifing.htm an illustrated report on the area from the local governor's office – in Turkish]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.saimbeyli.bel.tr Municipality of Saimbeyli]
* [http://www.ekosaimbeyli.com/default.aspx?Dil=2 Ecotourism in Saimbeyli]
* [https://charlvarchive.org/Site/21 Carefully documented photographic survey and plan of the fortress and church at Hadjin / Saimbeyli]


==References==
==References==
* {{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.ekosaimbeyli.com/default.aspx?Dil=2 Ecotourism in Saimbeyli]
* [http://www.ekosaimbeyli.com/default.aspx?Dil=2 Ecotourism in Saimbeyli]
* [http://www.saimbeyli.gov.tr/ District governor's office]
* [http://www.saimbeyli.bel.tr Municipality of Saimbeyli]
* [http://www.ekosaimbeyli.com/default.aspx?Dil=2 Ecotourism in Saimbeyli]
* [https://charlvarchive.org/Site/21 Carefully documented photographic survey and plan of the fortress and church at Hadjin / Saimbeyli]


{{Districts of Turkey|provname=Adana|sortkey=Saimbeyli}}
{{Districts of Turkey|provname=Adana|sortkey=Saimbeyli}}
{{Saimbeyli District}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Populated places in Adana Province]]
[[Category:Saimbeyli| ]]
[[Category:Saimbeyli| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Populated places in Adana Province]]
[[Category:Districts of Adana Province]]
[[Category:Districts of Adana Province]]
[[Category:Former Armenian communities in Adana Province]]

Latest revision as of 19:41, 1 November 2024

Saimbeyli
Hadjin • Հաճն
District and municipality
Partial view of the town
Partial view of the town
Map showing Saimbeyli District in Adana Province
Map showing Saimbeyli District in Adana Province
Saimbeyli is located in Turkey
Saimbeyli
Saimbeyli
Location in Turkey
Coordinates: 37°59′N 36°05′E / 37.983°N 36.083°E / 37.983; 36.083
CountryTurkey
ProvinceAdana
Government
 • MayorMahmut Dal (AKP)
Area
989 km2 (382 sq mi)
Elevation
1,050 m (3,440 ft)
Population
 (2022)[1]
13,621
 • Density14/km2 (36/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)
Postal code
01740
Area code0322
Websitewww.saimbeyli.bel.tr

Saimbeyli, historically known as Hadjin (Armenian: Հաճըն, romanized: Hačən), is a town and district of Adana Province in present-day Turkey.[2] Its area is 989 km2,[3] and its population is 13,621 (2022).[1] The town is located at the Taurus mountains of Cilicia region, 157 km north of the city of Adana.

Saimbeyli is perched in a valley between the forested mountains of Dibek and Bakir. There is a pass through the mountains from here to Kayseri and the valley is watered by mountain streams.

It was one of the sites of the 1909 Adana massacres during the Armenian genocide.

History and monuments

[edit]

The fortress of Saimbeyli may be the castle of Berdus, which appears on the Coronation List of King Levon I of Cilician Armenia in A.D. 1198/99.[4] This fortress, which guards the strategic road between Kayseri to the north and the Rubenid castle of Vahka to the south, stands on the junction of two valleys and two tributaries of the Seyhan River. The plan and masonry of Saimbeyli’s castle are identical to the military architecture in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia and undoubtedly date from the mid-12th century to the 13th century.

Opposite and below the fortress are the substantial remains of ecclesiastical and civilian architecture, which date from the 14th through the 19th century.[5]

An Armenian monastic complex dedicated to St. James is perched on the side of a tall hill at the northwest end of the village. It stood on a 12th century foundation, but it was rebuilt in 1554 by Bishop Khatchadour[6] and was purposefully desecrated during the Adana massacres of the Armenian genocide, leaving little remains.

Violence consumed Marash and Hadjin during the Adana massacres of April 1909, when estimates of the death toll grew to exceed 5,000.[7] Rose Lambert, an American missionary at Hadjin, wrote in her book how many sought refuge in the missionary compound for safety.[8] Reports to British authorities surfaced that imperial Ottoman leaders were "either indifferent or conniving in the slaughter."[7]

This page from a 1911 publication contrasts the ruins of the Armenian quarter of Adana with an untouched Turkish district nearby.[9]

Some order was restored by April 20, and the British cruiser HMS Swiftsure was able to deliver "provisions and medicines intended for Adana."[10] A "threatening" report from Hadjin indicated that well-armed Armenians were held up in the town, "beleaguered by Moslem tribesmen who are only awaiting sufficient numerical strength to rush the improvised defenses erected by the Armenians."[10] 8,000 such refugees filled the missions of Tarsus, where order had been restored under martial law, the dead numbering approximately 50.[10]

An April 22 message from an American missionary in Hadjin indicated that the town was taking fire intermittently, surrounding Armenian properties had been burned, and that siege was inevitable. The entirety of the Armenian population of Kırıkhan was reported to have been "slaughtered"; the Armenian village of Dörtyol was burning and surrounded; additional bloodshed flared up in Tarsus; massacres were reported in Antioch, and rioting in Birejik.[11]

Population

[edit]

At the beginning of the 20th century, Hadjin had an Armenian population of around 30,000. The Armenians had six churches, including the main Armenian Apostolic denomination, but also an Armenian Catholic and two Evangelical Armenian churches. The population worked in agriculture and various trades. They were subject to deportations and massacres during the Armenian genocide. After the end of World War I, in 1919, part of the Armenian population returned under the French Protectorate, but the French abandoned the city to Turkish rule, resulting in the Armenian rebellion and the eventual emptying of the city with the arrival of the Kemalist forces. The remaining Armenian population of Hadjin settled in various countries, notably Lebanon, Syria, France, the United States and Latin American countries. They established unions highlighting their city and achievements of its populations.

The Turkish authorities renamed the city Saimbeyli in the name of the Turkish military commander that retook the city under Turkish control.

In 1953, a town called Nor Hachn (New Hadjin) was founded in the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (now Armenia) in memory of the city of Hadjin in Turkey. According to a census of 2015, Nor Hachn has a population of 9,400, The town also includes in its population some survivors and descendants of survivors of the genocide and a memorial built in memory of the Armenian victims of Hadjin and the Hadjin resistance. The memorial itself was inaugurated in 1974.

Composition

[edit]

There are 28 neighbourhoods in Saimbeyli District:[12]

Places of interest

[edit]
  • Near the village of Bahçeköyü there is a castle perched on a rock.
  • Saimbeyli castle (known as Badimon in the Middle Ages)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  2. ^ Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  3. ^ "İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri". General Directorate of Mapping. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  4. ^ Edwards, Robert W. (1987). The Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: Dumbarton Oaks Studies XXIII. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University. pp. 208–211, 279, 285, pls.185a-188b. ISBN 0-88402-163-7.
  5. ^ Robert W. Edwards, "Ecclesiastical Architecture in the Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: Second Report," Dumbarton Oaks Papers 37, 1983, pp.125–28, 130–31, pls. 10–17, 30–34.
  6. ^ Alishan, G. (1899). Sissouan ou l’Arméno-Cilicie. Description géographique et historique. Venice. pp. 174–177.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ^ a b "MOSLEM MASSACRES TAKE 5,000 LIVES". The New York Times. April 21, 1909.
  8. ^ Lambert, Rose (1911). Hadjin and the Armenian Massacres. Revell.
  9. ^ Woods, H. Charles (1911). "The Armenian Massacres of April, 1909". The Danger Zone of Europe: Changes and Problems in the Near East. Boston: Little, Brown. p. 127.
  10. ^ a b c "Foreign Cruisers at Mersina". The New York Times. April 23, 1909.
  11. ^ "AMERICAN WOMEN IN PERIL AT HADJIN". The New York Times. April 23, 1909.
  12. ^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
[edit]
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